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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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Commission file number: 000-26966

ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (970) 407-6626

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act: Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to section 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $4,065,435,423 as of June 30, 2024, based upon the price at which such common stock was last sold on such date.

As of February 6, 2025, there were 37,721,671 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K incorporates information by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 annual meeting of stockholders (to be filed with the Commission under Regulation 14A no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024).

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Special Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Statements in this report that are not historical information are forward-looking statements. For example, statements relating to our beliefs, expectations and plans are forward-looking statements, as are statements that certain actions, conditions, events, or circumstances will continue. The inclusion of words such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “can,” “may,” “might,” “continue,” “enable,” “plan,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “will,” “likely,” “potential,” “believe,” and similar expressions and the negative versions thereof indicate forward-looking statements; however, not all forward-looking statements may contain such words or expressions. These forward-looking statements are based upon information available as of the date of this report and management’s current estimates, forecasts, and assumptions. Although we believe that our expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we may not achieve the results, performance, plans, or objectives expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control.

Risks and uncertainties to which our forward-looking statements are subject include:

Actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Factors that could contribute to these differences or prove our forward-looking statements, by hindsight, to be overly optimistic or unachievable include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties listed above and described in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or provide the reasons why our actual results might differ.

Market and Industry Data

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The market and industry information used in this annual report on Form 10-K is based on management’s good faith estimates, which we derive from our review of internal information and independent sources. Although we believe these independent sources to be reliable, we have not verified the accuracy or completeness of the information.

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PART I

Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this Form 10-K, references to “Advanced Energy,” “the Company,” “our Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

ITEM 1.            BUSINESS

Company Overview

Advanced Energy provides highly engineered, critical, precision power conversion, measurement, and control solutions to our global customers. We design, manufacture, sell and support precision power products that transform, refine, and modify the raw electrical power coming from either the utility or the building facility and convert it into various types of highly controllable, usable power that is predictable, repeatable, and customizable to meet the necessary requirements for powering a wide range of complex equipment. Our products enable customers to reduce or optimize their energy consumption through increased power conversion efficiency, power density, power coupling, and process control across a wide range of applications.

We are organized on a global, functional basis and operate as a single segment of power electronics conversion products. Within this segment, our products are sold into the Semiconductor Equipment, Industrial and Medical, Data Center Computing, and Telecom and Networking markets.

We incorporated in Colorado in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1995. Our executive offices are located at 1595 Wynkoop Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado 80202, and our telephone number is 970-407-6555.

Recent Events

Airity Acquisition

On June 20, 2024, we acquired Airity Technologies, Inc. (“Airity”). This acquisition added high voltage power conversion technologies and products, broadening our range of targeted applications within the Semiconductor Equipment and Industrial and Medical markets. See Note 2. Acquisition in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

2024 Restructuring Plan

In 2024, we approved further manufacturing consolidation initiatives, including the closure of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing facility (the “2024 Plan”). In connection with the 2024 Plan, we recorded a $29.6 million charge primarily associated with expected employment-related charges and facility exit costs. See Note 12. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Credit Agreement Amendment

On September 9, 2024, we used existing cash on hand to prepay the full $345.0 million outstanding principal balance of the senior unsecured term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) under the credit agreement dated as of September 10, 2019, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”). On the same date, we entered into an additional amendment to the Credit Agreement to increase the capacity on our senior unsecured revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”) from $200.0 million to $600.0 million. As a result, as of December 31, 2024, our only outstanding debt was the Convertible Notes due in 2028. See Note 18. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Products and Services

Our precision power products and solutions are designed to enable new process technologies, improve productivity, lower the cost of ownership, and provide critical power capabilities for our customers. These products are designed to meet our customers’ demanding requirements in efficiency, flexibility, performance, and reliability. We also provide repair and maintenance services for our products.

Our plasma power products enable innovation in complex semiconductor and thin film plasma processes such as dry etch and deposition. Our broad portfolio of high and low voltage power products is used in a wide range of applications, such as semiconductor equipment, industrial production, medical and life science equipment, data center computing, networking, and telecommunications. We also supply related sensing, controls, and instrumentation products primarily for advanced measurement and calibration of power and temperature for multiple industrial markets.

Our network of global service support centers provides repair services, calibration, conversions, upgrades, refurbishments, and used equipment to companies that use our products.

End Markets

Advanced Energy generates revenue from the sale of a broad range of advanced and system power products and services to global original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and end customers. Our customers select our products based on various performance metrics such as high power conversion efficiency, high power density, and low noise emission, as well as our ability to tailor our solutions to meet the unique requirements of their critical applications. The future growth and demand for our products is driven by a combination of factors within each of the end markets we serve, as follows:

Semiconductor Equipment Market

The Semiconductor Equipment market supports and enables the long-term growing need for more production capacity and new process technologies to meet expanding demand for semiconductor devices across many applications driven by megatrends such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), energy efficiency, automobile electrification and Internet of things (“IoT”). We believe long-term growth in the market will be driven by increased demand for wafer capacity, an increased number of etch and deposition process steps with new technology inflections, and the transition to advanced technology nodes requiring higher content of advanced power solutions per tool.

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Our portfolio of power conversion and related products includes plasma power, high-voltage power, system power, and adjacent sensing solutions. Our plasma power solutions are used to create plasma-based etch and deposition processes. Our semiconductor market products are incorporated into a wide range of applications, including dry etch and strip, deposition, ion implant, inspection and metrology, thermal, epitaxy, and back-end test and packaging.

Our strategy is to outgrow the wafer fabrication equipment (“WFE”) market by developing products for applications that are growing faster than market and through market share gains in both plasma power and adjacent semiconductor applications. We believe the plasma power market will grow faster than WFE due to increasing number of plasma etch and deposition process steps and growing demand for more complex and high power content. In addition, we are targeting to win customer adoptions of our new products to strengthen our positions in our core applications with leading market share, such as conductor etch and deposition, and to grow our market position in targeted applications with lower market share, such as dielectric etch. Finally, we are targeting to leverage our broad portfolio of system power, thermal and sensing, remote plasma source, and high voltage products to gain share in these adjacent semiconductor applications.

Industrial and Medical Market

The Industrial and Medical market is fueled by continued investment in complex manufacturing processes, increased adoption of new industrial technologies such as automation and clean energy, and increased breadth and precision requirements of medical devices and life science equipment.

We supply this market with critical, precision power conversion products that deliver precise and highly reliable, low noise and/or differentiated power. In addition, our sensing, control, and instrumentation products complement our power solutions. Our products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as advanced material fabrication, medical devices, analytical instrumentation, test and measurement equipment, robotics, industrial production, and large-scale connected light-emitting diode applications. We serve our broad customer base through both our direct sales force and indirect sales channels including independent sales representatives and distributors.

Our strategy in the market is to penetrate a broader set of applications by expanding our product offerings, leveraging common platforms, providing platform derivatives, and offering customizations. In addition, our strategy is to expand our customer reach in this large, fragmented market through a focused direct sales team on larger and strategic accounts, optimize and leverage our distribution channel, and expand visibility and access to our products through our digital footprint and website.

Data Center Computing Market

The Data Center Computing market is driven by shifts from traditional enterprise, on-premise computing to cloud computing, as well as the rapid growth of AI and related investments. The accelerated pace of higher power for next generation AI processors has increased the power requirement for AI-based servers and racks, accelerated the transition to high-power 48 volt power shelf infrastructure, and amplified the importance of high power efficiency, density, and reliability for server rack power solutions.

Advanced Energy serves as a leading provider of high-efficiency, high-density, server power conversion solutions and technologies with a proven track record of delivering production-ready products. Our products are designed into data center server and storage systems, as well as used by cloud service providers and their partners in their custom designed server racks and power shelves.

Our strategy in the market is to target high-end, high power, differentiated applications based on our competitive strengths in power density, efficiency, reliability, and speed in delivering next-generation, production-ready products.

Telecom and Networking Market

Demand in the Telecommunication and Networking market is driven by adoption of more advanced mobile standards, such as 5G technologies, networking investments by telecommunication service providers, enterprises upgrading their communication networks, and data centers investing in their networks for increased bandwidth.

We serve this market by providing application-specific AC-DC and DC-DC power conversion products to many leading OEMs of wireless infrastructure equipment and computer networking equipment. Our solutions are often customized with unique features such as ruggedization for mobile radio in the field.

Our strategy in the market is to optimize our power conversion products to more differentiated applications and leverage investments across our power portfolio to maintain a position in the most attractive customers and applications.

For more information related to our expectations for the markets we serve, see Business Environment and Trends in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Customers

Our products are sold worldwide to OEMs, distributors, and directly to end users.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Applied Materials, Inc. and Lam Research Corporation accounted for 26% and 11%, respectively, of our total revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Applied Materials, Inc. accounted for 22% of our total revenue. We expect that the sale of products to our largest customers will continue to account for a significant percentage of our revenue for the foreseeable future. The loss of a large customer could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

For more information related to our significant customers, see Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.”

Marketing, Sales, and Distribution

We sell our products through direct and indirect sales channels. Our primary direct sales operations are located in the United States (“U.S.”), Asia, and Europe.

In addition to a direct sales force, we have distributors that support our selling efforts. We maintain customer service offices in many of the locations listed above, as well as other sites near our customers’ locations. We believe that customer service and technical support are important competitive factors and are essential to building and maintaining close, long-term relationships with our customers.

Refer to Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding our revenue by geographic area. See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our sales and marketing operations.

Manufacturing

We manufacture our products primarily in the Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and China. We also perform limited specialty manufacturing for some of our products in the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Europe. In 2024, as part of our multi-year factory optimization and consolidation initiatives, we announced the closure of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing facility and several smaller manufacturing sites, expanded capacity in our Mexico factory, and progress on a new factory near Bangkok, Thailand, which we expect to be operational in 2026.

Our manufacturing requires a wide variety of mechanical and electrical components, which are often made to our specifications. We use numerous companies, including contract manufacturers, to supply parts for the manufacture and support of our products. Although we make reasonable efforts to ensure that parts are available from multiple qualified suppliers and at the lowest possible cost, some key parts may only be obtained from a sole supplier or a limited group of suppliers. We address supply challenges and reduce the associated risks to production by endeavoring to select and qualify alternate suppliers for key parts, maintain appropriate inventories of critical components, and competitively source parts through electronic bidding tools to find the lowest possible total cost.

See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our manufacturing operations.

Intellectual Property

Protection of our technology assets through intellectual property rights is important for our competitive position. We believe that continued research and development of technologically advanced solutions and applications is critical for us to compete effectively in the markets we serve. Accordingly, we devote significant personnel and financial resources to the development of new products and the enhancement of existing products. Our investments in research and development enable us to create intellectual property, including patents and trade secrets. We hold numerous U.S. and foreign patents and have multiple patent applications pending in the U.S., Europe, and Asia.

See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our reliance on our intellectual property.

Competition

The markets we serve are highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological development and changing customer requirements. We face a wide variety of competitors, and no single company dominates any of our markets. Significant competitive factors in our markets include product performance, compatibility with adjacent products, price, quality, reliability, meeting customer demand, and level of customer service and support.

We encounter substantial competition from foreign and domestic companies for each of our markets. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do. Other competitors are smaller than we are but may be well established in specific product niches. Competitors in each of our market verticals include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Research and Development

We perform research and development to develop products to address new or emerging applications, make technological advances to provide higher performance, lower cost, or create other attributes that we may expect to appeal to current or potential customers. We believe that continued development of technological applications, as well as enhancements to existing products and related software to support customer requirements, are critical for us to compete in the markets we serve. Accordingly, we devote significant personnel and financial resources to developing new products and enhancing existing products, and we expect these investments to continue. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 our research and development expenses were $211.8 million, $202.4 million, and $191.0 million, respectively and have ranged from 10.4% to 14.3% of our total revenue.

Human Capital

Our people are our strength. We have a globally diverse workforce with approximately 10,000 employees as of December 31, 2024. Our employees are located across the globe in 16 countries and are comprised of approximately 56% male and 44% female employees. Our employees are not represented by unions, except for statutory organization rights applicable to our employees in China, Germany, and Mexico.

Culture

We are committed to nurturing a culture grounded in our core values: innovation, integrity, empowerment, partnership, accountability, and execution. These core values are the foundation of how we operate. We stive to provide an inclusive work environment where all of our employees feel respected, valued, and empowered. We recognize that diverse perspectives and collaboration enable us to drive innovation and future growth for our global customers and we remain committed to diversity. Through a combination of merit-based internal promotions and external hiring, we have continued to see increases in the number of diverse employees represented at the director and above level, as compared with 2023. We have a Corporate Diversity & Inclusion Steering Committee which provides guidance, coordination, and support to local diversity and inclusion activities. We also have an active Women’s Leadership Forum focused on career development and internal networking. 

Health and Safety

We are committed to providing a safe work environment for our employees and have a global team that is responsible for health and safety related activities including hazard and risk identification. We also strive to follow the standards of the Responsible Business Alliance Code of Conduct at selected manufacturing sites, which promotes labor, health, safety, environmental, and ethics best practices.

Employee Engagement

We are committed to providing a collaborative and productive work environment for our employees. We periodically conduct confidential employee surveys to solicit feedback on confidence in Company leadership, ethical conduct, work environment, career growth opportunities, and we continually evaluate suggestions on how we can make Advanced Energy a great place to work. We communicate the results of these confidential employee surveys with our employees, leaders, executive team, and Board of Directors and use the feedback to identify opportunities to drive improvements across our Company. In 2024, we launched Powering Technology Together, our employee value proposition, to highlight our commitment to providing a best-in-class employee experience for our people across the globe and to differentiate ourselves as an employer of choice. We believe our employee value proposition will help us build our employer brand and attract and retain the best talent.

Total Rewards

We provide market-competitive compensation and benefits to our employees to attract and retain a talented, highly engaged workforce. Our compensation programs are focused on equitable and fair pay practices, including market-based compensation.

Learning and Development

We create growth and development opportunities to support our employees and offer internal and external learning and development opportunities. We also perform internal talent reviews and succession planning. We provide a 10-week leadership essential training program for our people leaders across all corporate levels. We also have internship and graduate development programs designed to develop a talent pipeline.

Community Involvement

We have an active Community Investment Steering Committee and offer employees paid time off to participate in Company organized initiatives and volunteer with non-profit organizations of their choice. Our Child of Employee Scholarship Program, available to children of Advanced Energy employees, celebrates education accomplishments and provides financial support for them to pursue their career and learning goals. We also offer an annual Advanced Energy STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) Scholarship in the U.S. to support and develop emerging talent in STEM.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations, as well as the environmental laws and regulations of the foreign federal and local jurisdictions in which we have manufacturing and service facilities. We believe we are in material compliance with all such laws and regulations.

Available Information

Our website address is www.advancedenergy.com. We make available, free of charge on our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such reports with, or furnishing them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Such reports are also available at www.sec.gov. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in, or otherwise part of, this annual report on Form 10-K nor any of our other filings with the SEC.

ITEM 1A.         RISK FACTORS

Our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows can be impacted by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth below, any of which could adversely impact our results and result in a decline in the value or loss of an investment in our common stock. Other factors may also exist that we cannot anticipate or that we currently do not consider to be material based on information that is currently available. These risks and uncertainties have the potential to materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future results. Such risks and uncertainties may also impact the accuracy of forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K and other reports we file with the SEC.

Business and Industry Risks

The industries in which we compete are subject to unpredictable fluctuation or cycles, which may be volatile.

As a supplier to the global semiconductor equipment, industrial, medical, data center computing, telecommunication, and networking industries, we are subject to business fluctuations, the timing, length, and volatility of which can be difficult to predict. We are impacted by sudden changes in customers’ manufacturing capacity requirements and spending, which depend in part on technology transitions, capacity utilization, demand for customers’ products, inventory levels relative to demand, access to affordable capital, and changes in geopolitical factors, including tariffs. These changes have affected the timing and amount of customers’ purchases and investments in technology, and continue to affect our orders, net revenue, operating expenses, and net income. In addition, several of the markets in which we compete are highly cyclical and experience downturns characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels, and price erosion, which has caused, and in the future could cause, our revenue and gross margin to decline, adversely impacting our results of operations. It is difficult to predict the timing, length, and severity of such fluctuations and downturns, and we may not be able to respond adequately or quickly to the changes in demand.

To meet rapidly changing demand in each of the industries we serve, we must effectively manage our resources and production capacity. During periods of decreasing demand for our products, we must be able to appropriately align our cost structure with prevailing market conditions, effectively manage our supply chain, and motivate and retain key employees. During periods of increasing demand, we must have enough manufacturing capacity and inventory to fulfill customer orders, effectively manage our supply chain, and attract, retain, and motivate enough qualified individuals. If we are not able to timely and appropriately adapt to changes in our business environment or to accurately assess where we are positioned within a business cycle, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

For example, the semiconductor industry appears to be recovering from a cyclical downturn, and the Industrial and Medical market and Telecom and Networking market are rebalancing elevated inventory levels, which have adversely impacted demand for our products. If the semiconductor industry’s recovery does not continue as anticipated, if the length, severity, and/or volatility of the lower demand environments in the Industrial and Medical market and Telecom and Networking market exceeds our expectations, if we fail to achieve further growth in our other markets, our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We must achieve design wins to retain our existing customers and to obtain new customers, although design wins achieved may not necessarily result in substantial revenue or gross profit.

Driven by continuing technology migration and changing customer demand, the markets we serve are constantly changing in terms of advancement in applications, core technology, and competitive pressures. New products designed for capital equipment manufacturers typically have a lifespan of many years. Increasingly, we are required to accelerate our investment in research and development to meet the time-to-market, performance, and technology adoption cycle needs of our customers simply to compete for design wins. Given such up-front investments we make to develop, evaluate, and qualify products in the design win process, our success and future growth depend on our products being designed into our customers’ new generations of equipment as they develop new technologies and applications. We must work with these manufacturers early in their design cycles to modify, enhance, and upgrade our products or

design new products that meet the requirements of their new systems. The design win process is highly competitive, the design windows may be narrow, and there is no assurance we will succeed with new design wins for our existing customers or new customers’ next generations of equipment. For example, in the last few years, we have made significant investments to launch new technology platforms and products into the semiconductor and industrial and medical markets. If existing or new customers do not choose our designs or we cannot agree to pricing, volumes, and other key commercial terms with these customers, our market share may decline, potential revenues related to the lifespan of our products may not be realized, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. Further, our ability to generate revenue or gross profit from design wins is in part or wholly dependent upon the success of our customers’ solutions.

Failure to accurately forecast customer demand, supply chain disruptions, or manufacturing interruptions or delays could affect our ability to meet customer demand, lead to higher costs, or result in excess or obsolete inventory.

We place orders with many of our suppliers based on our expectations as to demand for our products and our customers’ forecasts. As the quarter and the year progress, such demand and product mix can change rapidly or we may realize that our customers’ expectations were overly optimistic or pessimistic, especially when industry or general economic conditions change.

Our sales are primarily made on a purchase order basis or are pulled from “just in time” bins or hubs by our customers, and we generally do not have long-term purchase commitments from our customers. As a result, we are limited in our ability to predict the level of future revenue or commitments from our current customers, which may diminish our ability to allocate labor, materials, and equipment in the manufacturing process effectively. In addition, we may purchase inventory in anticipation of sales that do not materialize, resulting in excess and obsolete inventory write-offs. Customers may delay delivery of products or cancel orders prior to shipment and may not be subject to cancellation penalties. Delays in delivery schedules and/or customer changes to backlog orders during any particular period could cause a decrease in revenue and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Orders with our suppliers cannot always be amended in response to changing demand conditions.

In addition, to assure availability of certain components or obtain priority pricing, we have entered into contracts with some of our suppliers that require us to purchase a specified number of components and subassemblies each quarter, even if we are not able to use such components or subassemblies. Moreover, we have obligations to some of our customers to hold a minimum amount of finished goods in inventory to fulfill just in time orders, regardless of whether the customers expect to place such orders. We currently have firm purchase commitments and agreements with various suppliers to ensure the availability of components. If demand for our products does not meet expected levels, we might not be able to use all of the components that we are required to purchase under these commitments and agreements, and our cost of revenue may increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. If demand for our products exceeds our customers’ and our forecasts, we may not be able to timely obtain enough raw materials, parts, components, or subassemblies, on favorable terms or at all, to fulfill the excess demand. Furthermore, some of our products have lengthy lifecycles and are subject to supplier parts obsolescence, and sole-sourced parts can create challenges in terms of purchasing parts on reasonable terms and lead-times. These situations may lead to customers cancelling orders prior to shipment causing a decrease in revenue, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In recent years, there was a shortage of critical components caused by a variety of factors, including increased demand for electronic components used in a wide variety of industries, the pandemic-driven rise in consumer demand for technology goods, logistics-related disruptions in shipping, capacity limitations at some suppliers, and labor shortages. These supply constraints led to longer lead times in procuring materials and subcomponents and, in some cases, meaningfully higher costs for the subcomponents. Our revenues, earnings, and cash flow may be adversely impacted if these conditions reoccur.

We are exposed to risks associated with worldwide financial markets and the global economy.

Uncertain or adverse economic and business conditions, including uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets, rising inflation and interest rates, economic recession, national debt, and fiscal or monetary concerns, could

materially adversely impact our operating results and financial condition. Disruptions in the global economy or financial markets, higher interest rates and market volatility could have an adverse impact on our access to and cost of capital. Additionally, tightening of credit markets, turmoil in the financial markets, and a weakening global economy have contributed in the past and could again contribute to slowdowns in the industries in which we operate and adversely impact the global demand for our products. Some of our key markets ultimately depend on a combination of consumer and business spending. Economic uncertainty exacerbates negative trends in consumer and business spending and may cause our customers to delay, cancel, or refrain from placing orders. Difficulties or increased costs in obtaining capital and uncertain market conditions may also lead to customer liquidity constraints, a reduction of revenue, and greater instances of nonpayment or other failures to perform their obligations. Adverse or uncertain economic conditions may similarly affect our key suppliers, which could affect their ability to deliver parts and result in delays for our products. Further, these conditions and uncertainty about future economic conditions could also make it challenging for us to forecast our operating results and evaluate the risks that may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain our pricing strategy or adjust our business strategy successfully for some of our product lines to reflect our customers’ price sensitivity, our business and financial condition could be harmed.

Our customers continually exert pressure on us to reduce our prices and extend payment terms and we have been and may be required to enter into long term reduced pricing agreements, extended payment terms, exclusivity arrangements, and other unfavorable contract terms. In addition, we compete in markets in which customers may dual or multi-source their power supply products. We believe some of our Asia-based competitors benefit from local governmental funding incentives and purchasing preferences from end-user customers in their respective countries. If competition against any of our product lines should come to focus solely on price rather than on product performance and technology innovation, we would need to adjust our business strategy, product offerings, and product costs accordingly, and if we are unable to do so, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Conversely, in 2022, we not only increased prices but also implemented surcharges across many of our products to reflect our higher supply chain costs. Although these price changes were generally accepted by our customers, we did experience some loss of business. We continue to execute our pricing strategies and practices; however, any future price increases could make our products less competitive in the market over time and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenue and accounts receivable are concentrated among a few customers.

Consistent with prior years, a limited number of customers accounted for a significant portion of our business, revenue and accounts receivable. A significant decline in revenue from these or our other large customers, the loss of these or other large customers, or any inability to collect from large customers could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We expect that revenue from a few large customers will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue in future periods; however, we generally do not have long-term purchase commitments. If our largest customers do not place orders, or if they substantially reduce, delay, or cancel orders, we may not be able to replace their business on a timely basis or at all. As a result, our future success depends on our ability to maintain and strengthen our existing customer relationships, build new customer relationships, and diversify our customer base. For more information about our significant customers, see Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

If our information security measures are breached, disrupted, or fail, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.

As part of our day-to-day business, we process, transmit and store our own confidential data and certain data about our customers and employees in our global information technology system. We are subject to ongoing data security threats, including phishing attempts, denial of service attacks, ransomware, viruses, and other malware, employee error or malfeasance, theft, natural disasters, and hardware or software malfunctions, any one of which could compromise our data security, cause the loss of critical data, or disrupt operations, which could materially adversely

affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or other information to gain access to our customers’ data or our data or our information technology systems. We and our third party providers have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cybersecurity events or confidential information theft incidents, some of which could be devastating. We continue to devote significant resources to cybersecurity, IP protection, data encryption, and other measures to protect our systems and data from unauthorized external access or internal misuse, and we may be required to expend greater resources in the future for cybersecurity protection, compliance, and remediation, especially in the face of continuously evolving and increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity threats and privacy and data protection laws.

Despite our implementation of cybersecurity measures, there is no assurance that our actions will be sufficient to prevent future threats and incidents. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. A cybersecurity event or other breach, disruption, or failure of our information and operational systems, could:

Difficulties with the implementation or transition to our next generation enterprise resource planning and other new enterprise-wide information technology system applications could harm our business and impact our results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected to the extent we fail to appropriately manage, expand, and update our information technology infrastructure. In particular, we are in the process of implementing a global enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system and other enterprise-wide applications that will upgrade and standardize our information systems. These implementations are expected to occur in phases over the next several years. Any delays, challenges, or failure to achieve our implementation goals may adversely impact our operations. In addition, the failure to anticipate the necessary readiness and training needs, manage the transition to systems, or appropriately convert historical and concurrent data could lead to business disruption and potential loss of business. Failure or abandonment of any part of the ERP system could result in a write-off of part or all of the costs that have been capitalized on the project.

The loss of and inability to attract and retain key personnel could significantly harm our results of operations and competitive position.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continuing contributions of our management, technical, marketing, and sales employees. We may not be successful in retaining our employees or attracting and retaining additional skilled personnel as required. If we are unable to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees and leaders, we may be unable to fully capitalize on current and new market opportunities, which could adversely impact our business and results of operations. Our success in hiring and retaining employees depends on a variety of factors, including the attractiveness of our compensation and benefit programs, global economic or political and industry conditions, our organizational structure, our reputation, culture and working environment, competition for talent and the availability of qualified employees, the readiness for and availability of career development opportunities, and our ability to offer a challenging and rewarding work environment. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, increasing costs to attract and retain needed talent, driven by macroeconomic conditions and a highly competitive labor market.

In addition, the loss or retirement of key employees presents particular challenges to the extent the departing employee had particularly valuable knowledge or experiences. This requires us to identify and train existing or new employees to perform necessary functions, which we may be unable to do, or which could result in unexpected costs, reduced productivity, or difficulties with respect to internal processes and controls. If we fail to have succession plans in place or our succession plans do not operate effectively, we may not be able to maintain continuity and our business could be adversely affected.

We are consolidating our manufacturing footprint, which brings risks.

Our manufacturing facilities are located globally, and the majority of our products are manufactured in a select few key facilities. Most facilities are under operating leases, and interruptions in operations could be caused by early termination of existing leases by landlords or failure by landlords to renew existing leases upon expiration, including the possibility that suitable operating locations may not be available in proximity to existing facilities, which could result in labor or supply chain risks. Additionally, we are currently restructuring to optimize and consolidate our manufacturing operations and improve operating efficiencies, and we continue to evaluate our manufacturing facilities and may decide to conduct additional optimization and consolidation initiatives. These plans and any future initiatives may or may not be successful in achieving our intended results. If the expected costs and charges are greater than anticipated, the estimated cost savings are lower than anticipated, or we experience a loss of continuity or inefficiency during transitional periods, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Disruptions to our manufacturing or other operations or the operations of our customers or suppliers, due to natural or other disasters, uncontrollable events or other issues could affect our results of operations.

Certain of our manufacturing and other operations are in locations subject to natural disasters, such as severe weather and geological events, including earthquakes or tsunamis, which could disrupt operations. Natural disasters, uncontrollable occurrences (including the emergence of pandemics, epidemics, or widespread outbreaks of infectious disease), or other operational issues at any of our manufacturing or other facilities could significantly reduce or disrupt our productivity and could prevent us from meeting our customers’ requirements in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, our suppliers and customers are also subject to natural and other disaster risk exposure. A natural disaster, fire, explosion, pandemic, or other event that results in a prolonged disruption to our operations or the operations of our customers or suppliers, may materially adversely affect our business, workforce, supply chain, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Our long-term success and results of operations depend on our ability to successfully identify, close, integrate, and realize the anticipated benefits from our acquisitions and strategic investments.

As part of our business strategy, we have and will likely continue to acquire companies or businesses and make investments to further our business. Risks associated with these transactions are many, including the following which could adversely affect our financial results:

Our products may suffer from defects or errors leading to increased costs, damages, or warranty claims.

Our products use complex system designs and components that may contain errors or defects in designs, manufacturing, firmware, software, component parts, or other materials. The manufacture of these products often involves a highly complex and precise process and the utilization of specially qualified components. The production of many of our products also requires highly skilled labor. As a result of the technical complexity of these products, design defects, skilled labor turnover, changes in our or our suppliers’ manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or nonconforming materials or components by us or our suppliers could adversely affect our manufacturing quality and product reliability. To the extent our products are defective or fail, we might be required to repair, redesign, replace, or recall those products, pay damages (including liquidated damages), or fulfill warranty claims, and we could suffer significant expenses as well as harm to our reputation. Furthermore, some of our products are used in medical device applications where malfunction of the device could result in serious injury. We accrue a warranty reserve for estimated costs to provide warranty services, including the cost of technical support, product repairs, and product replacement for units that cannot be repaired. Our estimate of costs to fulfill our warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectation of future conditions. To the extent we experience increased warranty claim activity or increased costs associated with servicing those claims, our warranty accrual will increase, resulting in decreased gross profit.

Our legacy inverter products may suffer higher than anticipated litigation, damage, or warranty claims.

Our legacy inverter products (of which we discontinued the manufacture, engineering, and sale in December 2015 and which are reflected as discontinued operations in this filing) contain components that may contain errors or defects and were sold with product warranties ranging from one to 20 years. If any of our products are defective or fail because of their design, we might be required to repair, redesign, or recall those products or to pay damages (including liquidated damages) or warranty claims, and we could suffer significant harm to our reputation. We have experienced claims from customers and suppliers and are involved in litigation related to the legacy inverter product line. We review such claims and vigorously defend against such lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot assure that any such claims or litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial statements. Our involvement in such litigation could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel. We also accrue a warranty reserve for estimated costs to provide warranty services including the cost of technical support, product repairs, and product replacement for units that cannot be repaired. Our estimate of costs to fulfill our warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectation of future conditions. To the extent we experience increased warranty claim activity or increased costs associated with servicing those claims, our warranty accrual will increase, resulting in additional expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in future periods. We plan to continue supporting inverter customers with service maintenance and repair operations. This includes performing service to fulfill obligations under existing service maintenance contracts. There is no certainty that these contracts can be performed profitably, and our business could be adversely affected by higher than anticipated product failure rates, loss of critical service technician skills, an inability to obtain service parts, customer demands and disputes, and the cost of repair parts, among other factors.

International Operations Risks

We are subject to risks inherent in international operations.

We are a global organization. We have employees in 16 countries, our manufacturing facilities are located across the globe (mainly in the Asia-Pacific region), and revenue from customers outside the United States represented 66% of our total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Given the global nature of our business, we have both domestic and international concentrations of cash and investments. The value of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities can be adversely affected by liquidity, credit deterioration, inflation, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, financial results, economic risk, political risk, sovereign risk, or other factors.

Additionally, our success producing goods internationally and competing in international markets is subject to our ability to manage various operational risks and difficulties, including, but not limited to:

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Our operations in the Asia Pacific region, including China, are subject to significant political and economic uncertainties over which we have little or no control and we may be unable to alter our business practice in time to avoid reductions in revenues.

A significant portion of our operations and supply chain outside the United States are located in the Asia Pacific region, including China, which exposes us to risks, such as exchange controls and currency restrictions, changes in local economic conditions, changes in customs regulations and tariffs, changes in tax policies, changes in local laws and regulations, possible retaliatory government actions, potential inability to enforce intellectual property protection or contracts terms, and changes in U.S. policy regarding overseas manufacturing and export controls. The U.S. and China regularly have significant disagreements over geopolitical, trade, and economic issues. Any escalating political controversies between the U.S. and China, whether or not directly related to our business, could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, the Chinese government exercises substantial control over the Chinese economy, and our operations and supply chain in China may be subject to various government and regulatory interference. Policy changes, preferential treatment of local companies, or the imposition of new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations could require changes to our operating activities, increase our costs, or limit our ability to sell products in China. We continuously evaluate the risk of operations in China, including manufacturing and supply chain, and the potential financial impact to our operations.

Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations may lead to lower operating margins, or may cause us to raise prices, which could result in reduced revenue.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations, and we could experience losses with respect to forward exchange contracts into which we may enter. Unfavorable currency fluctuations could significantly increase the labor and other costs incurred in the operation of our international facilities and the cost of raw materials, parts, components, and subassemblies that we source there, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. These increased costs could require us to increase prices to foreign customers, which could result in lower net revenue from such customers. Alternatively, if we do not adjust the prices for our products in response to unfavorable currency fluctuations, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we have large, long-term liabilities, such as local lease and pension liabilities in Asia and Europe creating more significant exposure to fluctuations in numerous currencies. We do not attempt to hedge these exposures given the long-term nature of the underlying liabilities and the non-cash nature of the foreign exchange gain or loss.

Regulatory, Legal, Tax, and Compliance Related Risks

Continued restrictive global trade regulatory environment coupled with increasingly complex rules have adversely impacted our business, could further impact our business, and could erode the competitiveness of our products compared to local and global competitors.

As a global company, we are subject to the trade policies, export/import controls, and other rules and regulations, including tariffs, trade sanctions, and license requirements of the U.S. and other government authorities. We expect continued exposure to risk arising from ongoing activity in both the promulgation of newly imposed global trade regulations and increased enforcement of existing regulations. The implementation and interpretation of these complex rules and other regulatory actions is uncertain and evolving, trending towards continued increasing restrictions, which is deleterious to our business and challenging for us to manage our operations and forecast our operating results. 

Since October 2022, we have been particularly affected by U.S. government-imposed export regulations on U.S. semiconductor and supercomputing technology and related parts and services sold in China. Over the past few years, the U.S. government has introduced several additional regulatory changes that impose extensive restrictions and compliance obligations, and Chinese customers may replace us with competitors who are not subject to U.S. export rules. Additionally, our ability to maintain business in China may be dependent at least in part on obtaining export licenses. Obtaining export licenses may be difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and there is no assurance we will be issued licenses in time to meet customer requirements or at all.

Recently, we were also subject to new anti-dumping and countervailing duty rates and increased Section 301 tariffs that took effect in 2024 and 2025 for certain products we import from China. The Trump Administration has threatened further tariffs on imports. If we are unable to mitigate the impact of these import restrictions, our costs and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We cannot predict the extent to which unfavorable international trade policies may be implemented in the future and to what extent our business may be impacted. Future regulatory changes that could materially and adversely affect our business include but are not limited to additional or increased tariffs, additions or updates to various restricted party lists, further restrictions on selling products to entities in certain countries whose actions or functions are intended to support policies contrary to U.S. national security, new customs rules or requirements, and retaliatory trade actions or trade wars. Additionally, with increasing geopolitical risks, we might experience customers or governments of our customers promoting their own domestic businesses and competitors. Any or all of the foregoing could decrease demand for our products, increase costs and decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or restrict our ability to sell products, provide services or purchase necessary equipment and supplies, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We are highly dependent on our intellectual property.

Our success depends significantly on our proprietary technology. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights through a variety of methods including trade secrets, patents, and non-disclosure agreements; however, we might not be able to protect our technology, and customers or competitors might be able to develop similar technology independently. Infringement, misappropriation, and unlawful use of our intellectual property rights, and resulting unauthorized manufacture or sale of equipment using our IP rights, could result in lost revenue. Monitoring and detecting any unauthorized use of intellectual property is difficult and costly and we cannot be certain that the protective measures we have implemented will completely prevent theft or misuse. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property successfully, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Patents, trademarks, and trade secret protection may not be adequate to deter infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights. For example, patents issued to us may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. The loss or expiration of any of our key patents could lead to a significant loss of sales of certain of our products and could materially affect our future operating results. The process of seeking patent protection can be time consuming and expensive and patents may not be issued for currently pending or future applications. Moreover, our existing patents or any new patents that may be issued may not be sufficient in scope or strength to provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to us. We may initiate claims, enforcement actions or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights, which claims could result in costly litigation, the diversion of our technical and management personnel, and the assertion of counterclaims by defendants.

In addition, the laws of some foreign countries might not afford our intellectual property the same protections as do the laws of the United States. Our intellectual property is not protected by patents in several countries in which we do business, and we have limited or no patent protection in other countries, including China. Consequently, manufacturing our products in China may subject us to an increased risk that unauthorized parties may attempt to copy our products or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property. Generally, our efforts to obtain international patents have been concentrated in the European Union and Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.

Third parties may also assert claims against us and our products. Claims that our products infringe the rights of others, whether or not meritorious, can be expensive and time-consuming to defend and resolve, and may divert the efforts and attention of management and personnel. The inability to obtain rights to use third party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms could also have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, we may face claims based on the theft or unauthorized use or disclosure of third party trade secrets and other confidential business information. Any such incidents and claims could severely harm our business and reputation, result in significant expenses, harm our competitive position, and prevent us from selling certain products, all of which could have a material and adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Our supply chain is subject to regulatory risk.

Requirements applicable to our supply chain include rules aimed at promoting transparency as well as rules that restrict sourcing from certain locations or suppliers. For example, rules aimed at extinguishing forced labor require extensive efforts to map supply chains effectively and efficiently beyond tier 1 suppliers for any involvement in human rights abuses. Goods suspected of being manufactured with forced labor could be blocked from importation into the U.S., which could impact revenue. Another possible risk is foreign governments that restrict our access to supply; for example, if China were to further restrict export of rare earth minerals, our suppliers’ ability to obtain such supply may be constrained and we may be unable to obtain sufficient quantities, or obtain supply in a timely manner, or at a commercially reasonable cost.

We are, and expect to continue to be, involved in litigation. Legal proceedings are costly and could have a material adverse effect on our commercial relationships, business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may be involved in legal proceedings, litigation, enforcement actions, or claims arising from our business, including, but not limited to, those regarding product performance, product warranty, product certification, product liability, patent infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, other intellectual property rights, antitrust, environmental regulations, securities, contracts, unfair competition, employment, workplace safety, and other matters. Legal proceedings, enforcement actions and claims, whether with or without merit, and associated internal investigations, may be time-consuming and expensive to prosecute, defend or conduct; divert management’s attention and other resources; inhibit our ability to sell our products or services; prevent us from using our technology; result in adverse judgments for damages, injunctive relief, penalties, and fines; and adversely affect our business. We can provide no assurance of the outcome of these legal proceedings, enforcement actions, or claims or that the insurance we maintain will provide coverage or be adequate to cover them.

Changes in tax laws, tax rates, or mix of earnings in tax jurisdictions in which we do business could impact our future tax liabilities and related corporate profitability.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions by their nature are complex and may be subject to significant change due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. As both domestic and foreign governments contemplate or make changes in tax law, our results could be adversely affected. Further, there are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and earnings higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies and changes to our existing businesses, acquisitions (including integrations) and investments, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations, including fundamental changes to the tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals.

Furthermore, due to shifting economic and political conditions, tax policies, laws, or rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant changes in ways that could harm our financial condition and operating results. For example, various jurisdictions around the world have enacted or are considering revenue-based taxes such as digital services taxes and other targeted taxes, which could lead to inconsistent and potentially overlapping international tax regimes. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development is coordinating negotiations with the goal of achieving consensus around substantial changes to international tax policies, including the implementation of a minimum global effective tax rate of 15%. These changes could increase our effective tax rate and cash tax payments could increase in future years, create additional compliance burdens, and/or require changes to our tax compliance processes.

Increased governmental action on income tax regulations could adversely impact our business.

International governments have heightened their review and scrutiny of multinational businesses like ours, which could increase our compliance costs and future tax liability to those governments. As governments continue to look for ways to increase their revenue streams, they could increase audits of companies to accelerate the recovery of monies perceived as owed to them under current or past regulations. As we are subject to examination by tax authorities in every jurisdiction where we do business, an unfavorable audit outcome could adversely affect us.

Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns could adversely affect our results.

Our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in countries that have lower tax rates and higher than anticipated in countries that have higher tax rates; by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; by changes, regulations, and interpretations of research and development capitalization and tax credit regulations, foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”), global intangible low-tax income (“GILTI”) and base erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) laws; by expiration of or lapses in tax incentives; by transfer pricing adjustments, including the effect of acquisitions on our legal structure; by tax effects of nondeductible compensation; by tax costs and related tax effects from intercompany realignments; by changes in accounting principles; or by changes in tax laws and regulations, treaties, or interpretations thereof, including changes to the taxation of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, the deductibility of expenses attributable to foreign income, and the foreign tax credit rules. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attribute prescribed in the accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), an international association, including the U.S., has made changes to numerous long-standing tax principles. There can be no assurance that these changes, once adopted by countries in which we operate, will not have an adverse impact on our provision for income taxes. Further, because of certain of our ongoing employment and capital investment actions and commitments, our income in certain countries is subject to reduced tax rates. Our failure to meet these commitments could adversely impact our provision for income taxes. In addition, we are the subject of regular examination of our income tax returns by tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from these continuous examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S. and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in customer growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.

Regulatory authorities around the world have implemented or are considering several legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the U.S., Europe, China and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Violation of any of these rules could result in fines or orders requiring that we change our data practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.

We are subject to numerous governmental regulations.

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign regulations, including environmental regulations and regulations relating to the design and operation of our products and control systems and regulations governing the import, export and customs duties related to our products. We might incur significant costs as we seek to ensure that our products meet safety and emissions standards, many of which vary across the states and countries in which our products are used. In the past, we have invested significant resources to redesign our products to comply with these directives. In addition, through previous acquisitions, we expanded our presence in the medical market to include more highly regulated applications and added a medical-certified manufacturing center to our operating footprint. We may encounter

increased costs to maintain compliance with the quality systems and other regulations and requirements that apply to the acquired business. Compliance with future regulations, directives, and standards could require us to modify or redesign some products, make capital expenditures, or incur substantial costs. Also, we may incur significant costs in complying with the numerous imports, exports, and customs regulations as we seek to sell our products internationally. If we do not comply with current or future regulations, directives, and standards:

If we were unable to comply with current or future regulations, directives and standards, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to risks associated with environmental, health, and safety regulations.

We are subject to environmental, health, and safety regulations in connection with our global business operations, such as regulations related to the development, manufacture, sale, shipping, and use of our products; handling, discharge, recycling and disposal of hazardous materials used in our products or in producing our products; restrictions on the presence of certain substances in our products; the operation of our facilities; and the use of our real property. The failure or inability to comply with existing or future environmental, health and safety regulations, including with respect to energy consumption and climate change, could result in significant remediation or other legal liabilities; the imposition of penalties and fines; restrictions on the development, manufacture, sale, shipping, or use of certain of our products; limitations on the operation of our facilities or ability to use our real property; and a decrease in the value of our real property. We could also be required to alter our manufacturing, operations, and product design, and incur substantial expenses to comply with environmental, health and safety regulations. Any failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to significant costs and liabilities that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure to maintain appropriate environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosures could result in reputational harm, a loss of customer and investor confidence, and adverse business and financial results.

Failure to adequately maintain appropriate ESG practices that meet diverse stakeholder expectations may result in an inability to attract customers, the loss of business, diluted market valuation, and an inability to attract and retain top talent. Maintaining possibly unlawful ESG programs could expose us to litigation threat. In addition, standards and processes for measuring and reporting carbon emissions and other sustainability metrics may change over time, resulting in inconsistent data, or could result in significant revisions to our sustainability commitments or our ability to achieve them. Any scrutiny of our carbon emissions or other sustainability disclosures or our failure to achieve related goals could adversely impact our reputation or performance. As governments impose greenhouse gas emission reporting and climate risk assessment requirements, along with other ESG-related laws, we are subject to at least some of these rules and concomitant regulatory risk exposure. Also, certain customers request ESG related performance data in relation to our products. ESG compliance and reporting costly, and we could be at a disadvantage compared to companies that do not have similar reporting requirements or that have more resources to devote to ESG efforts. 

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Commercial and Financial Related Risks

Our debt obligations and the restrictive covenants in certain of the agreements governing our debt could limit our ability to operate our business or pursue our business strategies, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and could significantly reduce stockholder benefits from a change of control event.

Our debt obligations could make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate, thereby placing us at a disadvantage to our competitors that have less debt. We may enter into additional debt obligations at any time.

Our Credit Agreement, including the associated revolving line of credit, imposes financial covenants on us and our subsidiaries that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio. The financial covenants place certain restrictions on our business that may affect our ability to execute our business strategy successfully or take other actions that we believe would be in the best interests of our Company. These include limitations or restrictions, among other things, on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to:

Any breach of the covenants or other event of default could cause a default on our Credit Agreement, which could result in the entire outstanding balance at that time being immediately due and payable. Such breach or default may also constitute a default of our Convertible Notes, which could also result in the entire outstanding balance being immediately due and payable. Our assets and cash flow may not be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments if accelerated upon an event of default. If we are unable to repay, refinance, or restructure our indebtedness as required, or amend the covenants contained in these agreements, the lenders can exercise all rights and remedies available under our debt obligations or applicable laws or equity. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial resources or be able to arrange financing to repay any borrowings at such time.

Return on investments or interest rate declines on plan investments could result in additional unfunded pension obligations for our pension plan.

We currently have unfunded obligations to our pension plans. The extent of future contributions to the pension plan depends heavily on market factors such as the discount rate used to calculate our future obligations and the actual return on plan assets which enable future payments. We estimate future contributions to the plan using assumptions with respect to these and other items. Changes to those assumptions could have a significant effect on future contributions. Additionally, a material deterioration in the funded status of the plan could increase pension expenses and reduce our profitability. See Note 15. Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained herein.

Our intangible assets and goodwill may become impaired.

We periodically review the carrying value of our intangible assets and goodwill. We consider any events or circumstances that might result in either a diminished fair value, and for intangible assets, a revised useful life. The events and circumstances include significant changes in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, and competition. Any impairment or revised useful life could have a material and adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and could harm the trading price of our common stock.

The conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event any of the conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes are triggered, holders will be entitled to convert at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert, we would be required to settle any converted principal amount of such Convertible Notes through payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Conversion of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and the existence of the Convertible Notes may depress the price of our common stock.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders. Upon conversion, we have the option to pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock with respect to the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted. If we elect to settle the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, that action will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders. Additionally, any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion could be used to satisfy short positions, and the anticipated conversion into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

The hedges and warrants in our own common stock may adversely affect the common stock’s trading price.

In September 2023, we entered into hedge and warrant transactions on our own common stock. These contracts are expected to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount. The warrants could separately have a dilutive effect on our common stock to the extent that the market price per share of our common stock exceeds the exercise price.

In addition, the counterparties or their affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and sell our common stock prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so in connection with any conversion or redemption). This activity could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock.

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We are subject to counterparty default risk with respect to the Note Hedges.

The counterparties are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that any or all of them might default. Our exposure is not secured by any collateral. If a counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will correlate to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, counterparties may not be financially stable or viable. Upon a default by a counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate for reasons over which we have no control.

The stock market has from time to time experienced, and is likely to continue to experience, extreme price and volume fluctuations. Prices of securities of technology companies are especially volatile and have often fluctuated for reasons that are unrelated to their operating performance. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we were the subject of securities class action litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

We may not pay dividends on our common stock.

Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive dividends when and if they are declared by our Board of Directors. Our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to pay dividends on our capital stock under certain circumstances. Although we have declared cash dividends on our common stock since 2021, we are not required to do so, and we may reduce or eliminate our cash dividend in the future. This could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. For information on our Credit Agreement, see Note 18. Long-Term Debt and Note 7. Derivative Financial Instruments in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Our operating results are subject to fluctuations, and if we fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, our share price may decrease significantly.

Our annual and quarterly results may vary significantly depending on various factors, many of which are beyond our control. Because our operating expenses are based on anticipated revenue levels, our revenue cycle for development work is relatively long, and a high percentage of our expenses are fixed for the short term, a small variation in the timing of recognition of revenue can cause significant variations in operating results from period to period. If our earnings do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our stock could decline.

ITEM 1B.         UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 1C.         CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Assessment

Cybersecurity Governance

ITEM 2.            PROPERTIES

Information concerning our principal properties is set forth below:

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In addition to the above principal properties, we have several other facilities throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. We consider the properties that we own or lease as adequate to meet our current and future requirements. We regularly assess the size, capability, and location of our global infrastructure and periodically make adjustments based on these assessments.

ITEM 3.            LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in disputes and legal actions arising in the normal course of our business. Although it is not possible to predict the outcome of these matters, we believe that the results of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. For further information see Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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ITEM 4.            MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.            MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Dividends

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “AEIS.” On January 31, 2025, the number of common stockholders of record was 196. This does not include stockholders whose shares are held in “street name” through brokers or other nominees.

In each of the four quarters in 2024, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.10 per share, totaling $15.4 million for the full year. We currently anticipate that a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share will continue to be paid on a quarterly basis, although the declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of the Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, and other factors.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

To repurchase shares of our common stock, we periodically enter into share repurchase agreements, open market transactions, and/or other transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. Before repurchasing our shares, we consider the market price of our common stock, the nature of other investment opportunities, available liquidity, cash flows from operations, general business and economic conditions, and other relevant factors.

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We did not repurchase any shares during the fourth quarter of 2024. At December 31, 2024, the remaining amount authorized by our Board for future share repurchases was $197.4 million with no time limitation.

Performance Graph

The performance graph below shows the five-year cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock in comparison to certain other indices during the period from December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2024. The comparison assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2019 in Advanced Energy common stock and in each of the indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends, if any. Dollar amounts in the graph are rounded to the nearest whole dollar. The performance shown in the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future performance.

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Information relating to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance is set forth in Part III, Item 12 “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” of this annual report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 6.            RESERVED

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7.            MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Certain statements set forth below under this caption constitute forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional factors relating to such statements and see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A for a discussion of certain risks applicable to our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The following section discusses our results of operations for 2024 and 2023 and year-to-year comparisons between those periods.

Company Overview

Advanced Energy provides highly engineered, critical, precision power conversion, measurement, and control solutions to our global customers. We design, manufacture, sell and support precision power products that transform, refine, and modify the raw electrical power coming from either the utility or the building facility and convert it into various types of highly controllable, usable power that is predictable, repeatable, and customizable to meet the necessary requirements for powering a wide range of complex equipment. Many of our products enable customers to reduce or optimize their energy consumption through increased power conversion efficiency, power density, power coupling, and process control across a wide range of applications.

We are organized on a global, functional basis and operate as a single segment of power electronics conversion products. Within this segment, our products are sold into the Semiconductor Equipment, Industrial and Medical, Data Center Computing, and Telecom and Networking markets.

On June 20, 2024, we acquired Airity Technologies, Inc. (“Airity”). This acquisition added high voltage power conversion technologies and products, broadening our range of targeted applications within the Semiconductor Equipment and Industrial and Medical markets. See Note 2. Acquisition in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Business Environment and Trends

2024 Summary Results and Key Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our revenue was $1,482.0 million, representing a decline of 10.5% as compared to 2023. The decline was attributable to lower revenue from our Industrial and Medical and Telecom and Networking markets due to customer inventory rebalancing, resulting in a lower demand environment. These declines were partially offset by higher revenues in the Semiconductor Equipment market, from the 2023 trough level, and growing AI-related demand in the Data Center Computing market. For more details on the trends in our end markets, see “End Markets Summary and Trends” elsewhere in this Item 7.

In 2024, we reported higher operating expenses of $492.7 million, an increase of $14.0 million primarily attributable to higher stock-based compensation expense, higher research and development (“R&D”) program costs, higher restructuring charges from initiatives focused on optimizing manufacturing and support operations, partially offset by a general workforce reduction to align to our revenue levels. The restructuring actions should largely be completed in 2026 and are expected to enable a more efficient and cost-effective operating structure.

In the third quarter of 2024, we approved further manufacturing consolidation initiatives, including the closure of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing facility. In connection with the 2024 Plan, we recorded a $29.6 million charge primarily associated with expected employment-related charges and facility exit costs. See Note 12. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

In the third quarter of 2024, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement to increase the capacity on the Revolving Facility from $200.0 million to $600.0 million. This amendment was in connection with the concurrent prepayment, using existing cash on hand, of the full $345.0 million outstanding principal balance under our Term Loan Facility. See Note 18. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Liquidity and Capital Resources below.

During 2024, we continued progress on a new factory near Bangkok, Thailand, which we expect to be operational in 2026.

End Markets Summary and Trends

The demand environment in each of our markets is impacted by macroeconomic conditions, various market trends, customer buying patterns, design wins, and other factors. Although we are currently experiencing a lower demand environment in certain markets, we continue to believe that the long-term market growth drivers support our long-term strategy, research and development efforts, and capital investments. However, in the short-term it is unclear how certain macroeconomic conditions, including the effect of higher interest rates impacting end customers’ capital investment, the timing of inventory digestion, and customer buying patterns, will affect customer demand and our revenue.

Semiconductor Equipment Market

The Semiconductor Equipment market appears to be slowly recovering from a cyclical downturn, which bottomed in 2023. Demand improved in 2024, but a number of external factors continue to limit the market recovery, including unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, prolonged weak demand for consumer electronics, low fab utilization, and U.S. export restrictions to China.

We continue to believe the long-term growth drivers will support cyclical growth for this market. Growth drivers include more manufacturing capacity needed to support increasing demand for semiconductor devices, increasing etch and deposition process steps with new technology inflections, and the transition to advanced technology nodes requiring higher content of advanced power solutions per tool. In addition, we believe our investment in new products can enable market share gains resulting in higher than market growth.

Industrial and Medical Market

Beginning in the second half of 2023, the impact of weaker macroeconomic conditions started to lower demand for our products in the Industrial and Medical market. In addition, in the previous two years, many customers built inventories of our products following the supply chain disruption and extended lead times. As lead times normalized in 2024, customers rebalanced their elevated inventory levels resulting in further decline in revenue. We expect these factors will continue to limit our revenue in the near term but believe that growth will return to this market after customer inventories return to normal levels and end markets recover.

Data Center Computing Market

Revenue in the Data Center Computing market was weak in the first quarter of 2024 driven by reduced investments by our hyperscale customers, lower demand for enterprise systems, and the timing of large customer orders. Starting in the second quarter of 2024, demand rebounded driven by accelerated investments in AI and customers starting to ramp new generations of high power solutions, resulting in revenue growth in 2024. We expect these factors will continue to support strong demand for the next few quarters.

Telecom and Networking Market

In 2023, improved supply of critical components drove a meaningful increase in revenue, which more than offset weakening market conditions in the Telecom and Networking market. End demand further weakened during 2024. In addition, customers rebalanced their elevated inventory levels as lead times normalized, resulting in a further decline in our revenue. We expect the current market conditions to continue for several quarters.

Results of Continuing Operations

The analysis presented below is organized to provide the information we believe will be helpful for understanding of our historical performance and relevant trends going forward and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this annual report on Form 10-K. Also included in the following analysis are measures that are not in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). A reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures to U.S. GAAP is provided below.

The following table summarizes our Consolidated Statements of Operations and as a percentage of revenue:

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Revenue

The following tables summarize net revenue and percentages of revenue by markets:

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Total revenue decreased from the same period in the prior year due primarily to lower end demand and customer inventory rebalancing, resulting in lower demand in our Industrial and Medical and Telecom and Networking markets. The Semiconductor Equipment market modestly recovered from the cyclical trough in 2023, and revenue in the Data Center Computing market grew as hyperscale customers increased investments in AI.

Revenue by Market

Sales in the Semiconductor Equipment market increased $48.8 million, or 6.6%, to $792.6 million, as compared to $743.8 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to improved demand as we emerge from the cyclical trough in 2023.

Sales in the Industrial and Medical market decreased $158.3 million, or 33.4%, to $316.2 million, as compared to $474.4 million in the prior year. After a record year in 2023, the decrease was primarily due to lower end demand and customers working down their elevated inventories on shortened lead times following the supply chain disruption.

Sales in the Data Center Computing market increased $34.3 million, or 13.7%, to $284.2 million, as compared to $249.9 million in the prior year. The increase was due to accelerated hyperscale investments in AI and growing adoption of next generation high power solutions.

Sales in the Telecom and Networking market decreased $98.6 million, or 52.5%, to $89.1 million as compared to $187.7 million in the prior year. The decrease was due to the prior year benefiting from the improved supply of critical components. This enabled fulfillment of outstanding orders in 2023, which did not continue in 2024. In addition, we experienced a slow demand environment and inventory rebalancing at many of our customers, which we expect to continue.

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Gross Profit and Gross Margin

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The decrease in gross profit was largely due to the decline in revenue, partially offset by reduction in manufacturing expenses. Gross margin declined mainly due to the impact of lower volume, largely offset by lower manufacturing, material, and other costs of 170 basis points and favorable mix of 150 basis points.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes our operating expenses:

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased $9.4 million to $211.8 million, as compared to $202.4 million in the prior year. The increase is related to higher stock-based compensation expense as well as higher program and materials costs compared to the prior year. This was partially offset by lower variable compensation.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $3.5 million to $224.5 million, as compared to $221.0 million in the prior year. The increase is primarily driven by higher stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by actions taken to control costs, including headcount reduction and lower variable compensation.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization expense decreased $2.2 million to $26.0 million, as compared to $28.3 million in the prior year. Certain intangible assets reached the end of their estimated useful life in the current year. This was partially offset by amortization of intangible assets acquired in the Airity acquisition. For additional information, see Note 2. Acquisition and Note 11. Intangible Assets and Goodwill in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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Restructuring, Asset Impairments and Other Charges

In the third quarter of 2024, we approved further manufacturing consolidation initiatives, including the closure of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing facility. In connection with the 2024 Plan, we recorded a $29.6 million charge primarily associated with expected employment-related charges and facility exit costs. The amounts incurred as a result of the approved actions are estimates and actual results may differ, which could result in incremental restructuring charges in future periods. We anticipate the 2024 Plan will be substantially completed by the end of second quarter of 2025, with final activities expected to conclude in 2026.

For additional information about this and prior year restructuring plans, see Note 12. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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Interest Income, Interest Expense, and Other Income (Expense), net

We experienced an increase in interest income on higher cash balances, due in part to proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes in the third quarter of 2023, our ability to concentrate cash in investment accounts, and higher short term market interest rates.

Interest expense increased due to interest associated with the Convertible Notes and a higher interest rate on the portion of our Term Loan Facility subject to a variable interest rate. We prepaid in full the Term Loan Facility on September 9, 2024, and the interest rate swap contracts expired on September 10, 2024. Should we have future borrowings under our Term Loan Facility or Revolving Facility, those borrowings would be subject to a variable rate.

Other expense, net was $2.0 million in 2024, as compared to $1.8 million of expense in the prior year. Other expense, net consists primarily of foreign exchange gains and losses and other miscellaneous items. We had unrealized foreign exchange losses during the year 2024 compared to unrealized gains in the prior year. Additionally, in 2024, we incurred costs associated with foreign currency translation adjustments related to liquidated foreign operations and debt discount and fees associated with our Term Loan Facility prepayment. There were no such costs during the same periods in the prior year.

See Note 18. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding our debt.

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Income Tax Benefit

The following table summarizes tax benefit and the effective tax rate for our income from continuing operations:

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Our effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, primarily due to the intercompany transfer of intellectual property among certain of our subsidiaries in 2024 and a valuation allowance release in 2023. Additionally, both 2024 and 2023 included the benefit of earnings in foreign jurisdictions which are subject to lower tax rates, as well as tax credits, partially offset by net U.S. tax on foreign operations.

Our future effective income tax rate depends on various factors, such as changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, or interpretations thereof, and the geographic composition of our pre-tax income. We carefully monitor these factors and adjust our effective income tax rate accordingly.

As of January 1, 2024, the Pillar II minimum global effective tax rate of 15% enacted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) was effectuated. More than 140 countries agreed to enact the Pillar II global minimum tax. However, the timing of the implementation for each country varies. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we included an estimate of global minimum tax liability as a result of those countries where we conduct business that have adopted Pillar II. As countries continue to make revisions to their legislation and release additional guidance with respect to the global minimum tax, we continue to determine any potential impact in the countries in which we operate. The impact of these changes may have a material impact on our cash tax expense and tax rate.

Non-GAAP Results

Management uses non-GAAP operating income and non-GAAP earnings per share (“EPS”) to evaluate business performance without the impacts of certain non-cash charges and other charges which are not part of our usual operations. We use these non-GAAP measures to assess performance against business objectives, and make business decisions, including developing budgets and forecasting future periods. In addition, management’s incentive plans include these non-GAAP measures as criteria for achievements. These non-GAAP measures are not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may differ from non-GAAP methods of accounting and reporting used by other companies. However, we believe these non-GAAP measures provide additional information that enables readers to evaluate our business from the perspective of management. The presentation of this additional information should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The non-GAAP results presented below exclude the impact of non-cash related charges, such as stock-based compensation, amortization of intangible assets, and long-term unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses. In addition, we exclude discontinued operations and other non-recurring items such as acquisition-related costs, facility expansion and related costs, and restructuring expenses, as they are not indicative of future performance. The tax effect of our non-GAAP adjustments represents the anticipated annual tax rate applied to each non-GAAP adjustment after consideration of their respective book and tax treatments. Finally, non-GAAP results exclude one-time tax benefits and losses associated with changes in our legal entity structure or ownership of certain assets.

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