UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year December 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 000-32929

PERASO INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

2033 Gateway Place, Suite 500

San Jose, California 95110 

(Address of principal executive offices)

(408) 418-7500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market on June 28, 2024 was $3,671,905.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s exchangeable shares, no par value, outstanding as of March 18, 2025 was 59,752.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding as of March 18, 2025 was 4,843,041.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or this Report, and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which include, without limitation, statements about the market for our products, technology, our strategy, competition, expected financial performance and other aspects of our business identified in this Report, as well as other reports that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Any statements about our business, financial results, financial condition and operations contained in this Report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements represent our intentions, plans, expectations, assumptions and beliefs about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those described in Part I., Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Report. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including the risk factors described in Part I., Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Report. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law, even as new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.

Peraso®, MoSys®,1T-SRAM® and Bandwidth Engine® are registered trademarks of Peraso Inc. PERSPECTUS™ is a trademark of Peraso Inc. 

Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “Peraso,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this Report refer to Peraso Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

Note Regarding Reverse Stock Split

We effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock at a ratio of 1-for-40, effective as of January 2, 2024, for the purpose of complying with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). We have reflected the reverse stock split herein, unless otherwise indicated.

Part I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a fabless semiconductor company focused on the development and sale of: i) millimeter wavelength wireless technology, or mmWave, semiconductor devices and antenna modules based on our proprietary semiconductor devices and ii) performance of non-recurring engineering, or NRE, services and licensing of intellectual property, or IP. Our primary focus is the development of mmWave technology for wireless communications. mmWave is generally described as the frequency band from 24 Gigahertz, or GHz, to 300 GHz. Our mmWave products, which primarily operate in the spectrum from 24 GHz to 71 GHz, enable a range of applications including: multi-gigabit point-to-point, or PtP, wireless links with a range of up to 25 kilometers and operating in the 60 GHz frequency band; multi-gigabit point-to-multi-point, or PtMP, links in the 60 GHz frequency band used to provide fixed wireless access, or FWA, services; FWA in the 5G operating bands from 24 GHz to 43 GHz to provide multi-gigabit capability and low latency connections; military communications; and consumer applications, such as high performance wireless video streaming and untethered augmented reality and virtual reality. We also have a line of memory-denominated integrated circuits, or ICs, for high-speed cloud networking, communications, security appliance, video, monitor and test, data center and computing markets that deliver time-to-market, performance, power, area and economic benefits for system original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs. As discussed below, we initiated an end-of-life of these products in 2023 and expect to complete final shipments in March 2025.

Business Combination

We were formerly known as MoSys, Inc., or MoSys. On September 14, 2021, we and our subsidiaries, 2864552 Ontario Inc. and 2864555 Ontario Inc., entered into an Arrangement Agreement, or the Arrangement Agreement, with Peraso Technologies Inc., or Peraso Tech, a privately-held corporation existing under the laws of the province of Ontario, to acquire all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Peraso Tech, or the Peraso Shares, including those Peraso Shares to be issued in connection with the conversion or exchange of secured convertible debentures and common share purchase warrants of Peraso Tech, as applicable, by way of a statutory plan of arrangement, or the Arrangement, under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario). On December 17, 2021, following the satisfaction of the closing conditions set forth in the Arrangement Agreement, the Arrangement was completed, and we changed our name from MoSys to “Peraso Inc.” and began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market, or the Nasdaq, under the symbol “PRSO.” Certain previous shareholders of Peraso Tech elected to convert their Peraso Tech common stock into exchangeable shares in 2864555 Ontario Inc., one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. These exchangeable shares, which can be converted into our common stock at the option of the holder, are similar in substance to our common stock.

Industry Trends and Market Opportunities

mmWave

Historically, virtually all wireless communications have utilized the frequency spectrum below 6 GHz. Primary examples include cell phone communications, WiFi, Bluetooth, Internet of Things, and more recently, broadband internet access or FWA. In parallel, a broad array of applications continues to push the boundaries of available wireless network capacity. These include video streaming services, such as those offered by Netflix, Apple and Amazon, user-generated video content, such as TikTok and Instagram Reels, and broadly, personal video content generated by personal mobile devices.

While the sub-6 GHz band has traditionally been sufficient for these services, with growing demand, the mmWave spectrum is an additional source of wireless capacity. Wireless spectrum is an extremely valuable commodity and is highly regulated by federal governments around the world. Spectrum is broadly segmented into either licensed frequencies or unlicensed frequencies, although most frequencies are licensed. The mmWave frequencies between 24 GHz and 100 GHz include both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. In the case of mmWave, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project, or 3GPP, has included the spectrum from 24 GHz to 43 GHz in its 5G specification. This is licensed spectrum in most jurisdictions around the world, and carriers must license this spectrum if they choose to utilize the mmWave frequency bands within that spectrum. Alternatively, the spectrum from 57 GHz to 71 GHz is generally unlicensed around the world, and, therefore, a license is not required to operate in this spectrum. To that end, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, or IEEE, has established two standards which utilize this unlicensed mmWave spectrum, IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.11ay. We have developed silicon products that comply with both the licensed and unlicensed standards.

In an August 2024 report titled, Millimeter Wave Technology, Allied Market Research valued the global mmWave technology market at $3.4 billion, and forecasted it to grow at a 20% compound annual growth rate from 2024 to 2032.

IEEE 802.11ad/ay: License-Free mmWave Market

A primary opportunity for our mmWave products in unlicensed-band applications is the FWA market. In this market segment, wireless Internet service providers, or WISPs, provide their customers with a fixed wireless link to a base station or small cell, thus providing the customer with high-speed access to the Internet. mmWave can provide both upload and download speeds of over 1 Gbps. In addition, we believe mmWave is generally a much less expensive alternative to installing underground fiber optic cable and provides FWA carriers with competitive and cost advantages compared to other access technologies, such as cable broadband. From an equipment perspective, the FWA worldwide market has historically been serviced by OEMs, such as Ubiquiti Inc., or Ubiquiti, Cambium Networks, Ltd. and SIA MikroTik. Generally, WISPs address segments of the broadband market either not served or underserved by the traditional carriers, such as rural markets.

The FWA market has been helped in recent years with the advent of government incentives aimed at closing the so-called ‘digital divide’ between urban and rural broadband access. In 2023, the U.S. government established the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment, or BEAD, program, which allocated $42.45 billion to expand high-speed Internet access by funding planning, infrastructure deployment and adoption programs in all 50 states. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, or NTIA, is the agency responsible for administering the BEAD program. When initially introduced, the NTIA had originally provided guidance that BEAD funding would be prioritized for primarily fiber deployments, and that alternative technologies such as unlicensed fixed wireless were not eligible for BEAD program funding. On February 4, 2025, Arielle Roth was nominated to take over leadership of the NTIA. Ms. Roth, speaking at a Federalist Society event in June, 2024, stated that the NTIA has “imposed extreme tech bias in favor of fiber.” On March 4, 2025, the Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S. Commerce Secretary, Howard Lutnick, has told staff he plans to make the BEAD program technology neutral. A shift to a technology-neutral approach would include all forms of FWA, including our 60GHz mmWave wireless technology.

A related opportunity for us in the license-free FWA space is dense urban markets, many of which have a high saturation of informal settlements. In a December 2023 report, the International Telecommunications Union, or ITU, reported that an estimated 2.6 billion people, or one-third of the global population, does not have Internet access. As of August 2023, the World Economic Forum estimated there were over 1.1 billion people living in informal settlements around the world. Traditional last mile technology, such as WiFi, is not able to handle the congestion generated by the dense concentration of users in such communities. This is because WiFi radio signals spread out in all directions, much like a light bulb. Due to the very high population density in informal settlements, numerous WiFi transmitters are required, and as such, tend to cancel each other out with overlapping signals. Because our mmWave technology utilizes beamforming, the signals are more like beams from a car headlight, very narrow and controlled. Therefore, in a dense environment, mmWave is much better at handling high congestion, as the radio signals generally do not overlap. Another advantage our mmWave technology provides in the dense urban environment is reduced power consumption. The power grid in an informal settlement can often be unreliable. Our technology can operate under 12 watts, which enables communications networks to continue to operate on a backup battery power supply for several hours.

An additional market for our 60GHz mmWave products is military applications. Specifically, as a result of our radio frequency, or RF, beamforming and beamsteering capabilities, militaries and their defense contractors are evaluating the use of mmWave for stealth tactical communications. Unlike traditional wireless technology that radiates equally in all directions (omni), mmWave technology utilizes phased-array RF beams to focus the RF energy into a specific intensity and direction. The military views mmWave as an inherently stealthy protocol – Low Probability of Interception (LPI)/Low Probability of Detection (LPD)/Anti-Jamming (AJ). As the 60GHz spectrum band is generally unlicensed around the world, these communications will not interfere with locally licensed spectrum, providing additional benefit. Also, as our devices operate at under 12 watts, a light battery can be used for simple deployment in field deployments and combat settings. Further, as our mmWave technology can support gigabit speeds, military personnel are able to transmit and receive information in a timely manner. We are engaged with multiple defense contractors, and in 2023, we were awarded a proof-of-concept license and technology development contract. We received an additional engagement for our mmWave products in 2024, and we expect to commence initial shipments for this engagement by mid 2025.

Our 60 GHz products can also be applied to consumer applications, as we believe our technology can provide key advantages to this market. For example, we are targeting the high-performance, video-streaming market, specifically the virtual reality, or VR, market. Uses of VR are envisioned in a broad variety of markets, including gaming, real estate, healthcare, and transportation. We believe that our mmWave technology has certain characteristics that are ideal for VR applications. First, mmWave’s high data rate of 3 Gbps supports high-resolution displays. Second, our proprietary beamforming and beamtracking techniques keep latency to under 5 milliseconds, or ms, so the user does not experience lags. Third, mmWave technology is less susceptible to interference and, as mentioned above in the context of dense urban environments, can operate in highly congested environments, which limits interruptions in the VR user’s experience.

Other market opportunities for 60 GHz mmWave technology include transportation safety, factory automation, and railway communications.

3GPP: Licensed mmWave Market

The frequency band from 24 GHz to 43 GHz has been designated as the mmWave band in 5G communications. In the United States, this band is generally licensed to carriers by the FCC for expensive license fees that can reach billions of dollars. Carriers license this spectrum to ensure there is no interference from other carriers using the same frequencies. We believe that the primary benefit of mmWave to carriers is the availability of additional spectrum within the licensed band, to provide additional capacity to handle the growth of mobile users.

Our initial target for licensed-band applications is the FWA segment, as carriers can utilize the additional network capacity offered by mmWave to provide FWA services. According to the Ericsson Mobility Report, as of November 2023, approximately 80% of mobile service providers have an FWA offering and 121 service providers offer FWA services over 5G, representing 50% of all FWA service providers. According to Mobile Experts Inc.’s report, 5G Millimeter Wave 2023, mobile operators that have deployed 5G mmWave include Verizon, T-Mobile, AT&T, NTT DoCoMo, KDDI, Softbank and Rakuten Mobile. We believe major Chinese mobile carriers have commenced formal collaborations to advance mmWave solutions in the Chinese telecom market. Regarding U.S. carriers, FWA has become a bright spot for their 5G roll out. While U.S. carriers currently use the sub 6 GHz frequency band, eventually, as the network gets saturated, we believe the carriers will commence a broad roll out of mmWave technology. In terms of FWA market potential in the U.S., according to Fierce Wireless, T-Mobile is available to over 50 million homes, and Verizon is available to over 40 million homes. In addition to being used to provide FWA services, our mmWave antenna modules can be utilized in consumer-premises equipment or CPE, including hotspots, laptops and tablets. In its report, 5G Millimeter Wave 2023, Mobile Experts Inc. forecasts a total volume of approximately 2 million mmWave-enabled CPE units by 2026.

5G mmWave has support from major industry players, such as Apple, which has incorporated mmWave wireless into substantially all versions of the iPhone for sale in the U.S. market. The basic premise is the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth. The initial use case for cellular service providers is to provide their customer base (primarily smart-phone customers) with continuity of network access in highly congested environments, such as sporting events, public beaches, music festivals or generally any large gathering where thousands of users are attempting to access the network simultaneously. We believe that mmWave will gain universal acceptance, as users will demand full continuity in terms of network access, and we are well positioned to address the mobile opportunity for mmWave, which is expected to present an order of magnitude increase in the total available market.

Our Products

Our primary focus is the development, marketing and sale of our mmWave products.

mmWave ICs

Currently, there are two industry standards that incorporate mmWave technology for wireless communications: (i) license-free: IEEE 802.11ad/ay and (ii) licensed: 3GPP Release 15-17 (commonly referred to as 5G). We have developed and continue to develop products that conform to these standards. To date, we have not sold any 5G products, as our primary business focus remains license-free markets.

Our first mmWave IC product line operates in the license-free 60 GHz band and conforms to the IEEE 802.11ad standard. This product line includes a baseband IC, several variations of mmWave radio frequency, or RF, ICs, and associated antenna technology.

Our 60 GHz IEEE802.11ad products have two very important advantages over traditional 2.4 GHz / 5 GHz Wi-Fi products: very high data rates (up to 3.0 Gbps) and low latency, i.e., less than 5 ms. The first application that had traction was outdoor broadband, including applications such as PtP backhaul links or FWA using PtMP links. As the spectrum is unlicensed (free), WISPs can provide services without having to procure expensive wireless spectrum licenses. We believe that our mmWave technology can be deployed quickly and cost effectively in rural and suburban environments, including in remote and low-income regions where residents often have poor Internet quality. While carriers can provide fiber access, the cost of fiber deployment can be prohibitive and trenching for fiber is time consuming and can limit the rate at which new subscribers are added. Our mmWave products enable WISPs to deploy broadband service using low-cost terminals and infrastructure, while avoiding the costs of deploying cable or fiber.

We are a leading supplier of semiconductors in the mmWave PtP and PtMP markets. We are currently shipping to leading equipment suppliers in this space, as well as directly to service providers that are building their own equipment. We believe we bring certain advantages to the market, including our products supporting the spectrum from 66 GHz to 71 GHz, which is often referred to as channels 5 and 6 in the 802.11ad/ay specifications. The key advantage in supporting these channels is that the signals are able to propagate much further than channels 1 through 4; this is a result of significantly lower oxygen absorption at frequencies above 66 GHz. To date, our FWA customers have achieved links in the range of 25 kilometers, which we believe is industry-leading.

In the indoor area, the 802.11ad technology is ideal for high-speed, low-latency video applications, and our products can support 3Gbps links with under 5 ms of latency. Representative applications include:

Our mmWave ICs have been in volume production since 2018. A core competency of the Company is phased-array technology, or beamforming, in which an array of antenna elements work in unison to create a focused RF beam. Through adjustment of the relative phase of the antenna signals, the beams can be directed to support robust wireless connection. We are a leader in the production of mmWave devices and have pioneered a high-volume mmWave production test methodology using standard low-cost production test equipment. It has taken us several years to refine performance of this production test methodology, and we believe this places us in a leadership position in addressing the operational challenges of delivering mmWave products into high-volume markets.

Our second product line addresses the 5G mmWave opportunity. In its 4G-5G FWA Survey 2024 issued in August 2024, the Global Mobile Supplier Association reported that 5G mmWave FWA was ramping and that shipments of 5G devices with mmWave capability are expected to grow 22% in 2024, while still representing less than 10% of all 5G device shipments. Given our extensive experience in the development of mmWave technology, 5G mmWave is a logical adjacent and larger market. We have sampled a highly integrated 5G mmWave beamformer IC, which operates in the 24 GHz to 43 GHz frequency range. The device supports dual-stream multiple input, multiple output, or MIMO, with two 16-channel beamforming arrays. In June 2023, we announced a collaboration with pSemi, a Murata company, for the development of a 5G customer premise receiver utilizing our beamformer IC and pSemi’s up-down converter IC. The goals of the collaboration are to reduce the number of components and cost of each RF module to promote faster time to market for more rapid deployment by prospective customers.

mmWave Antenna Modules

We produce and sell complete mmWave antenna modules for license-free 60 GHz applications. The primary advantage provided by our antenna modules is that our proprietary mmWave ICs and the antenna are integrated into a single device. A differentiating characteristic of mmWave technology is that the RF amplifiers must be as close as possible to the antenna to minimize loss. With our module, we can guarantee the performance of the amplifier/antenna interface and simplify customers’ RF engineering, facilitating more opportunities for customer prospects that have not provided RF-type systems, as well as shortening the time to market for new products. It is possible for third parties to provide competitive module products, but, because we utilize our mmWave ICs and incorporate our proprietary mmWave antenna IP, we can provide a highly-competitive solution based on our internally-owned and developed module components.

Our PERSPECTUS family of mmWave antenna modules enable WISPs to offer high-capacity FWA networks in the unlicensed 60-GHz spectrum. The PERSPECTUS product family includes our integrated 60 GHz mmWave antenna modules and enhanced software for PtMP FWA applications. Our PERSPECTUS products allow rapid development of low-cost network equipment utilizing over 14 GHz of spectrum to provide multi-gigabit access services. Leveraging our integrated phased-array antennas and operating in the upper channels of the band, link ranges from 1.5 kilometers up to extended ranges of 30 kilometers can be achieved using a parabolic reflector.

Additionally, we have established an innovative user arbitration protocol called DUNE that is specifically designed to optimize network performance in dense urban environments using our PERSPECTUS antenna modules. DUNE is a result of our decade-long experience in mmWave technology and in-house development of the intellectual property incorporated in media access control, which controls the hardware, the physical layer, which controls the physical connection and software drivers, as well as novel antenna designs and beamforming algorithms. DUNE takes a multi-level approach to reducing contention and interference by incorporating both physical, e.g. antenna and beamforming, and protocol-level innovations.

Memory

Our memory products comprise our Bandwidth Engine ICs, which are memory-dominated ICs that were designed to be i) high-performance companion ICs to packet processors and ii) targeted for high-performance applications where throughput is critical. These products integrate our proprietary, 1T-SRAM high-density embedded memory and a highly-efficient serial interface protocol resulting in a monolithic memory IC solution optimized for memory bandwidth and transaction access performance. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation, or TSMC, is the sole foundry that manufactures the wafers used to produce our memory IC products. TSMC informed us that it would be discontinuing the foundry process used to produce wafers, in turn, necessary to manufacture our memory ICs. As a result, in May 2023, we initiated an end-of-life, or EOL, of our memory IC products, and we commenced initial EOL shipments during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we had remaining EOL purchase orders totaling approximately $2.3 million, and we expect to ship all of these orders by March 2025. We do not expect any further shipments or to generate any revenue from shipments of our memory IC products after March 2025.

Research and Development

Our ability to compete in the future depends on successfully improving our technology to meet the increasing demand for higher performance and lower cost solutions. Development of new IC products requires specialized chip design and product engineers, expensive computer-aided design software licenses, and significant fabrication and testing costs, including mask costs.

We have over 15 years of technical know-how in the design and manufacturing of mmWave technology. The most important aspect of this knowledge is knowing how mmWave circuits will perform in a real-world environment. Traditionally, semiconductor design utilizes sophisticated computer-aided design software to simulate the performance of a device that is manufactured at a specific semiconductor manufacturing plant. However, mmWave is extremely difficult to model precisely. Therefore, the only path to understand how well a device will perform is to produce the device and test it in a real-world application. Over the last decade, many companies have attempted to develop mmWave semiconductor devices, however, given that the devices had inconsistent or weak performance, a number of the companies were unsuccessful and abandoned their design and product development efforts. As an example of our leadership and expertise in the development of mmWave technology, we were an active participant in the development of the IEEE 802.11ay wireless specification and, to date, have been granted nine essential claims patents with respect to this standard.

At a system level, there are additional technical challenges presented by mmWave technology that we have overcome and form a key part of our internal know-how. For example, a key technology of mmWave is the concept of beamforming and beam steering using a phased-array antenna. This technology is utilized to concentrate the RF energy into a narrow beam to improve the range and coverage of mmWave devices. We have developed effective beamforming and beam steering technology for phased-array circuits and antennas. While there are many academic examples of successful phased-array implementations, there is a vast barrier between a “laboratory” version of phased-array technology and a version that is deployed for commercial use. One such aspect is the implementation of the beamforming procedure, which seeks to maximize throughput and do so while not impacting latency. While the details of achieving this are complex, it is important-intellectual property that we have gained through real-world experience.

mmWave is not without challenges, as mmWave signals do not typically travel as far as traditional wireless signals and are more attenuated by solid objects. Mitigation strategies must be deployed, particularly with regard to the management of signal propagation. Whereas traditional wireless devices utilize a broad, omni-antenna pattern, mmWave systems rely on phased-array technology, which focusses the radio signal into a narrow beam to improve propagation characteristics. We consider ourselves to be a global leader in implementing these sophisticated radio systems and one of the few providers in the market successfully shipping phased-array devices in mass production.

While we have developed products for the 60 GHz and 5G mmWave markets, we believe there are other market opportunities that could utilize mmWave technology. For example, in the WiFi Alliance there is a pending proposal to utilize mmWave technology in WiFi 8, which is the next generation of WiFi technology. We believe this proposal is primarily driven by the anticipated use of mmWave to support VR applications, which require very high data rates, and to reduce congestion in multi-dwelling units. In the mobile carrier market, there is some early research in the use of terahertz technology to make even more spectrum available for network capacity. While the proposed frequencies are higher than mmWave (above 100 GHz), we believe that many of our technological developments, particularly our beamforming and beamsteering concepts, can be applied to terahertz technology.

With regard to our memory products, we have ceased and do not intend to expend any development efforts or funds to develop new memory products. We believe our Bandwidth Engine IC products will provide us with meaningful revenue and gross margin contributions through March 31, 2025, as we complete the EOL of these products. We intend to continue to devote substantially all of our research and development efforts toward further expanding our mmWave technology portfolio and expanding our product offerings.

Sales and Marketing

In addition to our direct sales personnel, we sell through sales representatives and distributors in the United States, Asia and Europe. Our distributors have a global presence with offices and technical selling and applications engineering capabilities, which we believe will enable us to reach new potential customers for our products.

We also have applications engineers who support our customer engagements and engage with the customers’ system architects and designers to propose and implement our products and solutions to address system design challenges and improve performance.

In the markets we serve, the time from a design win to production volume shipments of our IC products can range from 12 to 36 months. We believe that our customer systems can have a product life from a few years to up to 10 years once products like ours have been designed into the system. Historically, our revenue has been highly concentrated, with a few customers accounting for a significant percentage of our total revenue.

In the FWA market, our primary customer base is OEMs, but we also have multiple WISP customers in the U.S. and Canada. Our OEM customers in the fixed wireless space include Ubiquiti, WeLink, which prior to 2024 operated as both an OEM and a WISP, Tachyon Networks, or Tachyon, and China Unicom. Ubiquiti, an OEM in the unlicensed fixed wireless space, relies on us as its sole source mmWave IC supplier for its Wave products, which Ubiquiti introduced in 2022. Ubiquiti introduced three new Wave models in 2023. Historically, WeLink relied on us as its sole source supplier for WeLink-designed equipment used to deliver WISP residential service since 2022; however, in 2024, WeLink’s hardware business was launched as a separate entity, Ketsen Networks, or Ketsen. WeLink currently deploys 60 GHz technology in multiple U.S. cities, including Las Vegas, Dallas and Los Angeles. We expect to continue to supply our antenna modules to both WeLink and Ketsen. Tachyon utilizes our mmWave antenna modules in its TNA-30X family of PtP and PtMP solutions for 60 GHz unlicensed FWA networks. Peraso and Tachyon jointly announced production readiness of the TNA-30X product family in June 2023. Finally, China Unicom is a Chinese mobile carrier that uses our 60 GHz technology for 5G PtP backhaul. In addition to OEMs, we have partnered with several WISPs in the U.S. and Canada that have deployed our 60 GHz technology, including WeLink. We continue to focus on securing new OEM and WISP customers.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues, including Nokia Corporation at 25% and F5/Flextronics at 61%. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues, including Nokia Corporation at 35%, F5/Flextronics at 22% and Alltek Technology Corp at 18%.

Intellectual Property

We regard our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and similar intellectual property as critical to our success and rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary rights.

As of March 1, 2025, we held 87 United States patents and 27 foreign patents on various aspects of our mmWave, antenna, memory and other technology, with expiration dates ranging from 2025 to 2041. We also held 11 pending patent applications in the United States and abroad. There can be no assurance that others will not independently develop or patent similar or competing technology or design around any patents that may be issued to us, or that we will be able to successfully enforce our patents against infringement by others.

We were also an active participant in the development of the IEEE 802.11ay wireless specification and, to date, have been granted nine essential claims patents with respect to this standard. Essential claims patents are of particular value as a specification cannot be implemented without obtaining a license to the patents from us.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Our IC customers, licensees or we might, from time to time, receive notice of claims that we have infringed patents or other intellectual property rights owned by others. Our successful protection of our patents and other intellectual property rights and our ability to make, use, import, offer to sell, and sell products free from the intellectual property rights of others are subject to a number of factors, particularly those described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Competition

mmWave

mmWave circuit and system design is a highly specialized engineering skill, as mmWave is a challenging technology to ship in mass production. At frequencies above 24 GHz, circuits are extremely vulnerable to small variances in the semiconductor manufacturing process. Designing circuits that minimize susceptibility to these variances takes years of development, and we believe we are one of the few companies in the world that is skilled in mmWave design. Further, we have shipped mmWave devices in volume, and ensuring all devices sold adhere to strict performance standards is a core competency we have developed. In addition, we have developed our own mmWave phased-array antenna technology, which allows us to be highly competitive in terms of overall system cost. Our customers do not need to engage with third-party antenna suppliers, thus eliminating the additional cost for a third-party antenna.

Unlicensed IEEE 802.11ad/ay Market:

Historically, our primary competitor in the IEEE802.11ad/ay market has been Qualcomm. The primary benefit that we provide to the market is the support of the higher frequency bands from 66 GHz to 71 GHz. The advantage at these frequencies is that oxygen attenuation is significantly reduced, and signals can travel much further.

We also have key points of differentiation compared to Qualcomm for wireless video devices. We are well positioned in this market, as we have USB 3.0 built into our devices, so our products generally support USB architectures. A prime example is the replacement of the USB cable with a wireless version using our technology. There are many applications where this can be of use, including USB web cams, wireless displays, and AR/VR headsets. We have invested significant software resources into providing the market with wireless USB solutions, and we believe there is no other mmWave vendor in the world that can offer multi-gigabit solutions as a replacement for wired USB.

Licensed 5G Market:

With 5G, our efforts are focused on the mmWave RF front-end phased-array component of the system. The 5G product instantiation is an RF module utilizing our proprietary intellectual property. Key elements of our mmWave intellectual property include:

From a competitive perspective, we believe we are currently the only pure-play, 5G vendor to offer a dual-band (28/39 GHz) RF solution for the FWA market. Qualcomm does offer a 5G RF solution for the FWA market, however its solution is based on aggregating its mobile RF solution, which we believe requires several compromises in terms of cost, performance, and power consumption. With an initial focus on FWA, we can derive advantages by optimizing our silicon for that specific market. Furthermore, we have achieved traction in the unlicensed, 60 GHz, FWA market, and we believe we will be able to transfer all of our knowledge gained from the 60 GHz market to the 5G market. However, this market opportunity is more competitive, and potential competitors, in addition to Qualcomm, include MediaTek Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.

Manufacturing

We depend on third-party vendors to manufacture, package, assemble and test our IC and module products, as we do not own or operate a semiconductor fabrication, packaging or production testing facility. By outsourcing manufacturing, we can avoid the high cost associated with owning and operating our own facilities, allowing us to focus our efforts on the design and marketing of our products.

We perform an ongoing review of our product manufacturing and testing processes. Our IC products are subjected to extensive testing to assess whether their performance meets design specifications. Our test vendors provide us with immediate test data and the ability to generate characterization reports that are made available to our customers.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had 42 employees, including 12 located in the United States and 30 located in Canada. Our headcount comprised 29 in research and development and manufacturing-related operations and 13 in sales, marketing and general and administrative functions. We believe our current headcount is adequate to conduct our business.

Available Information

We were founded in 1991 and reincorporated in Delaware in 2000. Our website address is www.perasoinc.com. The information in our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. Through a link on the Investor section of our website, we make available our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. You can also read any materials submitted electronically by us to the SEC on its website (www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including us.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. These risk factors do not identify all of the risks that we face. Our operations could also be affected by factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations. Due to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, our past financial results may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. Refer also to the other information set forth in this Report, including in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, as well as our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes in Part II, Item 15.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following summarizes the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and stock price. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

Risks Related to Our Securities

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

We might not be able to continue as a going concern.

Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.3 million and an accumulated deficit of $177.1 million. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to meet our capital needs through at least the second quarter of 2025.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional capital and to achieve sustainable revenues and profitable operations. We will need to increase revenues substantially beyond levels that we have attained in the past in order to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows to continue doing business without raising additional capital from time to time. As a result of our expected operating losses and cash burn for the foreseeable future and recurring losses from operations, if we are unable to raise sufficient capital through additional debt or equity arrangements, there will be uncertainty regarding our ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate our business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our stockholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us.

If we are unable to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows, then our future success will depend on our ability to raise capital. We cannot be certain that raising additional capital, whether through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and our current stockholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current product development programs, cut operating costs, forego future development and other opportunities or even terminate our operations.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operating requirements is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. We have based this estimate on a number of assumptions that may prove to be wrong and changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate. Our inability to obtain additional funding when we need it could seriously harm our business.

We discontinued the production of our memory products.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation, or TSMC, is the sole foundry that manufactures the wafers used to produce our memory IC products. TSMC informed us that it would be discontinuing the foundry process used to produce the wafers necessary to produce our memory ICs. As we were not in a position to transition wafer production to a new foundry and continue to manufacture these products, we initiated an end-of-life, or EOL, of our memory IC products in 2023, and ceased production of these products in 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had remaining EOL purchase orders from customers totaling approximately $2.3 million, and we expect to ship all of these orders by March 2025. We do not expect any further shipments or to generate any meaningful revenue from shipments of our memory IC products after March 2025. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our memory IC products represented over 85% and 60% of our revenues, respectively. The discontinuation of the production and sale of our memory IC products will negatively impact our future revenues, results of operations and cash flows.

Our gross profit may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, which could negatively impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

Our gross profit may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including customer and product mix, market acceptance of our new products, yield, wafer pricing, packaging and testing costs, competitive pricing dynamics, charges for inventory write-downs and geographic and market pricing strategies. To the extent we may offer or be contractually obligated to offer certain customers favorable prices, it would decrease our average selling prices and likely impact our gross profit. In the possible event our customers, including our larger customers, exert more pressure with respect to pricing and other terms, it could put downward pressure on our profit.

Because we do not operate our own wafer fabrication, assembly, or testing facilities, we may not be able to reduce our costs as rapidly as companies that operate their own facilities, and in fact, our costs may even increase, which could further reduce our gross profit. We seek yield improvements and volume-based cost reductions to enable cost reductions. To the extent that such cost reductions do not occur at a sufficient level and in a timely manner, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected and may vary from our estimates.

In addition, we maintain an inventory of our products at various stages of production, as well as an inventory of finished goods. As we are generally a sole-source supplier, we hold these inventories in anticipation of customer orders. If those customer purchase orders do not materialize in a timely manner or customers do not honor those purchase orders, we can have excess or obsolete inventory which we would have to write-down, and our gross profit and results of operations would be adversely affected. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded inventory write-downs of approximately $0.4 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

We have a history of losses, and we will need to raise additional capital.

We incurred net losses of approximately $10.7 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $177.1 million as of December 31, 2024. These and prior-year losses have resulted in significant negative cash flows. To remain competitive and expand our product offerings to customers, we will need to increase revenues substantially beyond levels that we have attained in the past in order to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows to continue doing business without raising additional capital from time to time. Given our history of fluctuating revenues and operating losses, and the challenges we face in securing customers for our products, we cannot be certain that we will be able to achieve and maintain profitability on either a quarterly or annual basis in the future. As a result, we may need to raise additional capital in the future, which may or may not be available to us at all or only on unfavorable terms.

Our failure to generate the significant capital necessary or raise additional capital to expand our operations and invest in new products could reduce our ability to compete and could harm our business.

We intend to continue spending to grow our business. If we do not achieve and maintain profitability, we will need additional financing to pursue our business strategy, develop new products, respond to competition and market opportunities and acquire complementary businesses or technologies. There can be no assurance that such additional capital, whether in the form of debt or equity financing, will be sufficient or available and, if available, that such capital will be offered on terms and conditions acceptable to us.

If we were to raise additional capital through sales of our equity securities, our stockholders would suffer dilution of their equity ownership. If we engage in debt financing, we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, prohibit us from paying dividends, repurchasing our stock or making investments, and force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios, any of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:

Our reduction in force undertaken to significantly reduce our ongoing operating expenses may not result in our intended outcomes and may yield unintended consequences and additional costs.

In November 2023, we implemented an employee lay-off and terminated certain consulting positions (the “Reductions”) to reduce operating expenses and cash burn, as we prioritized business activities and projects that we believe will have a higher return on investment. As part of the Reductions, we implemented a temporary lay-off that impacted 16 employees (the “Employees”) of Peraso Tech. In 2024, we determined that we would not recall any of the 11 Employees that remained on our payroll and commenced notifying the remaining Employees that their employment would be terminated. As a result, we recorded severance charges of approximately $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, and, as of December 31, 2024, we had a remaining liability for severance costs of approximately $0.1 million. The accrued severance costs are expected to be paid through October 2025.

As a result of the decision to not recall the Employees, we determined that it was probable that a number of our non-cancelable licenses for computer-aided design software would not be utilized during the remaining license terms. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we expensed the value of the remaining contractual liabilities and recorded liabilities of approximately $1.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, we had a remaining liability of approximately $1.1 million, and we expect to pay these license fees through September 30, 2025.

In addition to the costs associated with the non-cancelable license commitments for computer-aided design software, the Reductions may result in other unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond the intended number of employees, decreased morale among our remaining employees, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the Reductions. In addition, while positions have been eliminated, certain functions necessary to our operations remain, and we may be unsuccessful in distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees. We may also be unsuccessful in negotiating any desired strategic alternative or partnership relating to such functions on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. The Reductions could also make it difficult for us to pursue, or prevent us from pursuing, new opportunities and initiatives due to insufficient personnel, or require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs to hire new personnel to pursue such opportunities or initiatives. Further, inflationary pressure may increase our costs, including employee compensation costs, or result in employee attrition to the extent our compensation does not keep up with inflation, particularly if our competitors’ compensation does. If we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits from the Reductions, if we experience significant adverse consequences from the reduction in force, or if we are otherwise unable to retain our employees, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Failure to comply with laws relating to employment could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to various employment-related laws in the jurisdictions in which our employees are based. We face risks if we fail to comply with applicable U.S. federal or state employment and wage laws, or employment wage laws applicable to our employees located in Canada. The Reductions create an additional risk of claims being made on behalf of affected employees. Recently, the Company has received and, may in the future receive, claims made on behalf of employees, whom were part of the Reductions, regarding statutory and common law severance payments. If such claims are successful and not mitigated by employment practices insurance coverage, our required payments may be higher than we have initially estimated. In addition, any violations of applicable wage laws or other labor- or employment-related laws could result in complaints by current or former employees, adverse media coverage, investigations, and damages or penalties, which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results, and prospects. In addition, responding to any such proceeding may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs, and other professional fees.

Our failure to successfully market our products could seriously harm our ability to execute our business strategy and may force us to curtail our research and development plans or existing operations.

Our success depends upon the acceptance by our target markets of our products and technologies. Our prospective customers, which include original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, and service providers, may be unwilling to adopt and design-in our products due to the uncertainties and risks surrounding designing a new IC or module and/or incorporating new IP into their systems and relying on a small, sole-sourced supplier. Thus, currently, we do not know whether we will be able to generate adequate profit from making and selling our products and licensing our technologies to sustain our operations.

An important part of our strategy to gain market acceptance is to penetrate new markets by targeting market leaders to accept our technology solutions. This strategy is designed to encourage other participants in those markets to follow these leaders in adopting our solutions. If a high-profile industry participant adopts our products for one or more of its products but fails to achieve success with those products, or is unable to successfully implement our products, other industry participants’ perception of our solutions could be harmed. Any such event could reduce the amount of future sales of our products.

Future revenue growth depends on our winning designs with existing and new customers, retaining current customers, and having those customers design our solutions into their product offerings and successfully selling and marketing such products. If we do not continue to win designs in the short term, our product revenue in the following years will not grow.

We sell our ICs and modules to customers that include our products in their products. Our technology is generally incorporated into products at the design stage, which we refer to as a design win, and which we define as the point at which a customer has made a commitment to build a board against a fixed schematic for its system, and this board will utilize our products. As a result, our future revenue depends on our OEM customers designing our products into their products, and on those products being produced in volume and successfully commercialized. If we fail to retain our current customers or convince our current or prospective customers to include our products in their products and fail to achieve a consistent number of design wins, our results of operations and business will be harmed. In addition, if a current or prospective customer designs a competitor’s offering into its product, it becomes significantly more difficult for us to sell our products to that customer because changing suppliers involves significant cost, time, effort and risk for the OEM. Even if a customer designs one of our ICs or modules into its product, we cannot be assured that the OEM’s product will be commercially successful over time, or at all, or that we will receive or continue to receive any revenue from that customer. Furthermore, the customer product for which we obtain a design win may be canceled before the product enters production or before or after it is introduced into the market. Because of our extended sales cycle, our revenue in future years is highly dependent on design wins we are awarded today. Our lack of capital and uncertainty about our future technology roadmap also may limit our success in achieving additional design wins, as discussed under “We may experience difficulties in transitioning to new wafer fabrication process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs.”

The design-win process for our products is generally lengthy, expensive and competitive, with no guarantee of revenue, and, if we fail to generate sufficient revenue to offset our expenses, our business and operating results would suffer.

Achieving a design win for one of our products is typically a lengthy, expensive and competitive process because our customers generally take a considerable amount of time to evaluate our products. In the markets we serve, the time from initial customer engagement to design win to production volume shipments can range from one to three years, though it may take longer for new customers or markets we intend to address. In order to win designs, we are required to both incur design and development costs and dedicate substantial engineering resources in pursuit of a single customer opportunity. Even though we incur these costs we may not prevail in the competitive selection process, and, even if we do achieve a design win, we may never generate sufficient, or any, revenue to offset our development expenditures. Our customers have the option to decide whether or not to put our solutions into production after initially designing our products in the specification. The customer can make changes to its product after a design win has been awarded to us, which can have the effect of canceling a previous design win. The delays inherent in our protracted sales cycle increase the risk that a customer will decide to cancel, curtail, reduce or delay its product plans, causing us to lose anticipated revenue. In addition, any change, delay or cancellation of a customer’s plans could harm our financial results, as we may have incurred significant expense while generating no revenue.

If our foundries do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality, our cost of net revenue will increase, our operating margins will decline and our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed.

We depend not only on sufficient foundry manufacturing capacity and wafer prices, but also on good production yields (the number of good die per wafer) and timely wafer delivery to meet customer demand and maintain profit margins. The fabrication of our products is a complex and technically demanding process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields and, in some cases, cause production to be suspended. From time to time, our foundries experience manufacturing defects and reduced manufacturing yields. Changes in manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or contaminated materials by our foundries could result in lower than anticipated manufacturing yields, which would harm our revenue or increase our costs. For example, in the past, one of our foundries produced ICs and met its process specification range but did not meet our customer’s specifications causing us to write off a portion of our production lot. Many of these problems are difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and may be time consuming and expensive to correct. Poor yields from our foundry, or defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our ICs, could cause us significant customer relations and business reputation problems, harm our operating results and give rise to financial or other damages to our customers. Our customers might consequently seek damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend.

We may experience difficulties in transitioning to new wafer fabrication process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs.

We aim to use the most advanced manufacturing process technology appropriate for our solutions that is available from our foundries. As a result, we periodically evaluate the benefits of migrating our solutions to other technologies in order to improve performance and reduce costs. These ongoing efforts require us from time to time to modify the manufacturing processes for our products and to redesign some products, which in turn may result in delays in product deliveries. We are dependent on our foundries to support the production of wafers for future versions of our IC. Such production may require changes to the foundry’s existing process technology. If the foundry elects to not alter their process technology to support future versions of our ICs, we would need to identify a new foundry.

As discussed under “We discontinued the production of our memory products,” TSMC, which is the sole foundry that manufactures the wafers used to produce our memory IC products, informed us that it will be discontinuing the foundry process used to produce the wafers necessary to produce our memory ICs. We are not in a position to transition wafer production to a new foundry and continue to manufacture these products. As a result, we initiated an EOL of our memory IC products. The discontinuation of the production and sale of our memory IC products will negatively impact our future revenues, results of operations and cash flows.

To date, we have not achieved the anticipated benefits of a fabless semiconductor company.

Our primary goal has been to increase our total available market by creating high-performance ICs and modules for mmWave applications using our proprietary technology and design expertise. Historically, this development effort required that we add headcount and design resources, such as expensive software tools, which increased our losses from, and cash used in, operations. Our efforts to increase our revenue and expand our markets have been subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to:

If we experience significant delays in bringing our products to market, if customer adoption of our products is delayed or if our customers’ products that include our products are not successful, this could have a material adverse effect on our anticipated revenues in upcoming years due to the potential loss of design wins and future revenues.

Our main objective is the development and sale of our technologies to OEMs, service providers and other equipment manufacturers and their subsystem and component vendors and, if demand for these products does not grow, we may not achieve revenue growth and our strategic objectives.

We market and sell our mmWave products and technology to OEMs, service providers and other equipment manufacturers in the defense and aerospace and consumer product markets and their subsystem and component vendors. We believe our future business and financial success depends on market acceptance and increasing sales of these products. To meet our growth and strategic objectives, OEMs, service providers and other equipment manufacturers must incorporate our products into their systems and the demand for their systems must grow as well. We cannot provide assurance that sales of our products to these customers will increase substantially in the future or that the demand for our customers’ or their customers’ systems will increase. Our future revenues from these products may not increase in accordance with our growth and strategic objectives, if, instead, our customers modify their product designs, select products sold by our competitors or develop their own proprietary technologies. Moreover, demand for their products that incorporate our technologies may not grow or result in significant sales of such products due to factors affecting the customers and their business such as industry downturns, declines in capital spending in the enterprise and carrier markets or unfavorable macroeconomic conditions. Thus, the future success of our business depends in large part on factors outside our control, and sales of our products may not meet our revenue growth and strategic objectives.

Our failure to continue to develop new products and enhance our products on a timely basis could diminish our ability to attract and retain customers.

The existing and potential markets for our products are characterized by ever-increasing performance requirements, evolving industry standards, rapid technological change and product obsolescence. These characteristics lead to periodic changes in customer requirements, shorter product life cycles and changes in industry demands and mandate new product introductions and enhancements to maintain customer engagements and design wins. In order to attain and maintain a significant position in the market, we will need to continue to enhance and evolve our products and the underlying proprietary technologies in anticipation of these market trends although we do not have a large engineering staff.

Our future performance depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

Our failure to enhance our existing products and develop future products that achieve broad market acceptance will harm our competitive position and impede our future growth.

Our products have a lengthy sales cycle, which makes it difficult to predict success in this market and the timing of future revenue.

Our products have a lengthy sales cycle, ranging from six to 24 months from the date of our initial proposal to a prospective customer until the date on which the customer confirms that it has designed our product into its system. An even lengthier period could ensue before we would know the volume of products that such customer will, or is likely to, order. A number of factors can contribute to the length of the sales cycle including technical evaluations of our products by the customers, the design process required to integrate our products into the customers’ products and the timing of the customers’ new product announcements. In anticipation of product orders, we may incur substantial costs before the sales cycle is complete and before we receive any customer payments. As a result, in the event that a sale is not completed or is cancelled or delayed, we may have incurred substantial expenses, making it more difficult for us to become profitable or otherwise negatively impacting our financial results. Furthermore, because of this lengthy sales cycle, the recording of revenues from our selling efforts may be substantially delayed, our ability to forecast our future revenue may be more limited and our revenue may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We cannot provide any assurances that our efforts to build a strong and profitable business based on the sale of ICs will succeed. If these efforts are not successful, in light of the substantial resources that we have invested, our future operating results and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

The semiconductor industry is cyclical in nature and subject to periodic downturns, which can negatively affect our revenue.

The semiconductor industry is cyclical and has experienced pronounced downturns for sustained periods of up to several years. To respond to any downturn, many semiconductor manufacturers and their customers will slow their research and development activities, cancel or delay new product developments, reduce their workforces and inventories and take a cautious approach to acquiring new equipment and technologies. As a result, our business has been in the past and could be adversely affected in the future by an industry downturn which could negatively impact our future revenue and profitability. Also, the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly from year-to-year.

Our revenue has been highly concentrated among a small number of customers, and our results of operations could be harmed if we lose a key revenue source and fail to replace it.

Our overall revenue has been highly concentrated, with a few customers accounting for a significant percentage of our total revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our three largest customers represented approximately 86% and 75% of our total revenue, respectively. We expect that a relatively small number of customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future.

As a result of this revenue concentration, our results of operations could be adversely affected by the decision of a single key customer to cease using our technology or products or by a decline in the number of products that incorporate our technology that are sold by a single licensee or customer or by a small group of licensees or customers.

Our revenue concentration may also pose credit risks which could negatively affect our cash flow and financial condition.

We might also face credit risks associated with the concentration of our revenue among a small number of licensees and customers. At December 31, 2024, three customers represented approximately 91% of total trade receivables and at December 31, 2023, three customers represented approximately 83% of total trade receivables. Our failure to collect receivables from any customer, which represents a large percentage of receivables, on a timely basis, or at all, could adversely affect our cash flow or results of operations.

Our products must meet exact specifications and defects and failures may occur, which may cause customers to return or stop buying our products.

Our customers generally establish demanding specifications for quality, performance and reliability that our products must meet. However, our products are highly complex and may contain defects and failures when they are first introduced or as new versions are released. If defects and failures occur in our products during the design phase or after, we could experience lost revenues, increased costs, including warranty and customer support expenses and penalties for non-performance stipulated in customer purchase agreements, delays in or cancellations or rescheduling of orders or shipments, product returns or discounts, diversion of management resources or damage to our reputation and brand equity, and in some cases consequential damages, any of which would harm our operating results. In addition, delays in our ability to fill product orders as a result of quality control issues may negatively impact our relationship with our customers. We cannot assure you that we will have sufficient resources to satisfy any asserted claims. Furthermore, any such defects, failures or delays may be particularly damaging to us as we attempt to establish our reputation as a reliable provider of IC and module products.

Because we sell our products on a purchase order basis and rely on estimated forecasts of our customers’ needs, inaccurate forecasts could adversely affect our business.

We sell our products pursuant to individual purchase orders rather than long-term purchase commitments. Therefore, we will rely on estimated demand forecasts, based upon input from our customers, to determine how much product to manufacture. Because our sales are based primarily on purchase orders, our customers may cancel, delay or otherwise modify their purchase commitments with little or no notice to us. For these reasons, we will generally have limited visibility regarding our customers’ product needs. In addition, the product design cycle for our customers can be lengthy and it may be difficult for us to accurately anticipate when our customers will commence commercial shipments of products that include our products.

Furthermore, if we experience substantial warranty claims, our customers may cancel existing orders or cease to place future orders. Any cancellation, delay or other modification in our customers’ orders could significantly reduce our revenue, cause our operating results to fluctuate from period to period and make it more difficult for us to predict our revenue. In the event of a cancellation or reduction of an order, we may not have enough time to reduce operating expenses to mitigate the effect of the lost revenue on our business.

If we overestimate customer demand for our products, we may purchase products from our manufacturers that we cannot sell. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand or if sufficient manufacturing and testing capacity are unavailable, we would forego revenue opportunities and could lose market share in the markets served by our products and could incur penalties under our customer purchase agreements. In addition, our inability to meet customer requirements for our products could lead to delays in product shipments, force customers to identify alternative sources, result in certain of our customers obtaining manufacturing rights to our products and otherwise adversely affect our ongoing relationships with our customers.

We rely on independent foundries and contractors for the manufacture, assembly, testing and packaging of our integrated circuits and modules, and the failure of any of these third parties to deliver products or otherwise perform as requested could damage our relationships with our customers and harm our sales and financial results.

As a fabless semiconductor company, we rely on third parties for substantially all of our manufacturing operations. We depend on these parties to supply us with material in a timely manner that meets our standards for yield, cost and quality. We do not have long-term supply contracts with any of our suppliers or manufacturing service providers, and therefore they are not obligated to manufacture products for us for any specific period, in any specific quantity or at any specified price except as may be provided in a particular purchase order. Any problems with our manufacturing supply chain could adversely impact our ability to ship our products to our customers on time and in the quantity required which in turn could damage our customer relationships and impede market acceptance of our IC products.

Our third-party wafer foundry and testing and assembly vendors are located in regions at high risk for earthquakes and other natural disasters and adverse consequences related to the outbreak of contagious diseases, such as COVID-19. Any disruption to the operations of these foundries and vendors resulting from earthquakes or other natural disasters could cause significant delays in the development, production, shipment and sales of our IC products.

Certain vendors that we utilize to manufacture our products are located in Asia, as are other foundries we may use in the future. Some of our vendors that provide substrates and wafer sorting and handle the testing of our products are headquartered in Asia. The risk of an earthquake in the Pacific Rim region is significant due to the proximity of major earthquake fault lines. The occurrence of earthquakes or other natural disasters could result in the disruption of the wafer foundry or assembly and test capacity of the third parties that supply these services to us and may impede our research and development efforts as well as our ability to market and sell our products. We may not be able to obtain alternate capacity on favorable terms, if at all.

Global pandemics along with outbreaks of new contagious diseases or the resurgence of existing diseases could disrupt the operations of our key suppliers and manufacturing partners worldwide.

Disruptions in our supply chain due to shortages in the global semiconductor supply chain could cause delays for customers and impact revenue.

We have and may continue to experience disruptions in our global semiconductor supply chain, with suppliers increasing lead times or placing products on allocation, including procuring necessary components, wafers, substrates and assembly services in a timely fashion. As a result of these supply chain disruptions, we have had to increase customer order lead times, and we may be required to purchase some products on allocation. We may be unable to satisfy all of the demand for our products, which may adversely affect customer relationships and impact revenue.

Price increases from our supply chain can adversely impact revenue or reduce margins.

Our suppliers can increase the price of products and services provided to us. Finding and qualifying alternate or additional suppliers in response to increased pricing from suppliers can be a lengthy process and can lead to production delays or additional costs, and such alternatives are sometimes not available. We may be unable to successfully pass on these costs through price increases. In some cases, our customer agreements only allow us to adjust pricing on an annual basis. If we are unable to increase the price of our products to our customers in response to increased costs, we would face reduced margins.

Any claim that our products or technology infringe third party IP rights could increase our costs of operation and distract management and could result in expensive settlement costs or the discontinuance of our technology licensing or product offerings. In addition, we may incur substantial litigation expense which would adversely affect our profitability.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of IP rights or positions which has resulted in often protracted and expensive litigation. We are not aware of any third party IP that our products or technology would infringe. However, like many companies of our size with limited resources, we have not searched for all potentially applicable IP in the public databases. It is possible that a third party now has, or may in the future obtain, patents or other intellectual property rights that our products or technology may now, or in the future, infringe. Our licensees and IC customers, or we, might, from time to time, receive notice of claims that we have infringed patents or other IP rights of others. Litigation against us can result in significant expense and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel whether or not the litigation has merit or results in a determination adverse to us.

The discovery of defects in our technology and products could expose us to liability for damages.

The discovery of a defect in our technologies and products could lead our customers to seek damages from us. Many of our agreements with customers include provisions waiving implied warranties regarding our technology and products and limiting our liability to our customers. We cannot be certain, however, that the waivers or limitations of liability contained in our agreements with customers will be enforceable.

We might not be able to protect and enforce our IP rights, which could impair our ability to compete and reduce the value of our technology.

Our technology is complex and is intended for use in complex systems. For example, our licensees’ products utilize our embedded memory and/or interface technology and a large number of companies manufacture and market these products. Because of these factors, policing the unauthorized use of our IP is difficult and expensive. We cannot be certain that we will be able to detect unauthorized use of our technology or prevent other parties from designing and marketing unauthorized products based on our technology. In the event we identify any past or present infringement of our patents, copyrights or trademarks, or any violation of our trade secrets, confidentiality procedures or licensing agreements, we cannot assure you that the steps taken by us to protect our proprietary information will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology. Our inability to adequately protect our IP would reduce significantly the barriers of entry for directly competing technologies and could reduce the value of our technology. Furthermore, we might initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights. Litigation by us could result in significant expense and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us.

Our existing patents might not provide us with sufficient protection of our IP, and our patent applications might not result in the issuance of patents, either of which could reduce the value of our core technology and harm our business.

We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secret laws and confidentiality procedures to protect our IP rights. We cannot be sure that any patents will be issued from any of our pending applications or that any claims allowed from pending applications will be of sufficient scope or strength, or issued in all countries where our products can be sold, to provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to us. Failure of our patents or patent applications to provide meaningful protection might allow others to utilize our technology without any compensation to us.

If we fail to retain key personnel, our business and growth could be negatively affected.

Our business has been dependent to a significant degree upon the services of a small number of executive officers and technical employees. The loss of key personnel could negatively impact our technology development efforts, our ability to deliver products under our existing agreements, maintain strategic relationships with our partners and obtain new customers. We generally have not entered into employment or non-competition agreements with any of our employees and do not maintain key-man life insurance on the lives of any of our key personnel.

We currently maintain and may expand operations outside of the United States, which exposes us to significant risks.

The success of our business depends, in large part, on our ability to operate successfully from geographically disparate locations and to further expand our international operations and sales. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and subjects us to regulatory, economic, and political risks that are different from those we face in the United States. We cannot be sure that further international expansion will be successful. In addition, we face risks in doing business internationally that could expose us to reduced demand for our products, lower prices for our products or other adverse effects on our operating results. The success and profitability, as well as the expansion, of our international operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control, such as the following:

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our operations and reduce our revenue.

International trade policies, including protectionist trade policies, such as tariffs and sanctions, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Due to the interconnectedness of the global economy, policy changes in one area of the world can have an immediate and material adverse impact on markets around the world. Changes in international trade policies, including: (i) changes to existing trade agreements; (ii) greater restrictions on free trade generally; and (iii) significant increases in customs duties and tariffs on goods imported into the United States and reciprocal actions by other countries, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

On March 3, 2025, the President of the United States announced the imposition of new tariffs on imports from Mexico and Canada, to take effect on March 4, 2025. Effective at 12.01 a.m. ET on March 4, 2025, all goods arriving at U.S. ports and originating from Canada or Mexico are subject to 25 percent tariffs, with some exceptions. Effective February 4, 2025, all goods presented for entry at U.S. ports and originating from China, including Hong Kong, are subject to a 10 percent tariff on Chinese imports. The impact of these potential tariffs on our business and financial condition, if any, is subject to a number of factors that are not yet known, including any countermeasures that the target countries may take in response to such tariffs. In light of these uncertainties, we can provide no assurance that any mitigating actions that may become available to us, such as our ability to pass along some or all of the costs of any tariffs to some or all of our customers, will be successful.

In addition to potential increases in customs duties and tariffs in the United States and other countries, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or USMCA, is subject to renewal in 2026. There can be no assurance that any newly negotiated terms in the USMCA will not adversely affect our business and the business of our customers. It remains unclear what specific actions the current U.S. administration may take to resolve trade-related issues with China and other countries.

Any of the above factors could impact our supply chain, as well as our operations and business, and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards is limited as a result of an “ownership change,” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $212.1 million of net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards for U.S. federal tax purposes. Under U.S. federal income tax law, we generally can use our NOL carryforwards (and certain related tax credits) to offset ordinary taxable income, thereby reducing our U.S. federal income tax liability, for up to 20 years from the year in which the losses were generated, after which time they will expire. Our California NOL carryforwards (and certain related tax credits) generally may be used to offset future state taxable income for 20 years from the year in which the losses are generated, depending on the state, after which time they will expire. The rate at which we can utilize our NOL carryforwards is limited (which could result in NOL carryforwards expiring prior to their use) each time we experience an “ownership change,” as determined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. A Section 382 ownership change generally occurs if a shareholder or a group of shareholders who are deemed to own at least 5% of our common stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. If an ownership change occurs, Section 382 generally would impose an annual limit on the amount of post-ownership change taxable income that may be offset with pre-ownership change NOL carryforwards equal to the product of the total value of our outstanding equity immediately prior to the ownership change (reduced by certain items specified in Section 382) and the U.S. federal long-term tax-exempt interest rate in effect at the time of the ownership change. A number of special and complex rules apply in calculating this Section 382 limitation. While the complexity of Section 382 makes it difficult to determine whether and when an ownership change has occurred, and a formal study has not been performed, we believe that a Section 382 ownership change occurred as a result of our business combination with Peraso Technologies Inc. in 2021. We believe this Section 382 limitation will result in substantially all of our federal and state NOLs and federal tax credit carryforwards incurred prior to December 2021 expiring before they can be utilized. In addition, our ability to use our NOL carryforwards will be limited to the extent we fail to generate enough taxable income in the future before they expire. Existing and future Section 382 limitations and our inability to generate enough taxable income in the future could result in a substantial portion of our NOL carryforwards expiring before they are used. We have recorded a full valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets.

Third parties might attempt to gain unauthorized access to our network or seek to compromise our products and services.

Our business is dependent on the security and efficacy of our networks and computer and data management systems, and we rely on our internal computer networks for many of the systems we use to operate our business generally. From time to time, we may face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access through the Internet or otherwise or to introduce malicious software to our IT systems. We or our products may be a target of computer hackers, organizations or malicious attackers who attempt to:

From time to time, we may encounter attempts at gaining unauthorized access to our network, and we periodically run security checks. While we seek to detect and investigate unauthorized attempts and attacks against our network and products of which we become aware, and to prevent their recurrence where practicable through changes to our internal processes and tools and/or changes to our products, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats. In addition to intentional security breaches, the integrity and confidentiality of company and customer data and our intellectual property may be compromised as a result of human error, product defects, or technological failures. Different geographic markets may have different regulations regarding data protection, raising potential compliance risks. Further, retaliatory acts by foreign governments or terrorist organizations in response to policies of the United States government could include cyber attacks that could disrupt the economy more generally or that could also impact our operations directly or indirectly.

Any failure or perceived failure by us or our service providers to prevent information security breaches or other incidents or system disruptions, or any compromise of security that results in or is perceived or reported to result in unauthorized access to, or loss, theft, alteration, release or transfer of, our information, or any personal information, confidential information, or other data could result in loss or theft of proprietary or sensitive data and intellectual property, could harm our reputation and competitive position and could expose us to legal claims, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and fines, penalties, and other liability. Any such actual or perceived security breach, incident or system disruption could also divert the efforts of our personnel, and could require us to incur significant costs and operational consequences in connection with investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools, devices, policies, and other measures designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other incidents and system disruptions, and in, for example, rebuilding internal systems, reduced inventory value, providing modifications to our products and services, defending against claims and litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties. Moreover, we could be required or otherwise find it appropriate to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to, notify third parties of, and otherwise address the incident or breach and its root cause, and to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data.

Further, we cannot assure that any limitations of liability provisions in our current or future contracts that may be applicable would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security breach or other security-related matter. We also cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover claims related to a security breach or incident, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.

Acquisitions or other business combinations that we pursue in the future, whether or not consummated, could result in other operating and financial difficulties.

In the future we may seek to acquire additional product lines, technologies or businesses in an effort to increase our growth, enhance our ability to compete, complement our product offerings, enter new and adjacent markets, obtain access to additional technical resources, enhance our IP rights or pursue other competitive opportunities. If we seek acquisitions or other business combinations, we may not be able to identify suitable candidates at prices we consider appropriate. We cannot readily predict the timing or size of our future acquisitions or combinations, or the success of any such transactions.

To the extent that we consummate acquisitions, combinations or investments, we may face financial risks as a result, including increased costs associated with merged or acquired operations, increased indebtedness, economic dilution to gross and operating profit and earnings per share, or unanticipated costs and liabilities. Acquisitions may involve additional risks, including:

From time to time, we may enter into negotiations for acquisitions or investments that are not ultimately consummated. These negotiations could result in significant diversion of management time, as well as substantial out-of-pocket costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. 

War, terrorism, other acts of violence, natural disasters and global pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and associated macroeconomic pressures in the markets in could adversely impact our business.

Geopolitical issues around the world can impact macroeconomic conditions and could have a material adverse impact on our business. For instance, world unrest due to wars, terrorist attacks and other disruptive events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to global economic disruptions, and mounting inflationary cost pressures and recessionary fears have negatively impacted the global and domestic economy. Since mid-2022, the U.S. Federal Reserve has addressed elevated inflation by periodically increasing interest rates. Given current market conditions, we may be unable to access the capital markets, and additional capital may only be available to us on terms that could be significantly detrimental to our existing stockholders and to our business.

Sustained inflation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Inflation rates in the markets in which we operate have increased and may continue to rise. Inflation over the last two years has led us to experience higher costs, including, among others, labor, wafer and transportation. Our suppliers have raised their prices and may continue to raise prices, and, although we have made minimal price increases thus far, in the competitive markets in which we operate, we may not be able to make corresponding price increases to preserve our gross margins and profitability. In addition, inflationary pressures could cause customers to delay or reduce purchases of our products or delay payments to us. If inflation rates continue to rise or remain elevated for a sustained period of time, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Risks Related to Our Securities

There may be future sales of our common stock, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and dilute a stockholder’s ownership of common stock.

The sale of our common stock resulting from the exercise of any options or vesting of restricted stock units granted to executive officers and other employees under our equity compensation plan and the exercise of any warrants, and other issuances of our common stock could have an adverse effect on the market price of the shares of our common stock. We are generally not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive shares of common stock, provided that we are subject to the listing rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market (which generally require stockholder approval for any transactions which would result in the issuance of more than 20% of our then outstanding shares of common stock or voting rights representing over 20% of our then outstanding shares of stock). Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that such sales might occur could materially adversely affect the market price of the shares of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Accordingly, our stockholders bear the risk that our future offerings will reduce the market price of our common stock and dilute their stock holdings in us.

Potential volatility of the price of our common stock could negatively affect your investment.

We cannot assure you that there will continue to be an active trading market for our common stock. Historically, the stock market, as well as our common stock, has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Market prices of securities of technology companies can be highly volatile and frequently reach levels that bear no relationship to the operating performance of such companies. These market prices generally are not sustainable and are subject to wide variations. If our common stock trades to unsustainably high levels, it is likely that the market price of our common stock will thereafter experience a material decline. As a result of fluctuations in the price of our common stock, you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for them. In addition, if we seek additional financing, including through the sale of equity or convertible securities, such sales could cause our stock price to decline and result in dilution to existing stockholders. 

In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for semiconductor stocks in particular, have experienced significant volatility that has often been unrelated to the financial condition or results of operations of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and, consequently, adversely affect the price at which you could sell the shares that you have purchased. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market or significant price declines, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The effective increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance as a result of our reverse stock split could result in further dilution to our existing stockholders and have antitakeover implications.

The reverse stock split effected in January 2024 alone had no effect on our authorized capital stock, and the total number of authorized shares remains the same as before the reverse stock split. The reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares increased the number of shares of our common stock (or securities convertible or exchangeable for our common stock) available for issuance by decreasing the number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. The additional available shares are available for issuance from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors when opportunities arise, without further stockholder action or the related delays and expenses, except as may be required for a particular transaction by law, the rules of any exchange on which our securities may then be listed, or other agreements or restrictions. Any issuance of additional shares of our common stock would increase the number of outstanding shares of our common stock and (unless such issuance was pro-rata among existing stockholders) the percentage ownership of existing stockholders would be diluted accordingly. In addition, any such issuance of additional shares of our common stock could have the effect of diluting the earnings per share and book value per share of outstanding shares of our common stock.

Additionally, the effective increase in the number of shares available for issuance could, under certain circumstances, have anti-takeover implications. For example, the additional shares of common stock that have become available for issuance could be used by us to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or to delay or prevent changes in control or our management. Although our reverse stock split is prompted by other considerations and not by the threat of any hostile takeover attempt, stockholders should be aware that our reverse stock split could facilitate future efforts by us to deter or prevent changes in control, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws or Delaware law might delay or prevent a change-of-control transaction and depress the market price of our stock.

Various provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws might have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of our company. These provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Certain of these provisions eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors, limit the right of stockholders to call special meetings and establish specific procedures for director nominations by stockholders and the submission of other proposals for consideration at stockholder meetings.

We are also subject to provisions of Delaware law that could delay or make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. In particular, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years unless specific conditions are met. Any of these provisions could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, including without limitation, discouraging a proxy contest or making more difficult the acquisition of a substantial block of our common stock.

Under our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors may issue up to a maximum of 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval on such terms as the board might determine. The rights of the holders of common stock will be subject to, and might be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that might be issued in the future.

Certain of our common stock warrants outstanding at December 31, 2024 are accounted for as liabilities and recorded at fair value with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, we are required to evaluate our outstanding common stock warrants to determine whether they should be accounted for as a warrant liability or as equity. At each reporting period (i) the warrants are reevaluated for proper accounting treatment as a liability or equity and (ii) the fair value of the liability of the warrants is re-measured. The change in the fair value of the liability will be recorded as other income (expense) in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. This accounting treatment may adversely affect the market price of our securities, as we may incur additional expense. In addition, changes in the inputs and assumptions for the valuation model we use to determine the fair value of such liability may have a material impact on the estimated fair value of the warrant liability. As a result, our financial statements and results of operations will fluctuate quarterly, based on various factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the share price of our common stock. We expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses on our warrants or any other similar derivative instruments in each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

If we are unable to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted and the price and liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Our common stock may lose value and could be delisted from Nasdaq due to several factors or a combination of such factors. While our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, we can give no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, including, but not limited to, the corporate governance requirements, the minimum closing bid price requirement or the minimum equity requirement. If we fail to maintain compliance with any such continued listing requirement, there can also be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with any such continued listing requirement in the future or that our common stock will not be delisted in the future.

If we were to be delisted, we would expect our common stock to be traded in the over-the-counter market which could adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock. Additionally, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

We are a “smaller reporting company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” and are subject to lesser disclosure obligations in our SEC filings compared to other issuers. Specifically, “smaller reporting companies” are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings, are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a “smaller reporting company” may make it harder for investors to analyze our operating results and financial prospects.

Holders of exchangeable shares are expected to experience a delay in receiving shares of our common stock from the date they request an exchange, which may affect the value of the shares the holder receives in an exchange.

Holders of exchangeable shares who request to receive shares of our common stock in exchange for their exchangeable shares will not receive shares of our common stock until several business days after the applicable request is received. During this period, the market price of our common stock may increase or decrease. Any such increase or decrease would affect the value of the consideration to be received by such holder of exchangeable shares upon a subsequent sale of the common stock received in the exchange.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties.

We currently maintain leased facilities for our administrative, sales, marketing, support and research and development functions. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs. The table below summarizes our leased facilities.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

The information set forth under the “Legal Matters” subheading in Note 5 (Commitments and Contingencies) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 15, of this Report is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “PRSO.”

Holders of Record

As of December 31, 2024, there were 83 holders of record of our common stock and 50 holders of record of our exchangeable shares. The actual number of common stockholders is significantly greater than this number of record stockholders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of stockholders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividend Policy

To date, we have paid no cash dividends on our shares of common stock and we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to provide funds for operations of our business. Therefore, any potential return investors may have in our common stock will be in the form of appreciation, if any, in the market value of their shares of common stock. We are not subject to any legal restrictions respecting the payment of dividends, except that we may not pay dividends if the payment would render us insolvent. Any future determination as to the payment of cash dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan

For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, please refer to Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We had no share repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2024.

Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes included in this Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, include forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We were formerly known as MoSys, Inc. (“MoSys”), and we were incorporated in California in 1991 and reincorporated in 2000 in Delaware. On September 14, 2021, we and our subsidiaries, 2864552 Ontario Inc. and 2864555 Ontario Inc., entered into an Arrangement Agreement (the “Arrangement Agreement”) with Peraso Technologies Inc. (“Peraso Tech”), a corporation existing under the laws of the province of Ontario, to acquire all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Peraso Tech (the “Peraso Shares”), including those Peraso Shares to be issued in connection with the conversion or exchange of secured convertible debentures and common share purchase warrants of Peraso Tech, as applicable, by way of a statutory plan of arrangement (the “Arrangement”) under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario). On December 17, 2021, following the satisfaction of the closing conditions set forth in the Arrangement Agreement, the Arrangement was completed and we changed our name to “Peraso Inc.” and began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market (the “Nasdaq”) under the symbol “PRSO.”

Our strategy and primary business objective is to be a profitable, IP-rich fabless semiconductor company offering integrated circuits, or ICs, antenna modules and related non-recurring engineering services. We specialize in the development of mmWave semiconductors, primarily in the unlicensed 60 GHz spectrum band for 802.11ad/ay-compliant devices and in the 28/39 GHz spectrum bands for 5G-compliant devices. We derive our revenue from selling semiconductor devices, as well as antenna modules based on using those mmWave semiconductor devices. We have pioneered a high-volume mmWave IC production test methodology using standard, low-cost production test equipment. It has taken us several years to refine performance of this production test methodology, and we believe this places us in a leadership position in addressing the operational challenges of delivering mmWave products into high-volume markets. We also produce and sell complete mmWave antenna modules. The primary advantage provided by our antenna modules is that our proprietary mmWave ICs and the antenna are integrated into a single device. A differentiating characteristic of mmWave technology is that the RF amplifiers must be as close as possible to the antenna to minimize loss. With our module, we can guarantee the performance of the amplifier/antenna interface and simplify customers’ radio frequency (“RF”) engineering, facilitating more opportunities for customer prospects that have not provided RF-type systems, as well as shortening the time to market for new products.

We also had a memory product line comprising our Bandwidth Engine IC products. These products integrate our proprietary, 1T-SRAM high-density embedded memory and a highly-efficient serial interface protocol resulting in a monolithic memory IC solution optimized for memory bandwidth and transaction access performance. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation, or TSMC, is the sole foundry that manufactures the wafers used to produce our memory IC products. TSMC informed us that it would be discontinuing the foundry process used to produce wafers, in turn, necessary to manufacture our memory ICs. As a result, in May 2023, we initiated an end-of-life, or EOL, of our memory IC products, and we commenced initial EOL shipments during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we had remaining EOL purchase orders totaling approximately $2.3 million, and we expect to ship all of these orders by March 2025. We do not expect any further shipments or to generate any revenue from shipments of our memory IC products after March 2025.

We incurred net losses of approximately $10.7 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $177.1 million as of December 31, 2024. These and prior year losses have resulted in significant negative cash flows and historically have required us to raise substantial amounts of additional capital. As discussed below, this raises significant doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We will need to increase revenues substantially beyond levels that we have attained in the past in order to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows to continue doing business without raising additional capital from time to time.

Recent Developments 

ATM Offering

On August 30, 2024, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (“Ladenburg”) with respect to an “at the market” offering program, under which we may, from time to time, in our sole discretion, issue and sell through Ladenburg, acting as agent or principal, shares of our common stock initially having an aggregate offering price of up to $1,425,000. After selling $169,215 of shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement, on December 10, 2024, we increased the maximum aggregate offering amount of common stock issuable pursuant to the Sales Agreement to $2,693,527. The Sales Agreement provides that Ladenburg will be entitled to compensation for its services equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from sales of any shares of common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement in addition to the reimbursement of certain expenses. We have no obligation to sell any shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement and either we or Ladenburg may terminate the Sales Agreement in accordance with its terms. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, we sold 153,200 shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $186,500 pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

The shares of common stock we may issue or sell pursuant to the Sales Agreement are registered under our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-280798), which was declared effective by the SEC on July 22, 2024. We are currently subject to the limitations contained in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3. As a result, we are limited to selling no more than one-third of the aggregate market value of the equity held by non-affiliates, or the public float, during any 12-month period. If our public float increases, we will have additional availability under such limitations, and if our public float increases to $75 million or more, we will no longer be subject to such limitations. There can be no assurance that our public float will increase or that we will no longer be subject to such limitations.

Warrant Inducement Offering

On August 6, 2024, we extended the expiration date of our outstanding Series B warrants, which were issued in a public offering completed in February 2024, to October 7, 2024, by entering into an amendment to the Warrant Agency Agreement dated as of February 8, 2024 by and between us and the warrant agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (the Warrant Agency Agreement). On October 3, 2024, we extended the expiration date of the Series B warrants to November 8, 2024, by entering into a second amendment to the Warrant Agency Agreement. The Series B warrants would otherwise have expired on October 7, 2024. See Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information about the Series B warrants and the offering. On November 5, 2024, we entered into inducement offer letter agreements (the “Inducement Letters”) with certain holders (the “Holders”) of existing Series B warrants (the “Existing Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,246,030 shares of the Company’s common stock, having an original exercise price of $2.25 per share, issued to the Holders on February 8, 2024 in the offering (see Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements). Pursuant to the Inducement Letters, the Holders agreed to exercise for cash their Existing Warrants at a reduced exercise price of $1.30 per share (the “Reduced Exercised Price”) for gross proceeds of approximately $2.92 million in consideration for the Company’s agreement to issue in a private placement (i) new Series C common stock purchase warrants (the “Series C Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,246,030 shares of common stock, and (ii) new Series D common stock purchase warrants (the “Series D Warrants,” and collectively with the Series C Warrants, the “New Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,246,030 shares of common stock. Each New Warrant has an exercise price equal to $1.61 per share, subject to adjustment as provided in the New Warrants. The Series C Warrants were exercisable upon issuance and expire on the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance. The Series D Warrants were exercisable upon issuance and expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance. During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, we received net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million from the warrant inducement offering.

World Unrest 

World unrest due to wars and terrorist attacks have led to economic disruptions. Mounting inflationary cost pressures and recessionary fears have negatively impacted the global economy. Since mid-2022, at times, the U.S. Federal Reserve has addressed elevated inflation by increasing interest rates. Market conditions may prevent us from accessing the capital markets, and additional capital may only be available to us on terms that could be significantly detrimental to our existing stockholders and to our business.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis we make these estimates based on our historical experience and on assumptions that we consider reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates and reported results could differ under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are disclosed in Note 1 of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included elsewhere in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and its amendments (ASC 606). As described below, the analysis of contracts under ASC 606 supports the recognition of revenue at a point in time, resulting in revenue recognition timing that is materially consistent with our historical practice of recognizing product revenue when title and risk of loss pass to the customer.

We generate revenue primarily from sales of integrated circuits and module products, performance of engineering services and licensing of its intellectual property. Revenues are recognized when control is transferred to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied.

Product revenue

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when title and risk of loss have been transferred to the customer, generally at the time of shipment of products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated, formula, list or fixed price. We sell our products both directly to customers and through distributors generally under agreements with payment terms typically 60 days or less.

We may record an estimated allowance, at the time of shipment, for future returns and other charges against revenue consistent with the terms of sale.

Royalty and other

Our licensing contracts typically provide for royalties based on the licensee’s use of our memory technology in its currently shipping commercial products. We estimate its royalty revenue in the calendar quarter in which the licensee uses the licensed technology. Payments are received in the subsequent quarter. We also generate revenue from licensing its technology. We recognize License fee as revenue at the point of time when the control of the license has been transferred and we have no continuing performance obligations to the customer.

Engineering services revenue

Engineering and development contracts with customers generally contain a single performance obligation that is delivered over time. Revenue is recognized using an output method that is consistent with the satisfaction of the performance obligation as a measure of progress.

Contract liabilities - deferred revenue

Our contract liabilities consist of advance customer payments and deferred revenue. We classify advance customer payments and deferred revenue as current or non-current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, contract liabilities were in a current position and included in deferred revenue.

Deferred tax valuation allowance

When we prepare our consolidated financial statements, we estimate our income tax liability for each of the various jurisdictions where we conduct business. This requires us to estimate our actual current tax exposure and to assess temporary differences that result from differing treatment of certain items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets, which we show on our consolidated balance sheet under the category of other assets. The net deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based upon weighted available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We must make significant judgments to determine our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance to be recorded against our net deferred tax asset. We believe that utilization of our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, which comprise the majority of our deferred tax assets, may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this report for an additional description of these limitations.

Derivatives and liability-classified instruments

We account for common stock warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the specific terms of the warrants and the guidance provided by FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (ASC 480) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (ASC 815). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to our stock and whether the holders of the warrants could potentially require net cash settlement in a circumstance outside of our control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

Stock-based compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation for equity awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, usually the vesting period, based on the grant-date fair value. We estimate the value of employee stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, the expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. The fair value of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and performance-based restricted stock units is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Results of Operations

Net Revenue

The following table details revenue by product category:

Product revenue increased for 2024 compared with 2023 primarily due to the increase in shipments of our memory IC products due to the EOL we initiated in 2023. The increase in memory shipments was partially offset by a decrease in shipments of our mmWave products.

We expect sales of our mmWave products to increase from a volume and revenue perspective over the next 12 months, as we expect i) an increase in orders from existing customers, which appear to have reduced inventory levels that had increased due to the worldwide inventory correction and ii) new customers to commence production during 2025.

Royalty and other revenue includes royalty, non-recurring engineering services and license revenues. The decrease in royalty and other revenue for 2024 compared with 2023 was due to a decrease in non-recurring engineering services revenue related to our mmWave technology combined with a decrease in royalties from licensees of our memory technology, which were impacted by the same factors that produced our EOL.

Cost of Net Revenue and Gross Profit

Cost of net revenue is primarily comprised of direct and indirect costs related to the sale of our products, including amortization of certain intangible assets and depreciation of production-related fixed assets.

Cost of net revenue decreased for 2024 compared with 2023, primarily due to product mix, as sales of our memory IC products increased, and a reduction in inventory write-down charges. Our memory products generate higher margins than our mmWave products, for which we experienced reduced sales during 2024. Inventory write-down charges declined by $3.1 million from $3.5 million recorded in 2023 to $0.4 million recorded in 2024. The write-downs were primarily attributable to inventory identified as excess and obsolete based on inventory expiration and customer forecasts. If our utilization of inventory is, or if our estimates of our inventory’s potential utility become, less favorable than currently expected, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

Gross profit increased for 2024 compared with 2023 primarily due to product mix, specifically the increase in memory IC shipments and reduction in mmWave product shipments combined with a $3.1 million decrease in inventory write-down charges in 2024 compared with 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded revenue of approximately $139,000 from inventory that had been written down in prior periods.

Research and Development (R&D)

Our R&D expenses include costs related to the development of our products. We expense R&D costs as they are incurred.

The decrease for 2024 compared with 2023 was primarily due to reduced salary and consulting costs. During 2023 and 2024 we implemented workforce reductions, as well as targeted reductions in certain longer-term research and development projects.

We expect that total R&D expenses will increase during 2025 compared with 2024, as a result of continued development of our mmWave products and headcount additions to support anticipated increased customer activity.

Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A)

Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses consist primarily of personnel and related overhead costs for sales, marketing, finance, human resources and general management and amortization of certain intangible assets.

The increase for 2024 compared with 2023 was primarily attributable to increased consulting and professional services costs and increased amortization of purchased intangible assets for customer relationships, as we reduced the estimated life of these intangibles during 2023. These increases were partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions initiated in 2023, including the elimination of certain employee and consulting positions and reductions of other discretionary operating expenses during 2023.

We expect that total SG&A expense will remain flat or slightly increase during 2025 compared with 2024 as we continue to secure new customers for and continue to invest in the development of our products.

Severance and Software License Obligations

In November 2023, we implemented an employee lay-off and terminated certain consulting positions (the “Reductions”) to reduce operating expenses and cash burn, as we prioritized business activities and projects that we believe will have a higher return on investment. As part of the Reductions, we implemented a temporary lay-off that impacted 16 employees (the “Employees”) of Peraso Tech. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we determined that we would not recall any of the 11 Employees that remained on our payroll and commenced notifying the remaining Employees that their employment would be terminated. As a result, we recorded severance charges of approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

As a result of the decision to not recall the Employees, we determined that it was probable that a number of our non-cancelable licenses for computer-aided design software would not be utilized during the remaining license terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we expensed $1.6 million for the value of the remaining contractual liabilities.

Gain on license and asset sale

On August 5, 2022, we entered into a Technology License and Patent Assignment Agreement (the Intel Agreement) with Intel Corporation (Intel). As consideration, Intel paid us $3,062,500 in August 2022 and $437,500 (the Holdback) in January 2023 upon the satisfaction by us of certain release criteria set forth in the Intel Agreement regarding the Licensed Technology. We determined that the license and asset sale did not qualify as a sale of a business, but as a sale of a non-financial asset, with the resultant gain recorded as income from operations.  In January 2023, upon receipt of the Holdback, we recognized a gain, net of transaction costs, which was recorded as a reduction of operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources; Changes in Financial Condition

At December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $3.3 million compared with cash, cash equivalents and investments of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023.

In 2024, we used $4.6 million in cash from operating activities, which primarily resulted from our net loss of $10.7 million, adjusted for non-cash charges and gains, including stock-based compensation expenses of $3.6 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of $3.9 million and $0.4 million in inventory write-downs, partially offset by a $1.7 million non-cash gain on the change in fair value of warrant liabilities and $0.1 million of changes to operating assets and liabilities.

In 2023, we used $4.7 million in cash from operating activities, which primarily resulted from our net loss of $16.8 million and changes to operating assets and liabilities of approximately $2.8 million, adjusted for non-cash charges and gains, including stock-based compensation expenses of $5.2 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of $3.8 million, $3.6 million in inventory write-downs and $0.3 million of asset impairment charges, partially offset by a $3.5 million non-cash gain on the change in fair value of warrant liability and $0.1 million of other changes. The changes in assets and liabilities primarily related to the timing of the collection of receivables from customers, payments to vendors and increases in inventory balances.

In 2024, no cash was provided by or used in investing activities.

In 2023, net cash provided from investing activities of $1.0 million represented $1.1 million of proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments, partially offset by $0.1 million of purchases of fixed assets.

In 2024, net cash provided by financing activities of $6.3 million primarily comprised $3.5 million in net proceeds from a public offering of our common stock and common stock purchase warrants in February 2024, $2.6 million in net proceeds from a warrant inducement offering in November 2024, a $0.1 million sale of unregistered stock, and $0.3 million of net proceeds from sales under our at-the market offering program. The proceeds were partially offset by $0.1 million of repayments of finance lease liabilities.

In 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $3.4 million and consisted of $3.6 million in net proceeds from a registered direct offering of our common stock and common stock purchase warrants completed in June 2023, partially offset by taxes paid to net share settle equity awards and repayment of finance lease liabilities.

Our future liquidity and capital requirements are expected to vary from quarter-to-quarter, depending on numerous factors, including:

Purchase Obligations

Our primary purchase obligations include non-cancelable purchase orders for inventory. At December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding non-cancelable purchase orders for inventory, primarily wafers and substrates, and related expenditures of approximately $3.1 million.

Going Concern - Working Capital

We incurred net losses of approximately $10.7 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $177.1 million as of December 31, 2024. These and prior year losses have resulted in significant negative cash flows and have required us to raise substantial amounts of additional capital. To date, we have primarily financed our operations through loans, offerings of common stock and warrants and issuances of convertible notes.

We expect to continue to incur operating losses during 2025, as we will cease shipments of our memory products after March 2025 and continue to secure new customers for and continue to invest in the development of our products. Further, we expect our cash expenditures to continue to exceed receipts for at least the next 12 months, as our revenues will not be sufficient to offset our operating expenses. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 will enable us to meet our capital needs through at least the second quarter of 2025.

We will need to increase revenues beyond the levels that we have attained in the past in order to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows to continue doing business without raising additional capital from time to time. As a result of our expected operating losses and cash burn and recurring losses from operations, if we are unable to raise sufficient capital through additional debt or equity arrangements, there will be uncertainty regarding our ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate our business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements presented in Item 8 of this Report have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. There can be no assurance that such additional capital, whether in the form of debt or equity financing, will be sufficient or available and, if available, that such capital will be offered on terms and conditions acceptable to us. We are currently seeking additional financing in order to meet our cash requirements for the foreseeable future. If we are unsuccessful in these efforts, we will need to implement additional cost reduction strategies, which could further affect its near- and long-term business plan. These efforts may include, but are not limited to, reducing headcount and curtailing business activities. As further discussed in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements, in November 2024, we entered into a warrant inducement offering for net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million. Additionally, on August 30, 2024, we entered into the Sales Agreement with Ladenburg, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock through Ladenburg as agent and/or principal (subject to the limitations of General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) through an at-the-market program. Further, during 2023 and 2024, we implemented reductions in our workforce and eliminated 19 full-time equivalent positions. These cost reduction actions were intended to preserve cash, as we kept capital expenditures to minimum levels in order to reduce operating costs and our short-term cash needs.

If we were to raise additional capital through sales of our equity securities, our stockholders would suffer dilution of their equity ownership. If we engage in debt financing, we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, prohibit us from paying dividends, repurchasing our stock or making investments, and force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios, any of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our ability to execute our business strategy and may force us to curtail our existing operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements or obligations that are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.

Indemnifications

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements under which we may agree to indemnify the counter-party from losses relating to a breach of representations and warranties, a failure to perform certain covenants, or claims and losses arising from certain external events as outlined within the contract, which may include, for example, losses arising from litigation or claims relating to past performance. Such indemnification clauses may not be subject to maximum loss clauses. We have also entered into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors. No material amounts related to these indemnifications are reflected in our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Reference is made to the consolidated financial statements listed under the heading (a) (1) Consolidated Financial Statements and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm of Item 15, which consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in response to this Item 8.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The names of our directors and certain information about each of them are set forth below.

The principal occupations and positions for at least the past five years of our directors are described below. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Ronald Glibbery. Mr. Glibbery was appointed as our chief executive officer and to our board of directors in December 2021. He founded Peraso Technologies Inc. (Peraso Tech) in 2008 and served as its chief executive officer. In June 2020, Peraso Tech applied for and obtained an order under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (the CCAA), providing certain relief. Pursuant to the Initial Order issued by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Commercial List) (the Court), Ernst & Young Inc. was appointed as the Monitor of Peraso Tech. In addition, the Monitor, in its capacity as Foreign Representative, filed a voluntary petition in the United States under Chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, seeking recognition of the CCAA proceeding. In October 2020, the Court granted an order authorizing the termination of Peraso Tech’s CCAA proceedings upon the completion of certain defined steps. In December 2020, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York issued an Order that: (i) recognized and gave full force and effect in the United States to the Court’s order approving the Settlement Agreement; and (ii) terminated the Chapter 15 Proceedings. Mr. Glibbery has over 25 years of experience in the semiconductor industry. Prior to co-founding Peraso Tech, Mr. Glibbery held executive positions at Kleer Semiconductor, a fabless semiconductor company focused on wireless audio technology and Intellon Corporation (Intellon), a pioneer and leader in the development of semiconductor devices used for powerline communications. He has held other executive roles at Cogency Semiconductor, LSI Logic Canada, Inc. and LSI Logic Corporation. Mr. Glibbery holds a B.E.Sc. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Western Ontario.

We believe that Mr. Glibbery’s qualifications to serve on the board of directors include his service as an officer of ours and his extensive general management and technical expertise in the semiconductor industry, as well as his experience as a chief executive officer.

Daniel Lewis. Mr. Lewis, who is currently retired, has served as a member of the board of directors since September 2017. He served as our Vice President, General Manager of Memory Products from April 2022 until his retirement in December 2022. Mr. Lewis previously served as our President from August 2018 until April 2022 and chief executive officer from August 2018 until the business combination with Peraso Tech in December 2021. Before joining MoSys, Mr. Lewis served as the managing member and an owner of GMS Manufacturing Solution LLC, a firm focused on providing engineering services to manufacturing companies. He previously held various executive and leadership roles at View Box Group, Xicor, Integrated Device Technology, Accelerant Networks, Intel Corporation, Zilog and Digital Equipment Corporation. Mr. Lewis holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan. We believe that Mr. Lewis’s qualifications to serve on the board of directors include his service as an officer of ours and his extensive business experience, having held senior management positions at several companies in the semiconductor, computer and networking industries, which brings strategic and operational insight to the board of directors.

Ian McWalter. Dr. McWalter, who is currently retired, was appointed to our board of directors in December 2021. From 2006 to 2024, he served as a member of the board of directors for Evertz Technologies Limited, a TSX-listed manufacturer of video and audio infrastructure solutions for television, telecom and new-media industries. From 2010 to 2023, Dr. McWalter served as chairman of the board of directors of GaN Systems, a developer of power semiconductors, which was acquired by Infineon Technologies AG in 2023. Dr. McWalter served as the president and chief executive officer of CMC Microsystems from 2007 until 2018. Prior to this role, Dr. McWalter was chief executive officer of Toumaz Technology. Before joining Toumaz, Dr. McWalter spent 15 years at Gennum Corporation, including five years as president and chief executive officer from 2000 to 2005. Previously, he held management and technical positions at Bell Northern Research Ltd., the research and development arm of Northern Telecom and Bell Canada, and Plessey Semiconductors. Dr. McWalter was awarded a B.Sc. in physics and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, England. We believe that Dr. McWalter’s qualifications to serve on the board of directors include his extensive general management and technical expertise in the semiconductor industry, as well as his experience as a chief executive officer and his experience serving as a director on public-company boards of directors.

Andreas Melder. Mr. Melder was appointed to our board of directors in December 2021. He is a veteran technology executive in the semiconductor, communications and consumer electronics industries. In January 2022, Mr. Melder co-founded Cercle.ai, an AI technology company focused on advancing healthcare for women,and currently serves on its board of directors. Previously, he served as vice president of business development at Gigle Networks, which was acquired in 2011 by Broadcom, where he continued to serve in executive marketing roles. Prior to Broadcom, Mr. Melder served as senior vice president of sales, marketing and business development for Intellon, which was acquired by Atheros Communications, Inc., which was subsequently acquired by Qualcomm Inc. (Qualcomm), and held similar positions with Atheros and Qualcomm. Previously, he was founder and vice president of marketing and business development for Microtune, a designer of RF integrated circuits and subsystem modules, which was acquired by Zoran Semiconductor, and vice president of sales and marketing for Tripath, an audio controller company acquired by Etelos. Additionally, Mr. Melder was a senior executive for companies that were acquired by Broadcom, Cirrus Logic and RFMD. Mr. Melder earned a B.S. in Electrical Engineering/Business from Carnegie-Mellon University and a M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Operations Research from Southern Methodist University. We believe that Mr. Melder’s qualifications to serve on the board of directors include his extensive business experience, having held senior management positions at several companies in the semiconductor, computer and networking industries. Additionally, he brings additional operational, and fund-raising expertise, and business development, mergers and acquisitions and public markets experience.

Robert Y. Newell. Mr. Newell has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2018 and is currently a consultant and advisor to emerging technology and healthcare companies. He has held financial management positions for companies in Silicon Valley for over 25 years. From 2003 to 2018, Mr. Newell was chief financial officer of Dextera Surgical, Inc. (Dextera) a developer of advanced surgical stapling and medical devices. In December 2017, after entering into an agreement to sell substantially all of its assets, Dextera filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. He served on the board of directors of ARI Network Services, a leading publicly traded supplier of SaaS and data as a service solutions. Previously, Mr. Newell served as chief financial officer of Omnicell, an automated medication and hospital supply management company, and prior to 2000, he held executive positions with the Beta Group and Cardiometrics. Prior to his business career, he was a pilot in the United States Air Force. Mr. Newell holds a B.A. in mathematics from the College of William & Mary and an MBA from Harvard Business School. We believe that Mr. Newell’s qualifications to serve on the board of directors include his substantial financial and public-company experience, as he has served as chief financial officer at multiple medical device and other technology companies. He also has previous experience serving as a director on public-company boards of directors.

The names of our executive officers and certain information about them are set forth either above or below, as the case may be:

James Sullivan. Mr. Sullivan has served as our chief financial officer since January 2008. From July 2006 until January 2008, Mr. Sullivan served as Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer at Apptera, Inc., a venture-backed company providing software for mobile advertising, search and commerce. From July 2002 until June 2006, Mr. Sullivan was the chief financial officer at 8x8, Inc., a publicly-traded SAAS provider of VoIP and unified communication solutions. Mr. Sullivan’s prior experience includes various positions at 8x8, Inc. and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from New York University and is a certified public accountant.

Bradley Lynch. Mr. Lynch has served as chief operating officer since December 2021. He co-founded Peraso Tech in 2009 and served as executive vice president of engineering and operations. In June 2020, Peraso Tech applied for and obtained an order under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (the CCAA), providing certain relief. Pursuant to the Initial Order issued by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Commercial List) (the Court), Ernst & Young Inc. was appointed as the Monitor of Peraso Tech. In addition, the Monitor, in its capacity as Foreign Representative, filed a voluntary petition in the United States under Chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, seeking recognition of the CCAA proceeding. In October 2020, the Court granted an order authorizing the termination of Peraso Tech’s CCAA proceedings upon the completion of certain defined steps. In December 2020, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York issued an Order that: (i) recognized and gave full force and effect in the United States to the Court’s order approving the Settlement Agreement; and (ii) terminated the Chapter 15 Proceedings. Prior to founding Peraso Tech, Mr. Lynch worked as a system architect at Kleer Semiconductor, a fabless company focused on wireless audio technology. Before Kleer, he was director of software engineering at Intellon Corporation, a pioneer and leader in the development of semiconductor devices used for powerline communications. Previously, Mr. Lynch held various technical roles at Cogency Semiconductor and Power Trunk. Mr. Lynch holds a B.A.Sc in Computer Engineering from the University of Waterloo.

Mark Lunsford. Mr. Lunsford was appointed as our chief revenue officer in October 2022. Prior to joining Peraso, Mr. Lunsford held numerous positions of responsibility with companies in the semiconductor industry. From 1988 to 1999, he worked for Asia Pacific at Monolithic Memories, where he served in multiple roles, including vice president of sales for the Americas and director of marketing. From 1999 to 2001, Mr. Lunsford was the vice president of worldwide sales and director of business development at Pivotal Technologies. In 2001, and for a period of eight years, he served as vice president of worldwide sales at Micrel Semiconductor. From 2009 to 2013, he worked at NXP, where he served as vice president of sales and marketing for the Americas. In 2013, and for a period of six years, he served as the executive vice president of worldwide sales at SiTime Inc., a provider of MEMS-based timing devices. From January 2019 until April 2020, he provided consulting services for a range of high-technology businesses. Finally, he served as the vice president of global sales at Chasm Advanced Materials, a provider of carbon nano tube based product solutions, from November 2020 until April 2022. Mr. Lunsford holds a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California at Davis.

Alexander Tomkins. Mr. Tomkins has served as our chief technology officer since December 2021. He co-founded Peraso Tech in 2009 and served as its chief technology officer. In June 2020, Peraso Tech applied for and obtained an order under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (the CCAA), providing certain relief. Pursuant to the Initial Order issued by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Commercial List), Ernst & Young Inc. was appointed as the Monitor of Peraso Tech. In addition, the Monitor, in its capacity as Foreign Representative, filed a voluntary petition in the United States under Chapter 15 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, seeking recognition of the CCAA proceeding. In October 2020, the Court granted an order authorizing the termination of Peraso Tech’s CCAA proceedings upon the completion of certain defined steps. In December 2020, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York issued an Order that: (i) recognized and gave full force and effect in the United States to the Court’s order approving the Settlement Agreement; and (ii) terminated the Chapter 15 Proceedings. Mr. Tomkins holds a Masters of Applied Science from the University of Toronto and a B.S. in Engineering Physics from Carleton University. He also attended the University of Toronto as a doctoral candidate in Applied Science.

Audit Committee

Our board of directors established the Audit Committee for the purpose of overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of our financial statements. The Audit Committee also is charged with reviewing reports regarding violations of our code of ethics and complaints with respect thereto, and internal control violations under our whistleblower policy are directed to the members of the Audit Committee. The responsibilities of our Audit Committee are described in the Audit Committee Charter adopted by our board of directors, a current copy of which can be found on the investors section of our website, www.perasoinc.com.

Ian McWalter, Andreas Melder and Robert Y. Newell are the current members of the Audit Committee. All are independent, as determined in accordance with Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Mr. Newell serves as the chair and has been designated by the board of directors as the “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. That status does not impose duties, liabilities or obligations that are greater than the duties, liabilities or obligations otherwise imposed on him as a member of the Audit Committee and the board of directors, however. The Audit Committee has delegated authority to Mr. Newell for review and pre-approval of services proposed to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. 

Compensation Committee

Ian McWalter, Andreas Melder and Robert Y. Newell are the current members of the Compensation Committee, and Dr. McWalter serves as the chair. The Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing, recommending and approving our compensation policies and benefits, including the compensation of all of our executive officers and directors. Our Compensation Committee also has the principal responsibility for the administration of our equity plans. The responsibilities of our Compensation Committee are described in the Compensation Committee Charter adopted by our board of directors, a current copy of which can be found on the investors section of our website, www.perasoinc.com.

Nominations Process

We do not have a nominating committee, as we are a small company and currently only have five directors. Instead of having such a committee, historically, our board of directors has appointed all of the independent directors on our board to search for and evaluate qualified individuals to become nominees for director and board committee members. The independent directors recommend candidates for nomination for election or reelection at each annual meeting of stockholders and, as necessary, to fill vacancies and newly created directorships, and evaluate candidates for appointment to and removal from committees. The independent directors operate in this capacity under authority granted by resolution of the board of directors, rather than by charter.

When new candidates for our board of directors are sought, the independent directors evaluate each candidate for nomination as a director within the context of the needs and the composition of the board of directors as a whole. The independent directors conduct any appropriate and necessary inquiries into the backgrounds and qualifications of candidates. When evaluating director nominees, our board of directors generally seeks to identify individuals with diverse, yet complementary business backgrounds. Although we have no formal policy regarding diversity, our directors consider both the personal characteristics and experience of director nominees, including each nominee’s independence, diversity, age, skills, expertise, time availability and industry background in the context of the needs of the board of directors and the Company. The board of directors believes that director nominees should exhibit proven leadership capabilities and experience at a high level of responsibility within their chosen fields and must have the experience and ability to analyze the complex business issues facing us, and specifically, the issues inherent in the semiconductor industry. In addition to business expertise, the board of directors requires that director nominees have the highest personal and professional ethics, integrity and values and, above all, are committed to representing the long-term interests of our stockholders and other stakeholders. To date, we have not paid any fee to a third party to assist in the process of identifying or evaluating director candidates. Our independent directors will consider candidates for nomination as director who are recommended by a stockholder and will not evaluate any candidate for nomination for director differently because the candidate was recommended by a stockholder. To date, we have not received or rejected any suggestions for a director candidate recommended by any stockholder or group of stockholders owning more than 5% of our common stock. The recommendation must include the information specified in our bylaws for stockholder nominees to be considered at an annual meeting, including the following:

The information listed above is not a complete list of the information required by our bylaws. The secretary will forward any timely recommendations containing the required information to our independent directors for consideration.

Board of Directors Leadership Structure

Our bylaws provide the board of directors with flexibility to combine or separate the positions of chair of the board of directors and chief executive officer in accordance with its determination that utilizing one or the other structure is in the best interests of our company. Currently, the board of directors has not appointed a chair or lead independent director. From time to time, each of the independent directors works with our chief executive officer to perform a variety of functions related to our corporate governance, including coordinating activities of the board of directors, setting the agenda for meetings (in consultation with our chief executive officer, as necessary or appropriate) and ensuring adequate communication between the board of directors and management. Our Audit Committee oversees critical matters such as our relationship with our auditors, our financial reporting practices, system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Our Compensation Committee oversees our executive compensation program. Each of these committees consists entirely of independent directors.

Risk Oversight

The board of directors is actively involved in the oversight of risks — including strategic, credit, liquidity, operational and other risks — which could affect our business. The board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee and administers this oversight function directly through the board of directors as a whole and through its committees, which oversee risks relevant to their respective functions. For example, in addition to the oversight matters described in the preceding paragraph, the Audit Committee also assists the board of directors in its risk oversight function by reviewing and discussing with management our compliance with accounting principles and the treasury function, including management of our cash and investments. The Compensation Committee assists the board of directors in its risk oversight function by considering risks relating to the design of our executive compensation programs and arrangements and employee benefit plans. The full board of directors considers strategic risks and opportunities and receives reports from the committees regarding risk oversight in their areas of responsibility as necessary. The board of directors and each committee administers its respective risk oversight function by evaluating management’s monitoring, assessment and management of risks, including steps taken to limit our exposure to known risks, through regular interaction with our senior management and in board and committee deliberations that are closed to members of management. The interaction with management occurs not only at formal board and committee meetings but also periodically through other written and oral communications.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

During 2024, none of our executive officers served as a member of the board of directors or Compensation Committee of any entity that had one or more of its executive officers serving as a member of our board of directors or Compensation Committee. Dr. McWalter and Messrs. Melder and Newell, the members of the Compensation Committee, were not officers or employees of ours during 2024 or at any other time.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of common stock and other equity securities of ours. Directors, executive officers and greater than 10% holders are required by SEC regulation to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file. Based solely on our review of Forms 3 and 4 filed during 2024 (and any written representations to us by such persons), we believe that all directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders complied with all applicable Section 16(a) filing requirements during 2024, except that Alexander Tomkins failed to timely file a Form 4 in June 2024 to report an open-market purchase of our common stock.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees and directors. The code of ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote, among other things, honest and ethical conduct, full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosures in reports and documents submitted to the SEC and other public communications, compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations, the prompt internal reporting of violations of the code to an appropriate person or persons identified in the code and accountability for adherence to such code.

The code of ethics is available on our website, www.perasoinc.com. If we make any substantive amendments to the code of ethics or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code to our chief executive officer or chief financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, where such amendment or waiver is required to be disclosed under applicable SEC rules, we intend to disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website.

Insider Trading Policy, Employee, Officer, and Director Hedging

We have adopted an insider trading policy that governs the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by directors, officers, employees and other covered persons, which policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the Nasdaq listing standards applicable to us. As part of this policy, we prohibit all directors, officers or other employees from engaging in any short sales of our securities, transactions in puts, calls or other derivative securities on an exchange or in any other organized market and hedging transactions. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Overview of Compensation Program

The Compensation Committee of the board of directors has responsibility for establishing, implementing and monitoring adherence to our compensation philosophy. The board of directors has delegated to the Compensation Committee the responsibility for determining our compensation policies and procedures for senior management, including the named executive officers, periodically reviewing these policies and procedures, and making recommendations concerning executive compensation to be considered by the full board of directors, when such approval is required under any of our plans or policies or by applicable laws.

The compensation received by our named executive officers is set forth in the Summary Compensation Table, below. For 2024, our named executive officers included Ronald Glibbery, our chief executive officer, James Sullivan, our chief financial officer and secretary, Bradley Lynch, our chief operating officer, and Mark Lunsford, our chief revenue officer.

Compensation Philosophy

In general, our executive compensation policies are designed to recruit, retain and motivate qualified executives by providing them with a competitive total compensation package based in large part on the executive’s contribution to our financial and operational success, the executive’s personal performance and increases in stockholder value, as measured by the price of our common stock. We believe that the total compensation paid to our executives should be fair, reasonable and competitive.

We seek to have a balanced approach to executive compensation with each primary element of compensation (base salary, variable compensation and equity incentives) designed to play a specific role. Overall, we design our compensation programs to allow for the recruitment, retention and motivation of the key executives and high-level talent required in order for us to:

Role of Executive Officers in Compensation Decisions

The chief executive officer (the “CEO”) makes recommendations for equity and non-equity compensation for executives to be approved by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee reviews these guidelines annually. The CEO annually reviews the performance of our executives (other than himself) and presents his recommendations for proposed salary adjustments, bonuses and equity awards to the Compensation Committee once a year. In its discretion, the Compensation Committee may accept, modify or reject the CEO’s recommendations. The Compensation Committee evaluates the compensation of the CEO on its own without the participation or involvement of the CEO. Only the Compensation Committee and the board of directors are authorized to approve the compensation for any named executive officer. Compensation of new executives is based on hiring negotiations between the individuals and our CEO and/or Compensation Committee.

Elements of Compensation

Consistent with our compensation philosophy and objectives, we offer executive compensation packages consisting of the following three components:

In each fiscal year, the Compensation Committee determines the amount and relative weighting of each component for all executives, including the named executive officers. Base salaries are paid in fixed amounts and thus do not encourage risk taking. Our widespread use of long-term compensation, consisting of stock options and restricted stock units (the “RSUs”), focuses recipients on the achievement of our longer-term goals and conserves cash for other operating expenses. For example, the RSUs granted to our executives generally vest in increments over 36 months, while stock options granted to our executives generally vest over 36 months from the date of grant. The Compensation Committee does not believe that these awards encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking because the ultimate value of the awards is tied to our stock price, and the use of multi-year vesting schedules helps to align our employees’ interests even more closely with those of our long-term investors.

Base Salary

Because our compensation philosophy stresses performance-based awards, base salary is intended to be a smaller portion of total executive compensation relative to long-term equity. The Compensation Committee takes into account the executive’s scope of responsibility and significance to the execution of our long-term strategy, past accomplishments, experience and personal performance and compares each executive’s base salary with those of the other members of senior management. The Compensation Committee may give different weighting to each of these factors for each executive, as it deems appropriate. The Compensation Committee did not retain a compensation consultant or determine a compensation peer group for 2024. 

There were no changes to the annual base salaries of our executive officers in 2024.

Annual Incentive Compensation

There were no changes to the incentive compensation targets for our named executive officers in 2024.

Equity Awards

Although we do not have a mandated policy regarding the ownership of shares of common stock by officers and directors, we believe that granting equity awards to executives and other key employees on an ongoing basis gives them a strong incentive to maximize stockholder value and aligns their interests with those of our other stockholders on a long-term basis. Our Amended and Restated Peraso Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2019 Plan”), which was approved by our stockholders and became effective in August 2019, enables us to grant equity awards, as well as other types of stock-based compensation, to our executive officers and other employees. The Compensation Committee reviews and approves all equity awards granted under the 2019 Plan to the named executive officers. We grant equity awards to achieve retention and motivation:

With the Compensation Committee’s approval, we grant equity awards to acquire shares of common stock when we initially hire executives and other employees, as a long-term performance incentive. The Compensation Committee has determined the size of the initial equity awards to newly hired executives with reference to equity awards held by existing executives, the percentage that such award represents of our total shares outstanding and hiring negotiations with the individual. In addition, the Compensation Committee would consider other relevant information regarding the size and type of compensation package considered necessary to enable us to recruit, retain and motivate the executive.

Typically, when we hire an executive, the equity awards vest over a three-year period. The options granted to executives in connection with annual performance reviews typically vest monthly over a three-year period, and RSUs granted typically vest over a period of three years, as the Compensation Committee may decide. As matters of policy and practice, we grant stock options with an exercise price equal to fair market value, although the 2019 Plan allows us to use a different exercise price. In determining fair market value, we use the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq on the grant date.

Historically, no executive has been eligible for an annual performance grant until the employee has been employed for at least six months. Annual performance reviews are generally conducted in the first half of each fiscal year. Our CEO conducts the performance review of all other executives, and he makes his recommendations to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee also reviews the CEO’s annual performance and determines whether he should receive additional equity awards. Aside from equity award grants in connection with annual performance reviews, we do not have a policy of granting additional awards to executives during the year. The board of directors and Compensation Committee have not adopted a policy with respect to setting the dates of award grants relative to the timing of the release of material non-public information. Our policy with respect to prohibiting insider trading restricts sales of shares during specified black-out periods, including at all times that our insiders are considered to possess material non-public information.

In determining the size of equity awards in connection with the annual performance reviews of our executives, the Compensation Committee takes into account the executive’s current position with and responsibilities to us, and current and past equity awards to the executive.

During 2024, we did not grant equity awards to any of our named executive officers.

Going forward, we intend to continue to evaluate and consider equity grants to our executives on an annual basis. We expect to consider potential equity awards for executives at the same time as we annually review our employees’ performance and determine whether to award grants for all employees.

Accounting and Tax Considerations

Our Compensation Committee has reviewed the impact of tax and accounting treatment on the various components of our executive compensation program. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended (the “Code”), generally disallows a tax deduction to publicly-held companies for compensation paid to “covered” executive officers, to the extent that compensation paid to such an officer exceeds $1 million during the taxable year. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act repealed the performance-based exception to the deduction limit for remuneration that is deductible in tax years commencing after December 31, 2017. However, certain remuneration is specifically exempt from the deduction limit under a transition rule to the extent that it is “performance-based,” as defined in Section 162(m) of the Code, and subject to a “written binding contract” in effect as of November 2, 2017 that is not later modified in any material respect. We endeavor to award compensation that will be deductible for income tax purposes, though other factors will also be considered. None of the compensation paid to our covered executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2024 that would be taken into account for purposes of Section 162(m) exceeded the $1 million limitation. Because of ambiguities and uncertainties as to the application and interpretation of Section 162(m) of the Code and the regulations issued thereunder, including the uncertain scope of the transition relief under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, no assurance can be given that compensation intended to satisfy the requirements for exemption from Section 162(m) of the Code in fact will satisfy such requirements. Our Compensation Committee may authorize compensation payments that do not comply with the exemptions to Section 162(m) when we believe that such payments are appropriate to attract and retain executive talent.

Say-on-Pay and Say-on-Frequency

We gave our stockholders an opportunity to provide feedback on our executive compensation through an advisory vote at our 2023 annual stockholder meeting (the “2023 Meeting”), which was held on December 15, 2023. Stockholders were asked to approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to our named executive officers. A majority of stockholders indicated approval of the compensation of the named executive officers, with approximately 81% of the shares that voted on such matter voting in favor of the proposal. Additionally, at the 2023 Meeting, stockholders were asked to approve, on an advisory basis, in favor of having a stockholder vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers every three years. A majority of stockholders indicated approval of having a stockholder vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers every three years, with approximately 71% of the shares that voted on such matter voting in favor of the proposal. Based on these results and consistent with the previous recommendation and determination of our board of directors, we will hold non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation every three years until the next vote on the frequency of the stockholder advisory vote on executive compensation.

In light of the results of the advisory vote, the Compensation Committee intends to continue to apply principles that were substantially similar to those applied historically in determining compensation policies and decisions with respect to 2024 executive compensation.

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE

The following table sets forth compensation information for fiscal years 2024 and 2023 for each of our named executive officers.

GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS

We did not grant plan-based awards in 2024 to any of our named executive officers.

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END

The following table and accompanying footnotes set forth information regarding the outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2024.

OPTION EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED

The following table sets forth the number of shares acquired and aggregate dollar amount realized pursuant to the exercise of options and vesting of stock awards by our named executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Employment and Change-in-Control Arrangements and Agreements

Our Executive Change-in-Control and Severance Policy (the “Policy”) provides benefits that are intended to encourage the continued dedication of our executive officers and to mitigate potential disincentives to the consideration of a transaction that would result in a change in control, particularly where the services of our named executive officers may not be required by a potential acquirer. The Policy provides for benefits for our named executive officers in the event of a “Change-in-Control,” which is generally defined as:

Under the Policy, the following compensation and benefits are to be provided to our chief executive officer upon the occurrence of a Change-in-Control, and in the case of our other named executive officers, upon a Change-in-Control combined with a termination of the named executive officer’s employment without cause, or due to disability or resignation for good reason (as defined in the Policy) in connection with the Change-in-Control or within 24 months after it:

Under the Policy, “cause” means the executive’s:

Under the Policy, “good reason” means the occurrence of any of the following conditions without the executive’s consent, but only if such condition is reported by the executive within 90 days of the executive’s knowledge of such condition and remains uncured 30 days after written notice from the executive to the board of directors of said condition: