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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

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OR

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For the transition period from ________ to ________

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.     ☒

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.     ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).     ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

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The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $604,324,990 (based on 10,983,733 shares held by non-affiliates at $55.02 per share, the last sale price reported on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2024).

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As of February 28, 2025, there were 11,439,292 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE The information required by Part III is incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders which is to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the close of its fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CERTAIN FACTORS AFFECTING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”), including but not limited to statements made in Part II, Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, statements made with respect to future operating results, expectations of future customer orders, and the availability of resources necessary for our business are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “continue”, “future”, “potential”, “believe”, “project”, “plan”, “intend”, “seek”, “estimate”, “predict”, “expect”, “anticipate”, and variations of such words and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing statements. Such forward-looking statements are made based on our management’s beliefs as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Our actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other things, the risks set forth in Part I, Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. You should read this Annual Report, the documents that we reference in this Annual Report, and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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ITEM 1.    BUSINESS

OUR COMPANY

Miller Industries, Inc., a Tennessee corporation, is The World’s Largest Manufacturer of Towing and Recovery Equipment^®, with executive offices in Ooltewah, Tennessee, domestic manufacturing operations in Tennessee and Pennsylvania, and foreign manufacturing operations in France and the United Kingdom.

Miller Industries was founded in 1990. Since its inception, the Company has developed innovative high-quality towing and recovery equipment worldwide. We design and manufacture bodies of car carriers and wreckers, which are installed on chassis manufactured by third parties, and sold to our customers. Our products are marketed and sold primarily through a network of distributors that serve all 50 states, Canada, Mexico, and other foreign markets, and through prime contractors to governmental entities. Further, we have substantial distribution capabilities in Europe as a result of our ownership of Jige International S.A. and Boniface Engineering, Ltd. While most of our distributor agreements do not generally contain exclusivity provisions, management believes that more than 90 percent of our independent distributors do not offer products of any other towing and recovery equipment manufacturer, which we believe is a testament of their loyalty to our brands.

In addition to selling our products, our independent distributors provide end-users with parts and service. We also utilize sales representatives to inform prospective end-users about our current product lines in an effort to drive sales to independent distributors. Management believes the strength of our distribution network and the breadth and quality of our product offerings are two key advantages over our competitors.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “Miller Industries”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”, “ours”, and “us” refer to Miller Industries, Inc., and its subsidiaries.

PRODUCT LINES

Car Carriers

Car carriers are specialized flat-bed vehicles with hydraulic tilt mechanisms that enable a towing operator to drive or winch a vehicle onto the bed for transport. Car carriers are used to transport new or disabled vehicles and other equipment and are particularly effective for transporting vehicles or other equipment over longer distances. In addition to transporting vehicles, car carriers may also be used for other purposes, such as transportation of industrial equipment. Most professional towing operators have car carriers in their fleets to complement their towing capabilities.

Wreckers

Wreckers are generally used to recover and tow disabled vehicles and other equipment and range in type from the conventional tow truck to large recovery vehicles with up to 100-ton lifting capacities. Wreckers are available with specialized features, including underlifts, L-arms, crossbars, and scoops, which lift disabled vehicles by the tires or front axle to minimize front-end damage to the towed vehicles. Certain heavy-duty wrecker models offer rotating booms and remote-control devices which allow heavy-duty wreckers to recover vehicles from any angle. In addition, certain light-duty wreckers are equipped with automatic wheel-lift hookup devices that allow operators to engage a disabled or unattended vehicle without leaving the cab of the wrecker.

Our wreckers range in capacity from 4 to 100 tons, and are classified as either light-duty or heavy-duty, with wreckers of 16-ton or greater capacity being classified as heavy-duty. Light-duty wreckers are used for general recovery, as well as, removing vehicles from accident scenes, and vehicles that are illegally parked, abandoned, or disabled. Heavy-duty wreckers are used in towing and recovery operations including overturned tractor trailers, buses, motor homes, and other large vehicles.

Transport Trailers

Our multi-vehicle transport trailers are specialized auto transport trailers with upper and lower decks and hydraulic ramps for loading vehicles. These trailers are used for moving multiple vehicles for auto auctions, car dealerships, leasing companies, and other similar operations. These trailers are easy to load and transport up to seven vehicles. The vehicles can be secured to transport quickly with ratchet and chain tie-downs that are mounted throughout the frame of the transport trailer. Many professional towing operators have added auto transport trailers to their fleets to add to their service offerings.

OUR BRANDS

We manufacture and market our car carriers, wreckers and trailers under 10 separate brand names. Although certain brands overlap in terms of features, prices, and distributors, each brand has its own distinctive image and customer base.

Century^®

The Century^® brand is our “top-of-the-line” brand and represents what management believes to be the broadest product line in the industry. The Century^® line was started in 1974 and produces wreckers ranging from 8-ton light-duty to 100-ton heavy-duty models, and car carriers in lengths from 19 to 30 feet. Management believes the Century^® brand has a reputation as the industry’s leading product innovator.

Vulcan^®

Our Vulcan^® product line includes a range of premium light-duty and heavy-duty wreckers, ranging from 8-ton light-duty to 75-ton heavy-duty models, and car carriers.

Chevron™

Our Chevron™ product line is comprised primarily of premium car carriers. Chevron™ produces a range of premium single-car, multi-car, and industrial carriers, as well as wreckers ranging from 8-ton to 16-ton models.

Holmes^®

Our Holmes^® product line includes mid-priced wreckers with 4-ton to 16-ton capacities, a 16-ton rotator, and a detachable towing unit (“DTU”). The Holmes^® wrecker was first produced in 1916. Historically, the Holmes^® name has been the most well-recognized and leading industry brand both domestically and internationally.

Challenger^®

Our Challenger^® products compete with the Century^® and Vulcan^® products and constitute a third premium product line. Challenger^® products consist of heavy-duty wreckers with capacities ranging from 25 to 75 tons. The Challenger^® line was started in 1975 and is known for its high-performance heavy-duty wreckers and aesthetic design.

Champion^®

The Champion^® brand, which was introduced in 1991, includes car carriers that range in length from 19 to 21 feet. The Champion^® product line, which is generally lower-priced, allows us to offer a full line of car carriers at various competitive price points.

Jige™

Our Jige™ product line is comprised of a broad line of premium light-duty and heavy-duty wreckers and car carriers marketed primarily in Europe. Jige™ is a market leader best known for its innovative designs of car carriers and light-duty wreckers necessary to operate within the narrow confines of European cities, as well as heavy-duty wreckers.

Boniface™

Our Boniface™ product line is comprised predominantly of premium heavy-duty wreckers marketed primarily in Europe. Boniface™ produces heavy-duty wreckers specializing in the long underlift technology required to tow modern European tour buses.

Titan^®

Our Titan^® product line is comprised of premium multi-vehicle transport trailers which can transport up to seven vehicles depending on configuration.

Eagle^®

Our Eagle^® products consist of light-duty wreckers with the “Eagle Claw^®” hook-up system that allows towing operators to engage a disabled or unattended vehicle without leaving the cab of the tow truck. The “Eagle Claw^®” hook-up system was originally developed for the repossession market. Since acquiring Eagle, we have upgraded the quality and features of the Eagle^® product line and expanded its recovery capability.

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ACQUISITIONS

We have acquired a number of businesses over the years that have enhanced our products portfolio.

Most recently, during fiscal 2023, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain liabilities of Southern Hydraulic Cylinder, Inc. through an acquisition subsidiary formed as a Tennessee corporation, which then changed its name to SHC, Inc. (“SHC”). SHC manufactures, sells, and services hydraulic cylinders and related components. The operations of SHC align with those of the Company, which management believes will strengthen the efforts to enhance the stability of the Company’s supply chain.

Our strategy has always been to diversify our product line and remain open to opportunities for acquisitions. We expect to continue to pursue additional acquisitions in the future.

For further information on the acquisition by SHC, Inc., see Note 2 – “Business Combinations” to our consolidated financial statements.

MANUFACTURING

Miller Industries has a long history of innovation in our manufacturing processes utilizing advanced technologies. We manufacture wreckers, car carriers, and trailers at ten manufacturing facilities located in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Our manufacturing facilities are designed to provide efficient assembly-line manufacturing of our products. In order to utilize our manufacturing facilities and technology more efficiently and effectively, we pursue continuous improvements in our manufacturing process. Our manufacturing personnel, in consultation with our engineering department (which consists of 52 engineers), use sophisticated computer-aided design and stress analysis systems to test new product designs and integrate various product improvements.

In addition, our Holmes^® and Century^® brands are associated with four major innovations in the industry: the rapid reverse winch, the tow sling, the hydraulic lifting mechanism, and the underlift with parallel linkage and L-arms.

The manufacturing process for our products consists primarily of cutting and bending sheet steel or aluminum into parts that are welded together to form the wrecker, car carrier body, or trailer. We also produce wrecker bodies using composites and other non-metallic materials, which reduce the vehicle body weight and increase fuel efficiency. After the frame is formed, components such as hydraulic cylinders, winches, valves, and pumps that are purchased by us from third-party suppliers, are attached to the frame to form the completed wrecker or car carrier body. The completed body is either installed by us or shipped by common carrier to a distributor where it is then installed on a chassis. Generally, the wrecker or car carrier bodies are painted, and towing operators can select customized colors to coordinate with chassis colors or customer fleet colors. To the extent final painting is required before delivery, we either complete such painting or contract with independent paint shops for such services.

Our manufacturing facilities have undergone substantial expansion and modernization in recent years. We have invested over $100.0 million on various property, plant and equipment projects since 2017. These projects not only increased our manufacturing production capacity but also included installing sophisticated robotics and implementing other advanced technologies to optimize our manufacturing process.

CUSTOMERS

We sell our products to a diverse network of independent distributors, consisting of approximately 76 distributor locations in North America, that serve all 50 states, Canada and Mexico, and over 30 distributors that serve other foreign markets. These distributors then sell our products to end-users. Our long-standing relationships with our distributors give them a deep knowledge of our products and our corporate culture, allowing them to effectively promote our products to end-users. Our diverse network of distributors lessens our dependence on particular distributors.

In 2024, no distributor accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated total sales and we do not consider our business to be materially dependent on any single customer.

We engage sales representatives who provide sales support to our entire network of independent distributors. Sales representatives receive commissions on direct sales based on product type and brand and generally are assigned specific territories in which to promote sales of our products and to maintain customer relationships. To support sales and marketing efforts, we produce demonstrator models that are used by our sales representatives and independent distributors.

In addition to providing services to our network of independent distributors, our sales representatives sell our products to various governmental entities, including the U.S. federal government and foreign governments, through prime contractors. We routinely respond to requests for proposals or bid invitations in consultation with our local distributors. Our products have been selected by the United States General Services Administration as an approved source for certain federal and defense agencies. We intend to continue to pursue federal, state, local, and foreign government contracting opportunities.

The towing and recovery equipment industry places heavy marketing emphasis on product exhibitions at national, regional, and international trade shows. To focus our marketing efforts and to control marketing costs at major trade shows, we work with our network of independent distributors to concentrate on various regional shows.

SUPPLIERS

We purchase raw materials and component parts from several sources. Although we have no long-term supply contracts, management believes we have good relationships with our primary suppliers. In recent years prices have fluctuated significantly, and supply chain challenges have been severe. Prior to these challenges, we have generally experienced no significant interferences in obtaining adequate supplies of raw materials and component parts to meet the requirements of our production schedules, and found the materials used in the production of our products to be available at competitive prices from an adequate number of alternative suppliers. Future supply chain challenges or disruptions could occur that again put our business at risk.

COMPETITION

We operate in a highly competitive environment in the manufacturing and selling of towing and recovery equipment. We compete on many levels, including product quality and innovation, reputation, technology, customer service, product availability, and price, with an emphasis on product quality, innovation, and customer service. Accordingly, we have invested substantial resources and time into building and maintaining strong relationships with distributors.

Our marketing strategy is to continue to compete primarily on the basis of quality and reputation rather than solely on the basis of price, and to continue to target the growing group of professional towing operators who recognize the quality of our products.

Traditionally, the capital requirements for entry into the towing and recovery manufacturing industry have been relatively low. Management believes a manufacturer’s capital resources and access to technological improvements have become a more integral component of success in recent years. Certain of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources and may provide more attractive dealer and retail customer financing alternatives than we do.

BACKLOG

We produce virtually all of our products to order. The backlog of orders represents customer purchase orders that have been received but not yet fulfilled as of the reporting date. Backlog can fluctuate for a number of reasons including adjustments based on changes in customer requirements, pricing actions, manufacturing and shipping schedules, cancellation and/or rescheduling of orders from our customers, timing of when they are originally placed, and when we are able to fulfill them.

During fiscal 2024, our backlog of manufactured equipment returned to historical levels. However, while chassis supply from the manufacturers met our expectations in fiscal 2024, the timing of deliveries was weighted heavily in the first half of the year, resulting in a slowdown of demand in our distribution channels during the second half of the year. Although we continue to experience some ongoing challenges, we expect to return to a harmonized flow of manufactured equipment and chassis deliveries throughout fiscal 2025. While management regularly reviews the backlog and assesses its ability to fulfill customer orders within a reasonable period of time, it is possible that continued global supply chain disruptions, or other factors beyond our control, could cause further delays in delivery and an inability to complete customer orders. However, the level of backlog at any particular time may not be an appropriate indicator of our future operating performance.

PRODUCT WARRANTIES AND INSURANCE

The Company generally offers a 12-month limited manufacturer’s product and services warranty for products sold to customers on our wrecker and car carrier products. These warranties generally provide for failed parts or components. Our independent distributors typically perform warranty repair work, rather than shipping products back to us. The independent distributors then submit claims (invoices) for warranty reimbursement for the cost of parts and labor.

At the time of sale, we record an accrual for manufactured products for estimated costs in connection with forecasted future warranty claims. Our estimate of the cost of future warranty claims is based primarily on the estimated number of products under warranty, historical average costs incurred to service warranty claims, the trend in the historical ratio of claims, and the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim.

The Company maintains general liability and product liability insurance coverage to mitigate liability claims. Management believes that the combination of warranty provisions and product liability insurance provides adequate coverage to address potential liabilities arising from our limited manufacturer’s product and services warranties.

HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 1,711 employees globally, of which 98.8% are full-time employees. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements or similar representation in the United States; however, employees have certain similar representation provided by their respective government’s employment regulations based outside of the United States. We consider our employee relations generally to be good.

Culture and Talent

Culture

The Company’s culture is rooted in our values and behaviors, based on treating others the way we would like to be treated and fostering a work environment that is inclusive, diverse, fair, and engaged. In addition, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is intended to reinforce our core values of respect, integrity, collaboration, innovation, trust, and excellence throughout our operations. Providing a positive work environment supports our ability to attract, retain, and develop our employees and enables business performance.

Professional Development

To facilitate talent attraction and retention, we provide training programs that address skill shortages in our workforce, foster career development, and encourage proper use of technology and resources. These programs include our Welding School that teaches employees how to read blueprints, interpret weld symbols, and learn welding techniques. In addition, the Front-Line Leadership Academy was created to develop high-potential employees for future leadership roles in the Company, and provide change management, decision making, and problem-solving skills to future leaders. We have also established a tuition reimbursement program for continuing education, including undergraduate and graduate degrees or certifications and licenses relevant to the business.

Competitive Pay and Employee Benefits

Our employees are essential to our success, and we strive to offer comprehensive and competitive wages and benefits, as well as various wellness initiatives. The benefits we offer include, but are not limited to, comprehensive medical coverage, short-term and long-term disability, life insurance, wellness screening, dental coverage, paid time off, incentive programs, an employee assistance program, access to telehealth services, and a U.S. 401(k) plan with a Company match. To ensure our pay rates for our employees remain competitive, we periodically perform compensation studies.

During fiscal 2022, we experienced substantially increased employee turnover rates in our skilled workforce and in response took various actions to attract and retain skilled laborers, including attending hiring events, broadening our recruitment platforms, and paying sign-on and retention bonuses. Due in part to these efforts, employee turnover rates have trended down throughout fiscal 2023 and 2024.

Employee Engagement

Miller Industries solicits feedback and suggestions from employees through various mechanisms, including an “open door” policy, utilizing an employment engagement and communication specialist who is dedicated to communication with our employees, and employee engagement surveys conducted by a third party. As a result of employee engagement surveys, the Company has launched “Link Up” (a townhall event for leadership to provide brief updates on the business), increased the Team Leader-to-employee ratio on the production floor

to improve on-the-job training, improved overall employee safety through various internal initiatives, provided a six-week Team Leader Bootcamp Training program, and started the Front-Line Academy to provide in-house professional development opportunities.

We have invested substantial time and resources in recent years to optimize employee engagement, productivity, and safety of our workforce, which we believe is the foundation upon which we can maintain our competitive advantages in product quality and customer service.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

At Miller Industries, we are focused on building a diverse and inclusive workplace that values the unique perspectives and contributions of all our employees.

Our initiatives are sponsored by our senior executives and our Human Resources (“HR”) organization, and are designed to promote a culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion.

We also monitor pay equity, which guides the ongoing analysis and benchmarking to help inform us of our salary and compensation practices. We define pay equity as equal pay for people of all gender identities and ethnicities who are performing substantially similar work. Some of the things we consider include job-related skills, tenure, experience, education level, performance rating, and geography.

Worker Health and Safety

The health, safety, and security of our employees and contractors is a priority for us. We employ systems designed to continually monitor our facilities and work environment to promote worker safety, and identify, prevent, or mitigate any potential risks. We routinely assess all our facilities to closely monitor adherence to established security and safety standards. Our workers receive specialized training related to their role, work setting, and equipment used in their work environment. We update relevant safety training modules, which may include new training programs as our processes evolve.

For more information on our approach to human capital management, please refer to our periodic Corporate Social Responsibility Report, which is available on our website.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Our development of the underlift parallel linkage and L-arms, at the time, was considered one of the most innovative developments in the wrecker industry. This technology continues to be significant because it allows the damage-free towing of aerodynamic vehicles made of lighter weight materials. This technology, particularly the L-arms, is still used in a majority of commercial wreckers today. Our patents on the L-arms have expired, but we hold a number of utility and design patents for our products. We have also obtained the rights to use and develop certain technologies owned or patented by others.

Our trademarks “M^®” (stylized), “Miller Industries^®” (with a stylized “M”), “Century^®”, “Holmes^®”, “Champion^®”, “Challenger^®”, “Pro Star^®”, “Street Runner^®”, “Vulcan^®”, “Right Approach^®”, and “Extreme Angle^®”, among others, are registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Management believes our trademarks are well-recognized by dealers, distributors, and end-users in their respective markets and are associated with a high level of quality and value.

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

Our business is highly regulated in the United States, at both the federal and state level, and in foreign countries.

Environment

Our operations are subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment, including laws and regulations governing the generation, storage, handling, emissions, transportation, and discharge of materials into the environment. The costs of complying with such environmental protection laws and regulations have not had a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations in the past, but we may be subject to other more stringent environmental laws in the future. Our facilities and operations could also be subject to regulations related to climate change and climate change (or events caused by climate change) may also have an impact on the Company’s operations. However, these impacts are uncertain, and the Company cannot predict with certainty the nature and scope of those impacts.

In addition, laws and regulations intended to achieve the goal of significantly reducing engine emissions associated with the operation of commercial vehicles are also being phased in by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and state regulators. For example, the California Air Resources Board’s (“CARB”) Advanced Clean Trucks regulation, which has been adopted by several other states, requires manufacturers, including truck body chassis manufacturers that supply to us, to sell an increasing percentage of zero-emission or near zero-emission medium and heavy-duty trucks into the California market starting in the 2024-2026 model years, ending with a 100% sales requirement in the 2036 model year. CARB currently has a waiver from the EPA to enforce Advanced Clean Trucks. CARB’s Advanced

Clean Fleets regulation sets requirements for organizations to reduce the overall emissions of the vehicle fleets they operate, which affects our customers who own and operate fleets in California. These regulations are intended to drive larger market penetration of zero-emission commercial trucks. There are currently multiple efforts underway which seek to prevent or delay some or all of CARB’s regulations from taking effect or otherwise seek relief from such regulations. However, compliance with the regulations as currently written, or new or more stringent laws or regulations, or stricter interpretations of existing laws or regulations, have negatively impacted customer demand during 2024 and early 2025, and are expected to continue to negatively impact customer demand, which has had, and could continue to have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Government Programs

We act as a subcontractor for certain U.S. and other government programs. As a result, we are subject to regulations and requirements of the U.S. and other government agencies and entities that govern these programs, including with respect to the award, administration, and performance of contracts under such programs.

Privacy, Data Protection, and Cybersecurity

We are subject to various federal, state, and non-U.S. laws and regulations related to privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), and U.S. state laws such as California’s Consumer Privacy Act of 2018. These state laws require an information security program based on an ongoing risk assessment, overseeing third-party service providers, investigating data breaches, and notifying regulators of a cybersecurity event. The GDPR and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 grant individuals the right to request that a company delete or de-identify their personal information. There is a strong possibility that other states, including states in which we transact business, enact their own data security regulations and privacy laws.

Sourcing of Minerals

We are subject to the additional diligence and disclosure requirements adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) related to certain minerals sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo or adjoining countries in connection with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The SEC rules impose these obligations with respect to “conflict minerals” defined as tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold, which are necessary to the functionality of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, by an SEC reporting company. If any “conflict minerals” that are necessary to the functionality of a product manufactured by an SEC reporting company originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo or an adjoining country, the rules require the issuer to prepare and file a report addressing its efforts to exercise due diligence on the source of such “conflict minerals” and their chain of custody. In addition to the SEC regulation, the European Union adopted new requirements for European Union importers of conflict minerals, which went into effect on January 1, 2021, and that may impact and increase the cost of our conflict minerals compliance program.

Regulation of Warranties

We are subject to the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act which regulates the description of warranties on products. The description and substance of our warranties are also subject to a variety of federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations applicable to the manufacturing of vehicle components. Management believes that continued compliance with various government regulations will not materially affect our operations.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Our executive officers are appointed annually by our Board of Directors and our directors are elected annually by our shareholders. All officers serve until their successors are duly chosen or elected and qualified, except in the case of earlier death, resignation, or removal.

William G. Miller, II is the son of William G. Miller. Other than Messrs. Miller and Miller II, there are no family relationships among the executive officers, directors, or nominees for director, nor are there any arrangements or understandings between any of the executive officers and any other persons pursuant to which they were selected as executive officers.

Information with respect to our executive officers as of February 28, 2025, is as follows:

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available free of charge on our website (www.millerind.com), under the “Investors — Filings — Annual Reports” caption, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website (www.sec.gov) where you can search for annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us and other public companies.

Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Governance & Sustainability Committees of the Board of Directors are also available on our website.

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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

In addition to information discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as additional factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial, which could materially affect our business, liquidity, financial condition, and/or results of operations in future periods.

Risks Relating to Our Operations

Our dependence upon outside suppliers for component parts, chassis and raw materials, including aluminum, steel, and petroleum-related products, leaves us subject to changes in price and availability, the cadence and quantity of deliveries from our suppliers, and delays in receiving supplies of such materials, component parts or chassis.

We are dependent upon outside suppliers for our raw material needs, other purchased component parts, and chassis. Prices, availability and the timing of delivery of these raw materials, purchased component parts, and chassis are subject to substantial fluctuations that are beyond our control due to factors such as changing economic conditions, the level of tariffs that the U.S. impose on imported steel, aluminum, and other commodities or component parts and any resulting trade wars or trade restrictions, inflation, governmental regulations (including CARB’s Advanced Clean Trucks regulation), currency and commodity price fluctuations, resource availability, transportation costs, weather conditions and natural disasters, political unrest and instability, war (such as the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East) and other factors impacting supply and demand pressures. Sporadic deliveries, significantly elevated delivery quantities, and delays in shipments of our raw materials, purchased component parts, including chassis, and government actions related to tariffs on imports and trade policies have previously adversely impacted, and have the potential to further impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of our supply chain challenges, it has become more difficult to accurately forecast, purchase, warehouse, and transport to our manufacturing facilities and to our distribution partners purchased materials, component parts, and chassis at optimal volumes. If we are unable to accurately match the timing and quantities of component purchases, including chassis, to our actual needs or successfully manage our inventory or our workforce to adapt to the increased complexity in our supply chain, we may incur unexpected inventory buildup in our distribution channel. A mismatch in the timing and quantities of component purchases, including with respect to chassis, that results in a significant inventory buildup in our distribution channel has resulted, and could continue to result, in reduced sales, as our distribution partners work through any such inventory buildup in the field. In addition, if we experience shortages or delays in receiving raw materials, component parts, and chassis, we may also incur unexpected production disruption, as well as storage, transportation, and labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to meet our customers’ delivery schedules and could face the loss of orders or customers as a result of any resulting production disruptions.  

Our third-party suppliers’ ability to supply us with component parts and chassis is limited by their available capacity to manufacture the component parts and chassis we require, and to secure adequate freight capacity to deliver them to our facilities. Various supply chain disruptions in 2024 continued to impact our ability to obtain certain raw materials, purchased component parts and chassis from third party suppliers resulted in substantial price increases. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2023 and during 2024, we and, in turn, our distribution partners, also experienced significantly elevated levels of chassis shipments earlier than expected that resulted in a buildup of inventory in our distribution channel during the first half of 2024. While we slowed chassis deliveries in the second half of 2024 to allow our distributor network to work through the inventory already in the distribution channel, we continued to experience such difficulties throughout 2024 and in early 2025. These supply chain difficulties have had, and are anticipated to continue to have, a material adverse impact on our profitability and results of operations.

Delays in deliveries of our finished products due to delays of purchased component parts and chassis used in our products could also adversely affect future demand for our products if our customers reduce their purchase levels with us and/or seek alternative solutions to meet their demand. If these delays, limitations on availability and price increases for raw materials, purchased component parts, and chassis continue, recur or worsen, they will continue to have a material adverse effect on production at our facilities.

Recently, the U.S. announced the implementation of new or increased tariffs, including tariffs on steel and aluminum products imported from various countries. The ultimate impact of these tariffs is unknown at this time. Additionally, ongoing changes in U.S. and foreign government trade policies, including potential modifications to existing trade agreements and further restrictions on free trade, could introduce additional uncertainty. Any escalation of trade tensions, additional tariffs, retaliatory measures by foreign governments, or shifts in U.S. or international trade policies could adversely impact our supply chain and increase costs of component parts, chassis and raw materials, such as steel, aluminum, and petroleum-related products. A trade war or other significant changes in trade regulations could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We also continue to monitor the impact of the conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East on our fuel costs and supply chain for materials and component parts, particularly with respect to steel and items with substantial steel content.

Shortages and price increases and/or delays or unexpected cadence or quantities in the deliveries of, our raw materials and purchased component parts, including chassis, have had and should be anticipated to continue to have a material adverse effect on our profitability, financial performance, competitive position and reputation.

Demand from our customers and towing operators is affected by the availability of capital and access to credit, as well as rising costs of equipment ownership.

The ability of our customers and of towing operators to purchase our products is affected by the availability of capital and credit to them. Our independent distributor customers rely on floor plan financing in connection with the purchase of our products, and the availability of that financing on acceptable terms has a direct effect on the volume of their purchases. More restrictive lending practices in conjunction with continuing increases in the cost of such financing can prevent distributors from carrying adequate levels of inventory, which limits product offerings available to the end customer and could lead to reduced sales of our products. Additionally, in many cases, a towing operator’s decision to purchase our products from one of our distributors is dependent upon their ability to obtain financing upon acceptable terms. Volatility in the capital markets and changing interest rates have increased the cost of borrowing for our customers and towing operators.  In the past, such volatility and disruptions to the capital and credit markets, principally in the U.S. and Europe, in the past has decreased the availability of capital to, and credit capacity of, our customers and towing operators. In addition, in the past, certain providers of floor plan financing have exited the market, which made floor plan financing increasingly difficult for our independent distributor customers to secure at those times. This reduced availability of capital and credit has negatively affected the ability and capacity of our customers and of towing operators to purchase towing and related equipment. This, in turn, has negatively impacted sales of our products. If interest rates continue to rise and our customers are unable to access capital or credit, it could materially and adversely affect our ability to sell our products, and as a result, could negatively affect our business and operating results.

In addition, the rising costs of equipment ownership have been, and could continue to be, a significant challenge for end-market users that could in the future impact customer demand for our products. For example, insurance premiums on our end users’ trucks have increased, interest rates on new equipment have risen, and the value of used trucks has fluctuated, affecting trade-in values and new equipment purchases. These rising costs of equipment ownership continue to pressure our customers. Any continuation or worsening of the costs of equipment ownership could negatively impact customer demand for our products and have a material adverse impact on our profitability and results of operations.

Macroeconomic trends, availability of financing, and changing interest rates, have and could continue to, adversely affect our business, results of operation or financial condition, as well as our customers’ ability to fund purchases of our products.

Worldwide economic and political conditions and other factors, such as changes in trade policies and tariffs, restrictive monetary and fiscal policy, political instability, military hostilities (such as the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East), domestic and global inflationary trends, global supply shortages, interest rate volatility, and potential instability in the global banking system, have from time to time contributed to significant domestic and global inflation. For example, in 2022, the global economy experienced elevated levels of inflation. In response to higher than historical average inflationary pressures and challenging macroeconomic conditions, the U.S. Federal Reserve, along with other central banks, including in the U.K., maintained interest rates at elevated levels throughout 2023. In 2024, inflation began to return to historical norms, and, as a result, the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England lowered their interest rates by 100 and 50 basis points, respectively. The impact of the lowering of interest rates on the levels of inflation in the U.S., U.K. and Europe is uncertain. In Europe, rising energy costs as a result of supply disruptions and increased winter demand for heating could place strain on our operations and our suppliers’ ability to maintain current production levels. Across the U.K. and Europe, rising energy costs as a result of supply disruptions could result in nations or regions enacting emergency energy related policies, limiting energy availability for our manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom and France. The impact of these macroeconomic developments on our operations cannot be predicted with certainty. While we have attempted to pass increased costs on to our customers in the past, there can be no assurances that we will be able to continue doing so in the future. It is possible that sustained price increases, surcharges or price inflation (or inflation pressure generally), in turn, may lead to declines in volume, and while we seek to project tradeoffs between price increases, surcharges and inflation, on the one hand, and volume, on the other, there can be no assurance that our projections will prove to be accurate.

Furthermore, a decline of the United States’ credit rating or a recession in global or regional economy could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and liquidity. Any potential inflation or further pressure on credit markets could also adversely affect our and our customers’ ability to continue to access preferred sources of liquidity resulting in increased borrowing costs.

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Our business operations are subject to various international political, economic and other uncertainties, including any new or increased tariffs, any trade restrictions, or new or ongoing military conflicts, that could materially adversely affect our business results.

Historically, a portion of our net sales occur outside the United States, primarily in Europe. We also have manufacturing operations in Norfolk, England, and in the Lorraine region of France. As such, our operations are subject to various international political, economic and other uncertainties, including risks of restrictive taxation policies, changing political conditions and governmental regulations and trade policies, including tariffs and or trade restrictions. For example, in February 2025, the United States imposed additional tariffs on imports of Chinese-origin goods, as well as certain steel and aluminum imports from various countries. These additional tariffs, as well as a government’s adoption of “buy national” policies or retaliation by another government against such tariffs or policies may have introduced significant uncertainty into the market and may affect the prices of and supply of component parts, chassis and raw materials, including aluminum, steel, and petroleum-related products.

There remains uncertainty with regard to the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine, in the Middle East, and their impact on European and worldwide economic and supply chain conditions. These continued conflicts have created and may continue to create legal, political and economic uncertainties and impacts, including disruptions to trade and free movement of goods, services and people to and from Europe, disruptions to our workforce or the workforce of our suppliers or business partners. All of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, a portion of our net sales derived outside the United States, as well as salaries of employees located outside the United States and certain other expenses, are denominated in foreign currencies, including the British pound sterling and the euro. We are, therefore, subject to risk of financial loss resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates of these currencies against the U.S. dollar. For example, the United Kingdom’s “Brexit” from the European Union has caused, and may continue to result in, significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies in which we conduct business, including both the British pound sterling and the euro.

In addition, political unrest, terrorist acts, military conflict, including the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, and disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have increased the risks of doing business abroad in general.

Increases in the cost of skilled labor could adversely impact our business and profitability.

The timely manufacture and delivery of our products requires an adequate supply of skilled labor, and the operating costs of our manufacturing facilities can be adversely affected by increasing labor costs in skilled positions. Accordingly, our ability to increase or maintain our current levels of sales, productivity and net earnings will be limited to a degree by our ability to control the costs of skilled laborers necessary to meet our requirements. We must attract, train and retain skilled employees while controlling related labor costs and maintaining our core values, including safety standards. Our ability to control labor costs is subject to numerous external factors, including the limited supply of available skilled labor for hire, prevailing wage rates, increases in healthcare and other enhanced employee benefits, in addition to cost increases associated with employee recruitment.

The market for qualified talent continues to be competitive and we must ensure that we continue to offer competitive wages, benefits and workplace conditions to retain qualified employees. Since 2022, we have experienced substantial increases in employee wages in order to retain and recruit a talented workforce.  This trend may continue over the near term, and possibly longer. We continue to monitor our labor costs and attempt to mitigate the risk associated with employee turnover through increased recruiting, training and retention efforts. The impact of these disruptions remains largely out of our control, and these factors may continue to have a material adverse impact on our profitability and results of operations.

We invest significant time and expense in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training their replacements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain an adequate skilled labor force necessary to efficiently operate our facilities. In addition, while our employees are not currently members of a union, there can be no assurance that the employees at any of our facilities will not choose to become unionized in the future.

Our business is subject to the cyclical nature of our industry and changes in consumer confidence and in economic conditions in general. Adverse changes or continued uncertainty with respect to these factors may lead to a downturn in our business.

The towing and recovery industry is cyclical in nature. Historically, the overall demand for our products and our resulting revenues have at times been negatively affected by wavering levels of consumer confidence, volatility and disruption in domestic and international capital and credit markets and the resulting decrease in the availability of financing for our customers and towing operators and the overall effects of global economic conditions. We remain concerned about the potential effects of these factors on the towing and recovery industry, and we continue to monitor our overall cost structure to see that it remains in line with business conditions. A prolonged economic downturn, including as a result of political unrest, terrorist acts, military conflicts, weather events, outbreaks of disease, or other public health crises,

and slow or negative growth in the domestic and global economy, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations for the foreseeable future.

Our sales to U.S. and other governmental entities through prime contractors are subject to special risks.

We act as a subcontractor for certain U.S. and other government programs. As a result, we are subject to extensive regulations and requirements of the U.S. and other government agencies and entities that govern these programs, including with respect to the award, administration and performance of contracts under such programs. Our U.S. and other government business is subject to the following risks, among others: (i) this business is susceptible to decreases in government spending, which may reduce future revenues; (ii) most of our contracts with governmental entities through prime contractors are fixed-price contracts, and our actual costs on any of these contracts could exceed our projected costs, (iii) competition for the award of these contracts is intense, and we may not be successful in bidding on future contracts, and (iv) the products we sell to governmental entities are subject to highly technical requirements, and any failure to comply with these requirements could result in unanticipated retrofit costs, delayed acceptance of products, late or reduced payment or cancellation of the contract. Our inability to address any of the foregoing concerns could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Overall demand from our customers may be affected by increases in their fuel and insurance costs and changes in weather conditions.

In the past, our customers have experienced substantial increases in fuel and other transportation costs, and in the cost of insurance. Our customers also have, from time to time, been subject to unpredictable and varying weather conditions, such as hurricanes, which could, among other things, impact the cost and availability of fuel and other materials. In addition, the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East and market dislocations associated with global supply chain disruptions have both resulted in, and may continue to result in, substantial volatility in fuel costs in the U.S. and worldwide, and the extent and duration of such volatility cannot be predicted. Any of these factors could negatively affect our customers’ capacity for purchasing towing and related equipment, and, consequently, have a material negative effect upon our business and operating results.

Our competitors could impede our ability to attract or retain customers.

The towing and recovery equipment manufacturing industry is highly competitive. Capital requirements for entry into the towing and recovery manufacturing industry have been relatively low, which could result in an increase in the number of competitors entering the industry. Competition for sales exists domestically and internationally at the manufacturer, distributor and towing-operator levels and is based primarily on product quality and innovation, reputation, technology, customer service, product availability and price. Competition for sales also comes from the market for used towing and recovery equipment. Certain of our competitors may have substantially greater financial and other resources and may provide more attractive dealer and retail customer financing alternatives than us. If these competitors are able to make it more difficult for us to attract or retain customers, it could have a negative impact on our sales, revenue and financial performance.

The catastrophic loss of one of our manufacturing facilities could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we manufacture our products in several facilities and maintain insurance covering our facilities, including business interruption insurance to mitigate losses resulting from any production interruption or shutdown caused by an insured loss, a catastrophic loss of the use of all or a portion of any one of our manufacturing facilities due to accident, labor issues, weather conditions, natural disaster, civil unrest, terrorist acts, military conflict or disease outbreaks, or otherwise, whether short or long-term, could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any recovery under our insurance policies may not offset the lost sales or increased costs that may be experienced during the disruption of operations.

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Matters

Environmental and health and safety liabilities and requirements could require us to incur material costs.

We are subject to various U.S. and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and worker health and safety, including those governing discharges of pollutants into the ground, air and water; the generation, handling, use, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials; and the investigation and cleanup of contaminated properties. In certain cases, these regulatory requirements may limit the productive capacity of our operations.

In addition, laws and regulations intended to achieve the goal of significantly reducing engine emissions associated with the operation of commercial vehicles are also being phased in by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators. For example, the California Air Resources Board’s (“CARB”), Advanced Clean Trucks regulation, which has been adopted by several other states, requires manufacturers, including truck body chassis manufacturers that supply to us, to sell an increasing percentage of zero-emission or near zero-emission medium and heavy-duty trucks into the California market starting in calendar year 2024.

CARB’s Advanced Clean Fleets regulation sets requirements for organizations to reduce the overall emissions of the vehicle fleets they operate, which affects our customers who own and operate fleets in California. These regulations are intended to drive larger market penetration of zero-emission commercial trucks. There are currently multiple efforts underway which seek to prevent or delay some or all of these regulations from taking effect or otherwise seek relief from CARB’s regulations. However, compliance with the regulations as currently written, or new or more stringent laws or regulations, or stricter interpretations of existing laws or regulations have negatively impacted customer demand during 2024 and early 2025, and are expected to continue to negatively impact customer demand, which has had, and could continue to have, a material adverse effect on  our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Environmental and health-related requirements are complex, subject to change and have tended to become more and more stringent. Future developments could cause us to incur various expenditures and could also subject us to fines or sanctions, obligations to investigate or remediate contamination or restore natural resources, liability for third-party property damage or personal injury claims and the imposition of new permitting requirements and/or the modification or revocation of our existing operating permits, among other effects. These and other developments could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our facilities and operations could in the future be subject to regulations related to climate change and climate change (or events caused by climate change) may also have some impact on the Company’s operations. However, these impacts are currently uncertain, and the Company cannot presently predict the nature and scope of those impacts.

Failure to comply with domestic and foreign anti-corruption laws could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our domestic and international operations require us to comply with a number of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including those involving anti-bribery and anti-corruption. Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws could have an adverse effect on our business. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could result in our incurring significant fees and having fines and criminal sanctions imposed on us or our employees, and could adversely impact our business with government entities.

Our future success depends upon our ability to develop or acquire proprietary products and technology and assertions against us relating to intellectual property rights could harm our business.

Historically, we have been able to develop or acquire patented and other proprietary product innovations which have allowed us to produce what management believes to be technologically advanced products relative to most of our competition. While we are continuing to develop new technology and apply for patents, if we are unable to develop or acquire new products and technology in the future, our ability to maintain market share, and, consequently, our revenues and operating results, may be negatively affected.

Our industry is marked by rapid technological developments and innovations (such as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning) and evolving industry standards. If we are unable to provide enhancements and new features and integrations for our existing platform, develop new products that achieve market acceptance, or innovate quickly enough to keep pace with these rapid technological developments, our business could be harmed.

Third parties may claim that our products infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. If a competitor were to challenge our patents or assert that our products or processes infringe its patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial litigation costs, be forced to design around their patents, pay substantial damages or even be forced to cease our operations, any of which could be expensive and/or have an adverse effect on our operating results. Third-party infringement claims, regardless of their outcome, would not only consume our financial resources, but also would divert the time and effort of our management and could result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of the affected products or services until resolution of the litigation.

Changes in the tax regimes and related government policies and regulations in the countries in which we operate, including the imposition of new or increased tariffs and any resulting trade wars, could adversely affect our results and our effective tax rate.

As a result of our international operations, we are subject to various taxes in both U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax laws, regulations and rates in these various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. Our future effective income tax rate could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, the adoption of a global minimum tax rate for corporate entities, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. Changes to long-standing tax principles in the countries in which we operate could adversely affect our effective tax rate or result in higher cash tax liabilities. Increases in our effective tax rate or tax liabilities could have a material adverse effect on us.

The imposition of new tariffs, any increases in existing tariffs, changes in or the repeal of trade agreements or the imposition of any other trade restrictions may increase costs of component parts and raw materials, such as chassis, steel and aluminum, and cause disruptions on our supply chain. Any such developments may also weaken the economies of the countries in which we operate, resulting in lower economic growth rates and weakened demand for our products.

In addition, the provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act, which was enacted in August 2022, include a minimum tax equal to 15% of the adjusted financial statement income of certain large corporations, as well as a 1% excise tax on certain share buybacks by public corporations that would be imposed on such corporations.  It is possible that changes under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted in December 2017, the IRA or other tax legislation could increase our future tax liability, which could in turn adversely impact our business and future profitability.

The effects of regulations relating to conflict minerals may adversely affect our business.

In 2012, the SEC adopted rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals, known as “conflict minerals”, originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. These rules could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of such minerals if they are found to be used in the manufacture of our products, as the number of suppliers who provide conflict-free minerals may be limited. In addition, we have incurred and expect to incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. In addition to the SEC regulation, the European Union adopted new requirements for European Union importers of conflict minerals, which went into effect on January 1, 2021, and that may impact and increase the cost of our conflict minerals compliance program. The Company’s supply chain is complex. As a result, we have encountered and continue to expect significant difficulty in determining the country of origin or the source and chain of custody for all “conflict minerals” used in our products and disclosing that our products are “conflict free” (meaning that they do not contain “conflict minerals” that directly or indirectly finance or benefit armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country). We may face reputational challenges from customers, investors or others if we are unable to verify the origins for all “conflict minerals” used in our products. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who may require that all of the components of our products be certified as conflict mineral free.

A product warranty or product liability claim in excess of our insurance coverage, or an inability to acquire or maintain insurance at commercially reasonable rates, could have a material adverse effect upon our business.

We are subject to various claims, including product warranty and product liability claims arising in the ordinary course of business, and may at times be a party to various legal proceedings incidental to our business. We maintain reserves and liability insurance coverage at levels based upon commercial norms and our historical claims experience. If we manufacture poor quality products or receive defective materials, we may incur unforeseen costs in excess of what we have reserved in our financial statements. A successful product warranty, product liability or other claim brought against us in excess of our insurance coverage, or the inability of us to acquire or maintain insurance at commercially reasonable rates, could have a material adverse effect upon our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we are subject to potential recalls of components or parts manufactured by suppliers which we purchase and incorporate into our towing and recovery equipment products, as well as potential recalls of our products from customers to cure manufacturing defects or in the event of a failure to comply with applicable regulatory standards or customers’ order specifications. Moreover, the adverse publicity that may result from a product liability claim, perceived or actual defect with our products or a product recall could have a material adverse effect on our ability to market our products successfully.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Our stock price may fluctuate greatly as a result of the general volatility of the stock market, or from our involvement with activist shareholders.

From time to time, there may be significant volatility in the market price for our common stock. Our quarterly operating results, changes in earnings estimated by analysts, if any, changes in general conditions in our industry or the economy or the financial markets or other developments affecting us, including our ability to pay dividends, could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially.

In addition, we seek to actively engage with shareholders and consider their views on business and strategy.  However, we could be subject to actions or proposals from shareholders or others that do not align with our business strategies or the interests of our other shareholders.  And publicly traded companies have increasingly become subject to campaigns by activist investors advocating corporate actions such as governance changes, financial restructurings, increased borrowings, special dividends, stock repurchases or even sales of assets or entire companies to third parties or to the activists themselves.  Responding to activist investors could be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our business and operations, adversely affect our relationships with our employees, customers, or service providers, and divert the attention of our Board of Directors and senior management.  Further, we may be required to incur significant fees and other expenses related to such matters, including fees and expenses for third-party advisors.  Perceived uncertainties associated with such activities could interfere with our ability to effectively execute our strategic plan, impact long-term growth, and limit our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel, business partners, customers, and others important to our success.  In addition, actions of these shareholders may cause periods of fluctuation in our

stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business.

Our charter and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that may make it more difficult or expensive to acquire us in the future or may negatively affect our stock price.

Our charter and bylaws contain restrictions that may discourage other persons from attempting to acquire control of us, including, without limitation, prohibitions on shareholder action by written consent and advance notice requirements regarding amendments to certain provisions of our charter and bylaws. In addition, our charter authorizes the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The rights and preferences for any series of preferred stock may be set by the Board of Directors, in its sole discretion and without shareholder approval, and the rights and preferences of any such preferred stock may be superior to those of common stock and thus may adversely affect the rights of holders of common stock.

RISKS RELATED TO INDEBTEDNESS AND LIQUIDITY

Our credit facility could restrict our ability to operate our business and failure to comply with its terms could adversely affect our business; our obligations to repurchase products from third-party lenders could adversely impact our future revenues and financial condition.

We incurred significant additional indebtedness during 2022 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we had $65.0 million in borrowings outstanding under our credit facility. Since December 2024, we drew net advances of $5.0 million from our credit facility for a balance of $70.0 million as of February 28, 2025. Our credit facility contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, and financial, affirmative and negative covenants for loan agreements of this kind. In addition, covenants under our current credit facility restrict our ability to pay cash dividends if the Company would be in violation of the minimum tangible net worth test or the leverage ratio test in the current loan agreement as a result of the dividend, among various restrictions. We have been in compliance with these covenants throughout 2024 and anticipate that we will continue to be in compliance during 2025. If we fail to comply with the requirements of our current credit facility, such non-compliance would result in an event of default. If not waived by the bank, such event of default would result in the acceleration of any amounts due under the current credit facility.

We also have certain obligations to repurchase our products repossessed by third-party lenders if our distributors should default in their obligations to those lenders. Such repurchases could result in reduced net revenue in future periods as we resell such products and, if we are unable to sell the products, could adversely impact our financial condition.

We cannot assure you that we will continue to declare dividends on our common stock.

Our Board of Directors approved a dividend policy in 2011 to consider and pay quarterly dividends on our common stock subject to our ability to satisfy all applicable statutory requirements and our continued financial strength. While we currently intend to pay a quarterly dividend on shares of our common stock, to the extent that we have sufficient funds available for such purpose, the declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on shares of common stock will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and we may reduce or discontinue entirely the payment of such dividends at any time. Our Board of Directors may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, capital requirements, restrictions in financing agreements and such other factors as they may deem relevant from time to time.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

A disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology (“IT”) systems or any violation of data protection laws could adversely impact our business and operations.

We rely on the accuracy, capacity and security of our IT systems and our ability to update these systems in response to the changing needs of our business. We use our IT systems to collect and store confidential and sensitive data, including information about our business, our customers, our suppliers and our employees. We rely on IT systems to protect this information and to keep financial records, process orders, manage inventory, coordinate shipments to customers, and operate other critical functions. Our IT systems may be disrupted or fail for a number of reasons, including natural disasters, such as fires; power loss; software “bugs”, hardware defects or human error or malfeasance; or security breaches caused by hacking, computer viruses, malware, ransomware or other cyberattacks.

As technology continues to evolve, we anticipate that we will collect and store even more data in the future and that our systems will increasingly use remote communication features that are susceptible to both willful and unintentional security breaches. We have incurred costs and expect to incur significant additional costs in order to implement security measures that we feel are appropriate to protect our IT systems. Despite these efforts, future attacks could result in our systems or data being breached and/or damaged by computer viruses or unauthorized physical or electronic access. Such a breach could result in theft of our intellectual property or trade secrets and/or unauthorized

access to controlled data and personal information stored in connection with our human resources function. In the event of a breach in security that allows third parties access to personal information, we are subject to a variety of ever-changing laws on a global basis that may require us to provide notification to the data owners, and that may subject us to lawsuits, fines and other means of regulatory enforcement or harm employee morale.

Any disruption, outage or breach of our IT systems could result in interruption of our business operations, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in our security measures, all of which could adversely affect our business. In addition, if our systems are improperly implemented, breached, damaged or cease to function properly, we may have to make significant investments to fix or replace them. To the extent that any data is lost or destroyed or any confidential information is inappropriately disclosed or used, it could adversely affect our competitive position or customer relationships, harm our business and possibly lead to significant claims, liability, or fines based upon alleged breaches of contract or applicable laws, which liabilities may not be covered by insurance. The Company is also required to comply with increasingly complex and changing laws and regulations enacted to protect business and personal data in the United States and other jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, use, transmission and protection of personal information and other customer, vendor or employee data. Regulators globally are also imposing greater monetary fines for privacy violations including the GDPR that became effective in the European Union in 2018. The GDPR and other changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data, such as healthcare data or other personal information, could increase our cost of providing our products and services.

Any loss of the services of our key executives could have a material adverse impact on our operations.

Our success is highly dependent on the continued services of our management team because of the management teams’ experience and skills gained from their long-term service to the Company. The loss of services of one or more key members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on us.

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ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES

Corporate Office

Our principal executive offices are headquartered in an owned facility located at 8503 Hilltop Drive in Ooltewah, Tennessee.

Production Facilities

We operate ten manufacturing facilities in the United States, one in Norfolk, England, and three in the Lorraine region of France. We also operate a research and development facility in the United States and have a storage facility located in France. The aggregate square footage of our operating facilities is approximately 1.1 million square feet, of which 92% is devoted to manufacturing and 8% to corporate office space.

Our two Ooltewah, Tennessee facilities manufacture light- and heavy-duty wreckers; our Athens, Tennessee facility manufactures hydraulic cylinders; our Hermitage, Pennsylvania facility manufactures car carriers; and our two Greeneville, Tennessee facilities manufacture car carriers.

We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our present purposes. However, we regularly evaluate our properties and may make further additions and improvements or consolidate locations as we seek opportunities to expand or enhance the efficiency of our operations.

ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The disclosure under the heading “Litigation” in Note 10 – “Commitments and Contingencies”, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MLR”.

Holders of Record

As of February 28, 2025, there were approximately 369 registered holders of record of our common stock. The number of record holders does not include persons who held our common stock in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividends

The Company has paid consecutive quarterly cash dividends since May 2011. Any future determination as to the payment of cash dividends will depend upon factors such as earnings, capital requirements, our financial condition, restrictions in financing agreements, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Covenants under our current credit facility restrict the payment of cash dividends if the Company would be in violation of the minimum tangible net worth test or the leverage ratio test in the current loan agreement as a result of the dividend, among various other restrictions.

For more information on dividends, see Note 11 – “Shareholders’ Equity”, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information to be included in our 2025 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Equity Compensation Plan Information”, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024.

Purchases of Equity Securities

On April 2, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to $25.0 million of the Company’s common stock with no expiration date (the “Repurchase Program”). Repurchases under the Repurchase Program may be made on the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block purchases, or otherwise as permitted by the federal securities laws and other legal and contractual requirements, and are expected to comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of any repurchases will depend on a number of factors, including share price, economic and market conditions, and corporate requirements, among others. The Company may choose to suspend or discontinue the Repurchase Program at any time. During the three months ended December 31, 2024 the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock pursuant to the Repurchase Program. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company repurchased 49,500 shares of common stock pursuant to the Repurchase Program. The total cost of the shares repurchased during 2024 was $2.9 million with an average share price of $58.58. All repurchased shares constitute authorized but unissued shares.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the performance of our common stock to the NYSE Composite index and two peer groups of issuers. Peer Group 1 consists of peers used by an investor’s services group and Peer Group 2 was developed by the Company with input from the compensation consultant of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

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The performance graph above assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2019 in common stock of Miller Industries. Any dividends paid during the period presented were assumed to be reinvested. The performance was plotted using the following data:

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Peer Group 1 index consists of Albany International Corp. (AIN), Blue Bird Corp. (BLBD), Columbus McKinnon Corp. (CMCO), Commercial Vehicle Group, Inc. (CVGI), Enerpac Tool Group Corp. (EPAC), ESCO Technologies Inc. (ESE), L.B. Foster Co. (FSTR), Gorman-Rupp Co. (GRC), Helios Technologies Inc. (HLIO), Kadant Inc. (KAI), Lindsay Corp. (LNN), Luxfer Holdings PLC (LXFR), NN, Inc. (NNBR), Douglas Dynamics Inc. (PLOW), Proto Labs Inc. (PRLB), Shyft Group Inc. (SHYF), and Standex International Corp (SXI).

Peer Group 2 index consists of Astec Industries, Inc. (ASTE), Blue Bird Corp. (BLBD), Commercial Vehicle Group, Inc. (CVGI), Enerpac Tool Group Corp. (EPAC), L.B. Foster Co. (FSTR), Motorcar Parts of America, Inc. (MPAA), NN, Inc. (NNBR), Park-Ohio Holdings Corp (PKOH), Stoneridge, Inc. (SRI), Douglas Dynamics Inc. (PLOW), and Shyft Group Inc. (SHYF).

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ITEM 6.    [RESERVED]

Reserved.

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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTION

As used in this report, “Miller Industries”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”, “ours”, “us”, and similar pronouns refer to Miller Industries, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. Our fiscal year ends on December 31. References to fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, are to the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Except as otherwise specified, information in this report is provided as of December 31, 2024. To facilitate timely reporting, the consolidated financial statements include accounts of certain subsidiaries whose fiscal closing dates differ from December 31^st by 31 days (or less).

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our MD&A within this Form 10-K generally discusses fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 items and year-over-year comparisons between fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023. Fiscal 2023 items and discussions of year-over-year comparisons between fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”).

Important Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report (including information incorporated by reference) includes forward-looking statements addressing expectations, prospects, estimates, and other matters that are dependent upon future events or developments. Many forward-looking statements appear in MD&A and Risk Factors, but there are others throughout this report, which may be identified by words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “continue”, “future”, “potential”, “believe”, “project”, “plan”, “intend”, “seek”, “estimate”, “predict”, “expect”, “anticipate”, and variations of such words and similar expressions, and include statements reflecting future results or guidance, statements of outlook, and expense accruals. These matters are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected, anticipated, or implied. The most significant of these risks and uncertainties are described in “Risk Factors” in this report. Forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report. Except to the extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

Available Information

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available free of charge on our website (www.millerind.com), under the “Investors — Filings — Annual Reports” caption, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website (www.sec.gov) where you can search for annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us and other public companies.

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ABOUT MILLER INDUSTRIES

Miller Industries, headquartered in Ooltewah, Tennessee, was formed in 1990 and has become The World’s Largest Manufacturer of Towing and Recovery Equipment^®, with domestic manufacturing operations in Tennessee and Pennsylvania, and foreign manufacturing operations in France and the United Kingdom.

The Company develops innovative high-quality towing and recovery equipment worldwide. We design and manufacture bodies of car carriers and wreckers, which are installed on chassis manufactured by third parties, and sold to our customers under our Century®, Vulcan®, Chevron™, Holmes®, Challenger®, Champion®, Jige™, Boniface™, Titan®, and Eagle® brand names.

Our management focuses on a variety of key indicators to monitor our overall operating and financial performance. These indicators include measurements of revenue, income from operations, gross margin, net income, earnings per share, capital expenditures, and cash flow.

Our history of innovation in the towing and recovery industry has been an important factor behind our growth over the last decade, and we believe that our continued emphasis on research and development will be a key factor in our future growth. 

SIGNIFICANT TRENDS AND OUTLOOK

In 2024, we were presented with several ongoing challenges, such as timing of supply chain deliveries, freight challenges, continued inflationary pressures, and increased interest rates, all of which impacted our profitability and liquidity.

In 2025, the Company plans to launch multiple new products as part of its continued focus on innovation and product development.

Supply Chain

We continue to see significant pressure on global supply chains due to a confluence of events from the pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and economic uncertainty. Logistic disruptions and supplier shortages have caused delays in shipping and freight cost increases. Increases in freight costs and supplier constraints due to workforce disruptions and material shortages have affected our ability to receive essential materials and component parts on time. These supply chain issues have had a direct impact on our production capabilities. Also affecting supply chain are the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. Given these challenges, we are maintaining focus on meeting the needs of our customers. Ongoing communication and prioritization continue with our suppliers in an effort to identify and mitigate such risks, and to proactively manage inventory levels of materials and component parts to align with anticipated demand for our products.

The global supply chain issues have also had a direct impact on our production capabilities including production delays and cost pressures. Production delays have affected product availability and delivery timelines, and increased logistics costs have led to higher operating cost which resulted in price adjustments for our products. In 2022, we implemented several price increases and surcharges and announced an eight-percent price increase effective in the first quarter of 2023. We have also developed alternatives to some of the components used in our production process that incorporate raw materials, and our suppliers have implemented these alternatives in the production of our component parts. In addition, beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2022, we sought additional production capabilities through capital deployment, such as our acquisition from Southern Hydraulic Cylinder, Inc. in the second quarter of 2023, and our purchase of an additional small facility in Ooltewah, Tennessee to be used in the production of small carrier units.

In an effort to address ongoing supply chain challenges, on March 3, 2025, the Board of Directors authorized an €8 million expansion of the Company’s facilities in France.

Based on our strong backlog, the price increases and productivity improvements we have implemented, lessening supply chain disruptions and easing inflationary pressures, our operating results improved throughout fiscal 2024 and we believe we are well-positioned to continue enhancing our operating results. However, our performance will be heavily influenced by, among other things, whether supply chain constraints and inflationary pressures continue to lessen or worsen, ongoing changes in U.S. and foreign government trade policies, such as the imposition of new or additional tariffs, potential modifications to existing trade agreements and further restrictions on free trade, the continuing impact of the wars in Ukraine and Middle East or other geopolitical factors, and the threat of recession and general economic factors. The impact of these factors remains largely out of our control, and we currently anticipate that these factors will continue to have an adverse impact on our production capabilities, financial results, and cash flow to continue into fiscal 2025.

Inflation

Impacts of current global supply chain disruptions, inflationary environment, geopolitical tensions, and other macroeconomic factors can lead to foreign currency fluctuations. The impact of inflationary or deflationary pressures have caused and may continue to cause foreign currency translation gains or losses within our consolidated statement of comprehensive income/loss.

California’s Air Resources Board

The information regarding the California Air Resources Board’s regulations is included under the heading “Government Regulations and Environmental Matters” in Part I, Item 1 – “Business” and in Part I, Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.

Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2024, we had $65.0 million in borrowings outstanding under our credit facility. Since December 2024, we drew net advances of $5.0 million from our credit facility for a balance of $70.0 million as of February 28, 2025.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth the components of the consolidated statements of income for the years ended:

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales in fiscal 2024 were $1.26 billion compared to $1.15 billion in fiscal 2023, an increase of 9.0%. The increase in net sales was primarily driven by higher production volume as a result of stabilization of the supply chain and continued strong customer demand, as well as an annual price increase of 3% implemented throughout the first half of the year.

Net foreign sales in fiscal 2024 were $125.7 million compared to $114.4 million in fiscal 2023, an increase of 9.9%.

Cost of Operations

Cost of operations includes the direct cost of manufacturing, including direct materials, labor and related overhead, physical inventory adjustments, as well as inbound and outbound freight. Costs of operations in fiscal 2024 were $1.09 billion compared to $1.00 billion in fiscal 2023, an increase of 8.5%. The increase in cost of operations was primarily attributed to increased deliveries resulting from increased stabilization in our supply chain.

Gross Profit

Gross profit is equal to net sales less cost of sales. Gross profit in fiscal 2024 was $170.8 million compared to $151.9 million in fiscal 2023, an increase of 12.5%. Gross profit as a percentage of sales increased to 13.6% for fiscal 2024 compared to 13.2% in fiscal 2023 as a result of our continuous investment in robotics and automation.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal 2024 were $86.3 million compared to $73.1 million in fiscal 2023, an increase of 18.1%. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to additional executive compensation expense,  and increased investment in our workforce, specifically for training and more competitive compensation to improve employee retention. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to 6.9% in 2024 from 6.3% in 2023.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net in fiscal 2024 was $3.9 million compared to $6.0 million in fiscal 2023, a decrease of 34.2%. For fiscal 2024 interest expense totaled $9.8 million offset by interest income of $5.9 million. For fiscal 2023, interest expense totaled $8.4 million, offset by interest income of $2.4 million.

Other (Income) Expense

The Company is exposed to foreign currency transaction risk when the Company has transactions that are denominated in a currency other than its functional currency. When the related balance sheet items are remeasured in the functional currency of the Company, gains and losses are recorded through other (income) expense. Other (income) expense, net is composed primarily of these foreign currency exchange gains and losses. The Company experienced a net foreign currency exchange loss of $0.6 million for 2024 compared to a net exchange gain of $0.8 million for 2023. Other (income) expense for fiscal 2024 includes $0.1 million of other income.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 reflects a combined federal, state, and foreign tax rate of 20.8% and 21.0%, respectively, which corresponds to a tax provision of $16.6 million in 2024 compared to $15.5 million for 2023. For more information on the effective tax rate, see Note 8 – “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We expect our primary sources of cash to be from cash and temporary investments, cash flow from operations, and availability under our credit facility as of December 31, 2024. We currently believe that, based on available capital resources and projected operating cash flow, we have adequate capital resources to fund our operations and expected future cash needs for the next twelve months. However, our ability to satisfy our cash needs will substantially depend upon a number of factors including our future operating performance, taking into account the economic, regulatory, and other factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, many of which are beyond our control.

Cash and Temporary Investments

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had consolidated cash and temporary investments of $24.3 million and $29.9 million, respectively. Our primary cash requirements include working capital, capital expenditures, the funding of any declared cash dividends and principal, and interest payments on indebtedness.

Cash and temporary investments included $18.2 million held by foreign subsidiaries based in local currency for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We do not currently have plans to repatriate undistributed foreign earnings to the United States and have not determined any timeline or amount for any such future distributions.

Working Capital

Working capital as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $331.9 million and $275.8 million, respectively. Changes in working capital, which impact operating cash flow, can vary significantly depending on factors such as the timing of customer payments, inventory purchases, and payments to vendors. Management continually monitors working capital to ensure it remains at levels to support ongoing operations, meet obligations, and pursue growth opportunities. See “Cash Flows” – “Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities” contained within this MD&A for additional discussion on working capital.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures during fiscal 2024 and 2023 were $15.4 million and $12.1 million, respectively. We make ongoing capital investments in our property, plant and equipment, and continue to increase purchases of materials, components, and chassis to ramp up production to meet demand, which has been at historic levels. We believe that in periods of normalized supply chain, our historical capital investments in our manufacturing facilities and other capital assets will increase the production capacity and efficiencies of our operations. See “Cash Flows” – “Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities” contained within this MD&A for additional discussion on capital expenditures.

Dividends

Our Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.19 per share in fiscal 2024. Future common stock cash dividends will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. See Note 11 – “Shareholders’ Equity”, for additional discussion on dividends.

Indebtedness

Credit Facility

On October 28, 2022, we entered into a first amendment to the loan agreement with First Horizon Bank (“First Horizon”) that provides an unsecured revolving credit facility with a maturity date of May 31, 2027, to increase the credit facility from $50.0 million to $100.0 million. We made certain technical and operational adjustments necessary to implement the one-month Term SOFR Rate (as defined in the loan agreement) as the primary interest rate index under the credit facility and added a new asset coverage financial covenant test. All other material terms and conditions of the credit facility remained unchanged.

The Company pays a quarterly, non-usage fee under the current loan agreement at a rate per annum equal to between 0.15% and 0.35% of the unused amount under the credit facility. The credit facility contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, and financial, affirmative, and negative covenants for loan agreements of this kind.

Our ongoing operations have, to date, been funded by a combination of cash flow from operations and borrowings under our credit facility. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $65.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the credit facility. Since December 2024, the Company drew net advances of $5.0 million from its credit facility for a balance of $70.0 million as of February 28, 2025.

Changes in interest rates affect the interest paid on indebtedness under our credit facility because the outstanding amounts of indebtedness under our current credit facility are subject to variable interest rates. Under our credit facility, the non-default rate of interest is equal to the one-month Term SOFR plus 1.00% or 1.25% per annum, depending on our leverage ratio, for a rate of interest of 5.45% as of December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under the credit facility.

Other Long-Term Obligations

Prior to applying a discount rate to our lease liabilities, we had approximately $0.6 million in non-cancellable operating lease obligations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and approximately $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no non-cancellable finance lease obligations for either year. Leases with original contractual terms less than one year were excluded from non-cancellable lease obligations.

During fiscal 2021, we completed phase one of our enterprise software solution implementation. Through fiscal 2024, we have continued to implement additional functionality available in the enterprise software solution. We expect this software to substantially improve our administrative efficiency and customer service levels. We have $0.5 million in remaining contractual payments under our agreement with the software provider, which extends through 2025.

Cash Flows

Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in our consolidated statement of cash flows and is summarized below:

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Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities during 2024 was $16.9 million, compared to $11.0 million of cash provided by operating activities during 2023. Cash provided by operating activities is generally attributable to the receipt of payments from our customers as settlement of their contractual obligation once we have fulfilled all performance obligations related to our contracts with them. These cash receipts are netted with payments for purchases of inventory, payments for materials used in manufacturing, and other payments that are necessary in the ordinary course of our operations, such as those for utilities and taxes. During fiscal 2024, the change in operating activities was primarily due to increased net income and a further stabilization of changes in asset and liabilities as a result of the continued supply chain recovery. During fiscal 2023, the change in operating activities was primarily due to increased net income and a stabilization of changes in operating assets and liabilities as a result of improved availability of purchased components.

Changes in working capital, which impact operating cash flow, can vary significantly depending on factors such as the timing of customer payments, inventory purchases, payments to vendors, and tax payments in the regular course of business.

Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities during 2024 was $15.3 million, compared to $29.1 million used in investing activities during 2023. The cash used in investing activities for 2024 was primarily for purchases of plant, property and equipment; cash used in 2023 was primarily for the purchase of the assets and assumption of certain liabilities of Southern Hydraulic Cylinder, Inc., (see Note 2) as well as purchases of property, plant and equipment.

Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities during 2024 was $6.6 million, compared to $6.8 million provided by financing activities during 2023. The cash used in financing activities in 2024 resulted from advances of $5.0 million under the Company’s primary credit facility, offset by the payment of cash dividends of $8.7 million and stock repurchase of $2.9 million. See Note 11 – “Shareholders’ Equity” for more information.

Cash provided by financing activities during fiscal 2023 included advances on the credit facility of $15.0 million, offset by dividend payments of $8.2 million and an immaterial amount of payments on finance lease obligations.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SENSITIVE ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those accounting policies that (i) can have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations and (ii) require the use of complex and subjective estimates based upon past experience and management’s judgment. Because estimates are inherently uncertain, actual results may differ. In this section, we describe the significant policies applied in preparing our consolidated financial statements that management believes are the most dependent on estimates and assumptions. See Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on significant accounting policies.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses includes general and specific reserves. We determine our allowance for credit losses by reviewing accounts receivable agings, historical write-off trends, payment history, pricing discrepancies, industry trends, customer financial strength, customer credit ratings or bankruptcies. We regularly evaluate how changes in economic conditions may affect credit risks.

A hypothetical 0.1 percent increase or decrease in the reserve as a percentage of trade receivables as of December 31, 2024, would result in an increase or decrease in bad debt expense of $0.3 million. We believe the reserve maintained and expenses recorded in fiscal 2024 are appropriate.

At this time, we are not aware of any analytical findings or customer issues that are likely to lead to a significant future increase in the allowance for credit losses as a percentage of revenue. The following table presents information regarding our allowance for credit losses over the past three fiscal years:

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Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value determined primarily on a moving average unit cost basis. As needed, we record an inventory valuation adjustment for excess, slow-moving, and obsolete inventory that is equal to the excess of the cost of the inventory over the estimated net realizable value. The inventory valuation adjustment to net realizable value establishes a new cost basis of the inventory that cannot be subsequently reversed.

In developing inventory valuation adjustments for excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory, we are required to use judgment and make estimates of future sales demand and production requirements compared with current inventory levels.

Our estimate of forecasted sales demand and production requirements is primarily based on actual orders received, historical and projected sales trends, demand, product pricing, economic trends, and competitive factors. Forecasted sales demand and production requirements can also be affected by the significant redesign of our existing products. If actual conditions are less favorable than our assumptions, additional inventory reserves may be required.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be fully recoverable. When a determination has been made that the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be fully recovered, the amount of impairment is measured by comparing an asset’s estimated fair value to its carrying value. The determination of fair value is based on projected future cash flows discounted at a rate determined by management, or if available, independent appraisals or sales price negotiations.

The estimation of fair value includes significant judgment regarding assumptions of revenue, operating costs, interest rates, property and equipment additions, industry competition, and general economic and business conditions among other factors. We believe that these estimates are reasonable; however, changes in any of these factors could affect these evaluations. Based on these estimates, we believe that our long-lived assets are appropriately valued.

Business Combinations

When applicable, we account for the acquisition of a business in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, whereby the fair value of total consideration transferred is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including amounts attributable to non-controlling interests, when applicable, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess of consideration transferred over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired.

The allocation of purchase consideration requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from such estimates. During the measurement period, which is no longer than one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recognized in operations.

While the ultimate responsibility for determining estimated fair values of the acquired net assets resides with management, for material acquisitions we may retain the services of certified valuation specialists to assist with assigning estimated fair values to certain acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

Goodwill

Goodwill is initially recognized as a result of the excess of purchase consideration transferred over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year unless events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred prior to our annual assessment.

We may elect to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether changes in events or circumstances since our most recent quantitative test for impairment indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its respective carrying amount. We have an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit and proceed directly to performing the quantitative analysis. If elected, in conducting the initial qualitative assessment, we analyze our most recent estimates of the fair value of a reporting unit by assessing actual and projected growth trends for operating results, as well as historical operating results versus planned performance. Additionally, a reporting unit is assessed for critical areas that may impact its operating performance, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors such as products and component parts and labor, market-related exposures such as fluctuations in our company’s market capitalization and share price, and/or any other potential risks to operating performance, such as

regulatory and environmental changes. If, after evaluating the weight of the changes in events and circumstances, both positive and negative, we conclude that an impairment of goodwill may exist, a quantitative test for impairment is performed.

If performed due to identified impairment indicators under the qualitative assessment or our election to bypass the qualitative assessment and move directly to the quantitative analysis, the quantitative impairment analysis for goodwill is conducted under the income approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of our reporting unit’s assets using the present value of future cash flows. Assumptions utilized in determining fair value under the income approach include forecasted operating results, terminal growth rates, and weighted-average cost of capital (“WACC”) or discount rates.

Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires the use of estimates and significant judgments that are based on a number of factors including actual operating results. The use of estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for a reporting unit and potentially result in goodwill impairment. If a reporting unit fails to achieve expected earnings or operating cash flow, or otherwise fails to meet current financial plans, or if there were changes to any other key assumptions used in the tests, the reporting unit could incur a goodwill impairment in a future period. 

Warranty Reserves

Our products are warranted to provide assurance that the product will function as expected and to ensure customer confidence in design, workmanship, and overall quality. Warranty coverage on our products is generally provided for specified periods of time and generally covers parts, labor, and other expenses for non-maintenance repairs.

At the time of sale, we recognize expense and record a warranty accrual by product line for estimated costs in connection with forecasted future warranty claims. Our estimate of the cost of future warranty claims is based primarily on the estimated number of products under warranty, historical average costs incurred to service warranty claims, the trend in the historical ratio of warranty claims to sales, and the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim. If applicable, historical claims experience may be adjusted for known product design improvements.

We believe that our analysis of historical warranty claims trends and knowledge of potential manufacturing and/or product design improvements provide sufficient information to establish a reasonable estimate for the cost of future warranty claims at the time of sale and our warranty accruals as of the date of our consolidated balance sheets. However, due to the inherent uncertainty in the accrual estimation process, including forecasting future warranty claims and costs associated with servicing future warranty claims, our actual warranty costs incurred may differ from our warranty accrual estimate. An unexpected increase in warranty claims and/or in the costs associated with servicing those claims would result in an increase in our warranty accruals and a decrease in our net earnings.

Income Taxes

We estimate our deferred tax assets and liabilities, income taxes payable, provision for income taxes, and unrecognized tax benefit liabilities based upon various factors including, but not limited to, historical pretax operating income, future estimates of pretax operating income, differences between book and tax treatment of various items of income and expense, interpretation of tax laws, and tax planning strategies. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.

We recognize tax assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, for income tax accounting. Accordingly, we recognize a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not the position will be sustained upon examination based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. In addition, changes in existing tax laws or rates could significantly change our current estimate of our unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which they are determined. Changes in current estimates, if significant, could have a material adverse impact on our financial statements.

We recognize our deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the expected future tax outcome of amounts recognized in our results of operations. If necessary, we recognize a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not they will not be realized. We evaluate our ability to realize the tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets by assessing the adequacy of future expected taxable income, historical and projected operating results, and the availability of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The realization of deferred tax assets is evaluated by jurisdiction and the realizability of these assets can vary based on the character of the tax attribute and the carryforward periods specific to each jurisdiction. We believe it is more likely than not the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize our existing deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances. Changes in the realizability of our deferred tax assets will be reflected in our effective tax rate in the period in which they are determined.

Foreign Currency Translations

The functional currency of the Company’s foreign operations is generally the applicable local currency. The functional currency is translated into U.S. dollars using the respective current exchange rate in effect as of the balance sheet date for balance sheet accounts and the respective weighted-average exchange rate during the period for revenue and expense accounts. The resulting translation adjustments are deferred as a component of other comprehensive income within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are included in other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting standards and pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to cash flow and earnings fluctuations as a result of certain market risks. These market risks relate to interest rate risks and foreign currency exchange rate risks.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Interest rate risk is significant given the potential effects on our earnings and cash flows. Annually, we perform sensitivity analysis on our exposure to interest rates. In conducting this sensitivity analysis, we assumed a hypothetical 100-basis point change in interest rates on our outstanding amounts of indebtedness under our credit facility, subject to variable interest rates. Under our credit facility, the non-default rate of interest is equal to the one-month Term SOFR Rate plus 1.00% or 1.25% per annum, depending on the leverage ratio. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the effect of a hypothetical 100-basis point increase or decrease in overall interest rates on our variable rate debt would have changed interest expense by approximately $0.4 million. The 100-basis point change on our variable rate debt would not have materially impacted our earnings or cash flows for fiscal 2024.

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

The Company conducts operations in Europe that exposes us to foreign exchange rate risk, primarily with the British Pound and Euro. We are subject to inherent foreign exchange rate risk when translating the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries into the Company’s reporting currency. We actively manage foreign currency translation risk through our operating and financing activities. From time to time, we may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to mitigate the effects of foreign currency exchange rate risk.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on our results of operations and cash flows was a net foreign currency exchange loss of $0.6 million, a gain of $0.8 million, and loss of $0.7 million, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized a foreign currency translation loss of $1.8 million, gain of $3.2 million and loss of $4.2 million, respectively because of the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies.

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ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal controls over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may be inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making its assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework” (2013). Based on management’s assessment under those criteria, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.

Elliott Davis, LLC, the independent registered public accounting firm who audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, which appears herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors

Miller Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries

Ooltewah, Tennessee

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Miller Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Basis for Opinions, Continued

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

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We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2003.

Chattanooga, Tennessee

March 5, 2025

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MILLER INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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MILLER INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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MILLER INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

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