blgo20250331

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025.

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 000-19709

BIOLARGO, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

65-0159115

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

14921 Chestnut St.

Westminster, CA 92683

(Address of principal executive offices)

(888) 400-2863

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	BLGO	OTC Markets (OTCQX)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Table of Contents

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒

	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of May 14, 2025 was 302,840,771 shares.

Table of Contents

BIOLARGO, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

PART I

Item 1	Financial Statements	1

Item 2	Management's Discussion and Analysis and Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27

Item 4	Controls and Procedures	38

PART II

Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	40

Item 5	Other Information	40

Item 6	Exhibits	41

	Signatures	43

Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	*March 31, 2025*			*December 31,*
	*(unaudited)*			*2024*
*Assets*
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,564		$	3,548
Accounts receivable, net of allowance		4,208			3,168
Inventories		369			330
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		77			91
Total current assets		7,218			7,137

Equipment and leasehold improvements, net		1,700			1,742
Other non-current assets		95			95
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		965			992
Financing lease right-of-use asset, net		435			451
Clyra Medical note receivable		82			82
Investment in South Korean joint venture		16			14
Total assets	$	10,511		$	10,513

*Liabilities and stockholders’ equity*
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	1,236		$	946
Clyra Medical accounts payable and accrued expenses		1,042			867
Clyra Medical debt obligations, net of discount $115 and $80		746			486
Debt obligation		66			66
Operating lease liabilities		105			105
Finance lease liability		88			88
Deposits		90			90

Total current liabilities		3,373			2,648

Long-term liabilities:
Debt obligations, net of current		171			175
Clyra Medical debt obligations, net of current and discount $86 and $80		641			352
Operating lease liabilities, net of current		897			922
Finance lease liability, net of current		339			360
Total long-term liabilities		2,048			1,809
Total liabilities		5,421			4,457


STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred Series A, $0.00067 Par Value, 50,000,000 Shares Authorized, no Shares Issued and Outstanding, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—			—
Common stock, $0.00067 Par Value, 550,000,000 Shares Authorized, 301,760,373 and 301,274,243 Shares Issued, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		202			202
Additional paid-in capital		158,265			158,332
Accumulated deficit		(150,655	)		(149,500	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(203	)		(183	)
Total BioLargo Inc. and subsidiaries stockholders’ equity		7,609			8,851
Non-controlling interest (Note 8, 9, 10)		(2,519	)		(2,795	)
Total stockholders’ equity		5,090			6,056

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	10,511		$	10,513

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	*Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2025*			*2024*

Revenue
Product revenue	$	2,803		$	4,575
Service revenue		466			185
Total revenue		3,269			4,760

Cost of revenue
Cost of goods sold		(1,511	)		(2,440	)
Cost of service		(270	)		(74	)
Total cost of revenue		(1,781	)		(2,514	)

Gross profit		1,488			2,246

Selling, general and administrative expenses		2,559			2,225
Research and development		791			784
Total operating expenses		3,350			3,009
Operating loss:		(1,862	)		(763	)

Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(65	)		(12	)
Grant income		6			—
Total other expense		(59	)		(12	)
Net loss		(1,921	)		(775	)

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(766	)		(365	)
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(1,155	)	$	(410	)

Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders:
Loss per share attributable to shareholders – basic and diluted	$	(0.004	)	$	(0.001	)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:		301,274,243			294,308,798

Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(1,921	)	$	(775	)
Foreign currency translation		(20	)		96
Comprehensive loss		(1,941	)		(679	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(766	)		(365	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(1,175	)	$	(314	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except for share data)

	*Common stock*				*Additional paid-in*			*Accumulated*			*Accumulated other comprehensive*			*Non-controlling*			*Total stockholders’*
	*Shares*		*Amount*		*capital*			*deficit*			*loss*			*interest*			*equity*
Balance, December 31, 2024		301,274,243	$	202	$	158,332		$	(149,500	)	$	(183	)	$	(2,795	)	$	6,056
Sale of common stock for cash, net of offering costs of $15 (unaudited)		—		—		(15	)		—			—			—			(15	)
Issuance of common stock for services (unaudited)		220,330		—		61			—			—			—			61
Stock option compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		409			—			—			—			409
Stock option exercise (unaudited)		265,800		—		—			—			—			—			—
Clyra Medical stock option compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			—			206			206
Clyra Medical stock issued for services (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			—			36			36
Clyra Medical stock unit offering (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			—			295			295
Clyra Medical dividend Series A Preferred stock (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			—			(86	)		(86	)
Clyra Medical fair value warrant issued with debt (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			—			69			69
Noncontrolling interest allocation (unaudited)		—		—		(522	)		—			—			522			—
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—			(1,155	)		—			(766	)		(1,921	)
Foreign currency translation (unaudited)		—		—		—			—			(20	)		—			(20	)
Balance, March 31, 2025 (unaudited)		301,760,373	$	202	$	158,265		$	(150,655	)	$	(203	)	$	(2,519	)	$	5,090

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except for share data)

	*Common stock*				*Additional paid-in*		*Accumulated*			*Accumulated other comprehensive*			*Non-controlling*			*Total stockholders’*
	*Shares*		*Amount*		*capital*		*deficit*			*loss*			*interest*			*equity*
Balance, December 31, 2023		292,945,747	$	196	$	154,023	$	(147,098	)	$	(277	)	$	(2,642	)	$	4,202
Sale of common stock for cash, net of offering costs of $39 (unaudited)		2,160,348		1		487		—			—			—			488
Issuance of common stock for services (unaudited)		288,997		1		82		—			—			—			83
Warrant exercise (unaudited)		406,278		—		75		—			—			—			75
Stock option compensation expense (unaudited)		—		—		429		—			—			—			429
Clyra Medical stock options issued for services (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			—			59			59
Clyra Medical stock issued for services (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			—			52			52
Clyra Medical stock unit offering (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			—			475			475
Clyra Medical dividend Series A Preferred stock (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			—			(86	)		(86	)
BETI stock offering (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			—			50			50
Noncontrolling interest allocation (unaudited)		—		—		288		—			—			(288	)		—
Net loss (unaudited)		—		—		—		(410	)		—			(365	)		(775	)
Foreign currency translation (unaudited)		—		—		—		—			96			—			96
Balance, March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		295,801,370	$	198	$	155,384	$	(147,508	)	$	(181	)	$	(2,745	)	$	5,148

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	*Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2025*			*2024*
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(1,921	)	$	(775	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Stock option compensation expense		615			488
Common stock issued for services		97			135
Credit loss expense		37			—
Amortization of debt discount		28			—
Amortization of right-of-use operating lease assets		27			24
Amortization of right-of-use finance lease asset		16			(19	)
Operating lease liability		(25	)		—
Finance lease liability		(21	)		—
(Gain) loss on investment in South Korean joint venture		(2	)		1
Depreciation expense		42			36
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(1,077	)		139
Inventories		(39	)		(98	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		14			(58	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		290			252
Deposits		—			109
Clyra Medical accounts payable and accrued expenses		89			289
Contract liabilities		—			(42	)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(1,830	)		481
Cash flows from investing activities
Equipment purchases		—			(863	)
Net cash used in investing activities		—			(863	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from sale of common stock, net of commissions		(15	)		488
Proceeds from warrant exercise		—			75
Proceeds from sale of BETI common stock		—			50
Repayment of debt obligations		(4	)		(5	)
Proceeds from Clyra Medical debt obligation		590			—
Proceeds from sales of Clyra Medical common stock		295			475
Net cash provided by financing activities		866			1,083
Net effect of foreign currency translation		(20	)		96
Net change in cash		(984	)		797
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		3,548			3,539
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	2,564		$	4,336
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	37		$	12
Income taxes	$	—		$	—
Short-term lease payments not included in lease liabilities	$	12		$	12
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Allocation of noncontrolling interest	$	(522	)	$	399
Fair value of Clyra Medical warrants issued as debt discount	$	69		$	—
Clyra Medical dividend Series A Preferred stock	$	86		$	86

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 1. Business and Organization

Description of Business

BioLargo, Inc. (“BioLargo”, or the “Company”) invents, develops, and commercializes innovative platform technologies to solve challenging environmental problems like PFAS contamination (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), advanced water and wastewater treatment, industrial odor control, air quality control, infection control, and myriad environmental remediation challenges. Our business strategy is straightforward: we invent or acquire technologies that we believe have the potential to be disruptive in large commercial markets; we develop and validate these technologies to advance and promote their commercial success as we leverage our considerable scientific, engineering, and entrepreneurial talent; we then monetize these technical assets through a variety of business structures that may include licensure, joint venture, sale, spin off, or by deploying direct to market strategies.

Organization

We are a Delaware corporation formed in 1991, and have five wholly-owned subsidiaries: BioLargo Life Technologies, Inc., organized under the laws of the State of California in 2006; ONM Environmental, Inc., organized under the laws of the State of California in 2009; BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies, Inc., organized under the laws of the State of California in 2022; BioLargo Canada, Inc., organized under the laws of Canada in 2014; and BioLargo Development Corp., organized under the laws of the State of California in 2016. Additionally, we own 52% (see Note 8) of Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc. (“Clyra” or “Clyra Medical”), organized under the laws of the State of California in 2012 and redomiciled to Delaware in 2023; 74% (see Note 9) of BioLargo Engineering Science and Technologies, LLC (“BLEST"), organized under the laws of the State of Tennessee in 2017; and 96% (see Note 10) of BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. ("BETI") organized under the laws of the State of California in 2019. We consolidate the financial statements of our partially owned subsidiaries.

Liquidity / Going Concern

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we generated revenues of $3,269,000 and had a net loss of $1,921,000. As of March 31, 2025, we had current assets of $7,218,000, of which $2,564,000 was cash and cash equivalents. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we used $1,830,000 net cash used in operating activities. Our cash decreased $984,000 from December 31, 2024, and we had an increase of $1,077,000 in accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2025, we had current liabilities of $3,373,000, and working capital of $3,845,000. We and our partially owned subsidiaries continue to sell securities to ensure available working capital. We do not believe gross profits in the year ending December 31, 2025 will be sufficient to fund our current level of operations. We have been, and anticipate that we will continue to be, limited in terms of our capital resources, and expect to continue to need further investment capital to fund our business plans and investments in our new technologies. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we and our subsidiaries received $885,000 from financing activities, including sales of stock and the issuance of note payables. The foregoing factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, unless we are able to (i) continue to increase revenues, generate cash from operations, and/or generate cash from financing activities, (ii) convert assets such as our $4,208,000 in accounts receivable into cash; or, (iii) if necessary, reduce ongoing cash obligations by curtailing portions of our operations. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and partially owned subsidiaries BETI, BLEST and Clyra Medical. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The accounting and financial reporting policies of the Company conform, in all material respects, to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices within the industry. The condensed consolidated financial statements in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, but in the opinion of management, reflect all necessary adjustments for a fair presentation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial position and condensed consolidated results of operations. All adjustments were of a normal and recurring nature. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and with the instructions to Form 10-Q adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial presentation and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any future period.

Foreign Currency

The Company has designated the functional currency of BioLargo Canada, Inc., our Canadian subsidiary, to be the Canadian dollar. Therefore, translation gains and losses resulting from differences in exchange rates are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Substantially all cash equivalents are held in short-term money market accounts at one of the largest financial institutions in the United States. From time to time, our cash account balances are greater than the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit of $250,000 per owner per bank, and during such times, we are exposed to credit loss for amounts in excess of insured limits in the event of non-performance by the financial institution. We do not anticipate non-performance by our financial institution.

As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, our cash balances were made up of the following (in thousands):

	*March 31, 2025*		*December 31, 2024*
BioLargo, Inc. and subsidiaries	$	2,345	$	3,175
Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc.		219		373
Total	$	2,564	$	3,548

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are customer obligations that are unconditional. Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses, which represents an estimate of amounts that may not be collectible. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and, if necessary, provides an allowance for expected credit losses. A credit loss expense to the expected credit losses is recorded based on factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, the current business environment, and the Company’s historical experience. Credit loss expense is recorded to general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company writes off accounts receivable against the allowance when it determines a balance is uncollectible and no longer actively pursues collection of the receivable. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to customers. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the expected credit losses was $134,000 and $97,000, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company recognizes an expected allowance for credit losses with respect to its accounts receivable. In addition, also at each reporting date, this estimate is updated to reflect any changes in credit risk since the receivable was initially recorded. This estimate is calculated on a pooled basis where similar risk characteristics exist. Accounts receivable are evaluated individually when they do not share similar risk characteristics which could exist in circumstances where amounts are considered at risk or uncollectible This estimate is adjusted for management's assessment of current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts regarding future events, and any other factors deemed relevant by the Company. The Company believes historical loss information is a reasonable starting point in which to calculate the expected allowance for credit losses. The Company writes off receivables when there is information that indicates the debtor is facing significant financial difficulty and there is no possibility of recovery. If any recoveries are made from any accounts previously written off, they will be recognized in earnings or an offset to credit loss expense in the year of recovery, in accordance with the entity's accounting policy election. There were no write-offs of accounts receivable during the three months ending March 31, 2025 and 2024.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Credit Concentration

We have a limited number of customers that account for significant portions of our revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the following customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues:

	*Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2025*			*2024*
Customer A		79	%		88	%

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, one customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable:

		*March 31, 2025*				*December 31, 2024*
Customer A			88	%			82	%

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the average cost method. There was no allowance for obsolete inventory as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

	*March 31, 2025*		*December 31, 2024*
Raw material	$	229	$	210
Finished goods	$	140		120
Total	$	369	$	330

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Other Non-Current Assets

Other non-current assets consisted of (i) security deposits related to our business offices, (ii) three patents acquired on October 22, 2021, for $34,000.

	*March 31, 2025*		*December 31, 2024*
Patents	$	34	$	34
Security deposits		61		61
Total	$	95	$	95

Equity Method of Accounting

On March 20, 2020, we invested $100,000 into a South Korean entity (Odin Co. Ltd., “Odin”) pursuant to a Joint Venture agreement we had entered into with BKT Co. Ltd. and its U.S. based subsidiary, Tomorrow Water. We received a 40% non-dilutive equity interest, and BKT and Tomorrow Water each received 30% equity interests for an aggregate $150,000 investment.

We account for our investment in the joint venture under the equity method of accounting. We have determined that while we have significant influence over the joint venture through our technology license and our position on the Board of Directors, we do not control the joint venture or are otherwise involved in managing the entity and we own less than a majority of the equity. Therefore, we recognized the investment on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and record an increase or decrease of the recorded balance by our percentage ownership of the profits or losses in the joint venture. The joint venture has incurred a loss since inception and our 40% ownership share reduced our investment interest. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the increase of our investment interest totaled $2,000 compared to a reduction of $1,000 in the same period in 2024.

Impairment

Long-lived and definite lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition is less than the carrying amount of the asset, then an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss is measured based on the fair value of the asset. Any resulting impairment is recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset in excess of fair value and a charge to operations. There were no impairment losses related to intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.

Loss Per Share

We report basic and diluted loss per share (“LPS”) for common and common share equivalents. Basic LPS is computed by dividing reported losses by the weighted average shares outstanding. Diluted LPS is computed by adding to the weighted average shares the dilutive effect if stock options and warrants were exercised into common stock. For the three and three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the denominator in the diluted LPS computation is the same as the denominator for basic LPS due to the Company’s net loss which creates an anti-dilutive effect of the warrants and stock options. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024 the vested stock options available to be exercised totaled 60,481,550 and 55,238,910. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024 the vested warrants available to be exercised totaled 31,299,112 and 53,802,444.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the period reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates are used when accounting for stock-based transactions, debt transactions, derivative liabilities, expected credit losses, asset depreciation and amortization, impairment expense, among others.

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying these most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results of our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Share-Based Compensation Expense

We recognize compensation expense for stock option awards on a straight-line basis over the applicable service period of the award, which is the vesting period. Fair value is determined on the grant date. Share-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value estimated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model.

For stock and stock options issued to consultants and other non-employees for services, the Company measures and records an expense as of the earlier of the date at which either: a commitment for performance by the non-employee has been reached or the non-employee’s performance is complete. The equity instruments are measured at the current fair value, and for stock options, the instruments are measured at fair value using the Black Scholes option model.

The following methodology and assumptions were used to calculate share-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

	*2025*						*2024*
	*Non Plan*			*2024 Plan*			*Non Plan*			*2018 Plan*
Risk free interest rate		4.23	%		4.23 - 4.58	%		—	%		4.16	%
Expected volatility		91	%		91	%		—	%		99 - 102	%
Expected dividend yield		—			—			—			—
Forfeiture rate		—			—			—			—
Life in years		10			10			—			10

Expected price volatility is the measure by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of an option. The expected volatility is derived from the historical daily change in the market price of our common stock, as we believe that historical volatility is the best indicator of future volatility.

The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes calculation is based on the prevailing U.S. Treasury yield as determined by the U.S. Federal Reserve. We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Warrants

Warrants issued with our convertible and non-convertible debt instruments are accounted for under the fair value and relative fair value method. The warrant is first analyzed per its terms as to whether it has derivative features or not. If the warrant is determined to be a derivative and not qualify for equity treatment, then it is measured at fair value using the Black Scholes option model and recorded as a liability on the balance sheet. The warrant is re-measured at its then current fair value at each subsequent reporting date (it is “marked-to-market”). If the warrant is determined to not have derivative features, it is recorded into equity at its fair value using the Black Scholes option model, however, limited to a relative fair value based upon the percentage of its fair value to the total fair value including the fair value of the convertible note. Convertible debt instruments are recorded at fair value, limited to a relative fair value based upon the percentage of its fair value to the total fair value including the fair value of the warrant. The warrant relative fair values are also recorded as a discount to the convertible promissory notes.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Non-Cash Transactions

We determine the value assigned to each intangible we acquire, and/or services or products received for non-cash consideration of our common stock based on the market price of our common stock issued as consideration, at the date of the agreement of each transaction or when the service is rendered or product is received.

Revenue Recognition

We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. The guidance focuses on the core principle for revenue recognition, which is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the guidance provides that an entity should apply the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s products are sold through a contract with the customer and a written purchase order, in which the details of the contract are defined including the transaction price and method of shipment. The only performance obligation is to create and ship the product, and each product has separate pricing. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when the goods are shipped if the agreement is FOB manufacturer, and when goods are delivered if FOB destination. Revenue is recognized with a reduction for sales discounts, as appropriate and negotiated in the customer’s purchase order.

Service contracts are performed through a written contract, which specifies the performance obligations and the rate at which the services will be billed, typically by time and materials. Each service is separately negotiated and priced. Revenue is recognized as services are performed and completed, or, for services related to product installations, at the completion of the installation. A few contracts have called for milestone or fixed cost payments, where we invoice an agreed-to amount per month for the life of the contract. In these instances, completed work, billed hourly, is recognized as revenue. If the billing amount is greater or lesser than the completed work, a receivable or payable is created. These accounts are adjusted upon additional billings as the work is completed. To date, there have been no discounts or other financing terms for the contracts.

Our Canadian subsidiary had a grant deposit outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, totaling $76,000. These were awarded as part of a grant for a particular project that has been delayed. ONM Environmental had a customer deposit outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, totaling $14,000 related to customer purchase orders not yet fulfilled.

As we generate revenues from royalties or license fees from our intellectual property, a licensee will pay a license fee in one or more installments and ongoing royalties based on their sales of products incorporating or using our licensed intellectual property. We have entered into a licensing agreement for the CupriDyne Clean product, and we recognize royalty and license fees on a quarterly basis as the product is sold through to third parties and reported to us.

Government Grants

We have been awarded multiple research grants from the private and public Canadian research programs. The income we receive directly from grants is recorded as other income. We have been awarded over 90 grants since our first in 2015. Some of the funds from these grants are given directly to third parties (such as the University of Alberta or a third-party research scientist) to support research on our technology. The grants have terms generally ranging between six and eighteen months and support a majority, but not all, of the related research budget costs. This cooperative research allows us to utilize (i) a depth of resources and talent to accomplish highly skilled work, (ii) financial aid to support research and development costs, (iii) independent and credible validation of our technical claims.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

The grants typically provide for (i) recurring monthly amounts, (ii) reimbursement of costs for research talent for which we invoice to request payment, and (iii) ancillary cost reimbursement for research talent travel related costs. All awarded grants have specific requirements on how the money is spent, typically to employ researchers. None of the funds may be used for general administrative expenses or overhead in the United States. These grants have substantially increased our level of research and development activities in Canada. We continue to apply for Canadian government and agency grants to fund research and development activities. Not all of our grant applications have been awarded, and no assurance can be made that any pending grant application, or any future grant applications, will be awarded.

Income Taxes

The asset and liability approach is used to recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of asset and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax asset and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We account for uncertainties in income tax law under a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns as prescribed by GAAP. Under GAAP, the tax effects of a position are recognized only if it is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the taxing authority as of the reporting date. If the tax position is not considered “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained, then no benefits of the position are recognized. Management believes there are no unrecognized tax benefits or uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company assessed its earnings history, trends and estimates of future earnings and determined that the deferred tax asset could not be realized as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Accordingly, a 100% valuation allowance was recorded against the net deferred tax asset.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense, should such an expense be realized.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Management believes the carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 approximate their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Such instruments consist of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt obligation. The carrying amount of debt instruments are believed to approximate fair value as the stated interest rates are reflective of the prevailing market rates.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Leases

At inception of a lease contract, we assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. Our assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether we obtain the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period of the contract, and (3) whether we have the right to direct the use of the asset during such time period. At inception of a lease, we allocate the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments. Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease must be classified as a finance lease if any of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any of these criteria. We have one lease classified as finance leases. For all leases at the lease commencement date, a right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recognized. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred, consisting mainly of brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, management estimates the incremental borrowing rate, which currently is estimated to be 18%. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following: the fixed noncancelable lease payments, payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal period will be exercised, and payments for early termination options unless it is reasonably certain the lease will not be terminated early. Lease components are included in the measurement of the initial lease liability. Additional payments based on a change in our portion of the operating expenses, including real estate taxes and insurance, are recorded as a period expense when incurred. Lease modifications result in remeasurement of the lease liability. Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments plus any initial direct costs, primarily brokerage commissions, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less. The effect of short-term leases on our right-of-use asset and lease liability was not material. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the operating right-of-use assets totaled $965,000, and $992,000, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the operating lease liability totaled $1,002,000 and $1,027,000, respectively, on our condensed consolidated balance sheets related to our operating leases. The finance lease is related to Clyra. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the finance right-of-use asset for Clyra totaled $435,000 and $451,000 and the finance lease liability totaled $427,000 and $448,000, respectively, on our condensed consolidated balance sheets related to our finance lease.

Equipment and Leasehold Improvements

Equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 - 10 years. Additions, renewals, and betterments that significantly extend the life of the asset are capitalized. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. For assets sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts, and any related gain or loss is reflected in income for the period. Equipment and leasehold improvements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Equipment	$	1,678		$	1,678
Leasehold improvements		526			526
Total, at cost		2,204			2,204
Less: accumulated depreciation		(504	)		(462)
Total equipment and leasehold improvements, net	$	1,700		$	1,742

Noncontrolling Interest

A noncontrolling interest is defined as the portion of the equity in an entity not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interests are required to be presented as a separate component of equity on a condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accordingly, the presentation of net loss is modified to present the loss attributed to controlling and non-controlling interests. The noncontrolling interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets represents equity not held by the Company. In accordance with ASC 810-10-20, “Noncontrolling Interests” BioLargo consolidates three non-wholly owned subsidiaries - Clyra, BLEST and BETI. Noncontrolling interest of Clyra represents 48% as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Noncontrolling interest of BLEST represents 26% as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Noncontrolling interest of BETI represents 4% as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation and requires additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The standard requires an annual disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Expense Disaggregation Disclosures.” ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure to disaggregate prescribed expenses within relevant income statement captions. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the changes to its existing disclosures.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 3. Sale of Stock for Cash

Lincoln Park Financing

On December 13, 2022, we entered into a stock purchase agreement (the “LPC Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park, pursuant to which Lincoln Park agreed to purchase from us at our request up to an aggregate of $10,000,000 of our common stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time over a period of three years. The agreement allows us, at our sole discretion, to direct Lincoln Park to purchase shares of our common stock, subject to limitations in both volume and dollar amount. The purchase price of the shares that may be sold to Lincoln Park under the agreement is the lower of (i) the lowest sale price on the date of purchase, or (ii) the average of the three lowest closing prices in the prior 12 business days. There are no restrictions on future financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties, or liquidated damages other than a prohibition on entering into a “Variable Rate Transaction,” as defined in the agreement. Concurrently with the LPC Purchase Agreement, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to which we filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC on December 23, 2022. This registration statement was declared effective on January 19, 2023.

We did not sell shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2025 During the three months ended March 31, 2024 we sold 766,175 shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park and received $260,000 in gross proceeds.

Unit Offerings

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we sold 1,394,173 shares of our common stock and received $267,000 gross proceeds and $228,000 net proceeds from five accredited investors. In addition to the shares, we issued each investor a six-month and a five-year warrant to purchase additional shares. (See Note 6, “Warrants Issued in Unit Offering”.) We did not sell shares of our common stock in Unit Offerings during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Note 4. Debt Obligations

The following table summarizes our debt obligations outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands). The table does not include debt obligations of our partially owned subsidiary Clyra Medical (see Note 8, “Debt Obligations of Clyra Medical”).

	*March 31, 2025*		*December 31, 2024*
Current portion of debt:
SBA Paycheck Protection Program loan	$	43	$	43
Vehicle loan, current portion		13		13
SBA EIDL Loan, matures July 2053, current portion		10		10
Total current portion of debt	$	66	$	66

Long-term debt:
Vehicle loan, matures March 2029	$	38	$	41
SBA EIDL Loan, matures July 2053		133		134
Total long-term debt, net of current	$	171	$	175

Total	$	237	$	241

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded $65,000 of interest expense related to the coupon interest from our debt obligations, net of $18,000 of interest income earned from cash balances.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded $12,000 of interest expense related to the coupon interest from our debt obligations.

Vehicle loan

On February 7, 2023, we entered a loan agreement with Bank of America for the purchase of a commercial vehicle used in operations totaling $80,000, at 5.29% annual interest which matures March 7, 2029. The loan agreement requires monthly payments of $1,000. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the balance of this loan totals $51,000 and $54,000.

SBA Program Loans

On February 7, 2022, we received notice that the SBA had forgiven $174,000 of the ONM Environmental $217,000 PPP loan. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance on this loan totaled $43,000.

In July 2020, ONM Environmental received an Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) from the SBA in the amount of $150,000. The note has a 3.75% annual interest rate, requires monthly payments of $700, and matures July 2053. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the balance of this loan totaled $143,000 and $144,000, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 5. Share-Based Compensation

Issuance of Common Stock in exchange for Services

Payment of Officer Salaries

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued 11,250 shares of our common at $0.28 per share in lieu of $3,000 of accrued and unpaid obligations to an officer.

We did not issue any shares of our common stock to officers during the three months ended March 31, 2024

Payment of Consultant and Vendor Fees

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued 209,080 shares of our common at $0.28 per share in lieu of $58,000 of accrued and unpaid obligations to consultants and vendors.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 we issued 288,997 shares of our common at $0.20 per share in lieu of $83,000 of accrued and unpaid obligations to consultants and vendors.

All of these offerings and sales were made in reliance on the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(2) of the Securities Exchange Act and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder as not involving a public offering of securities.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Stock Option Expense

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded an aggregate $615,000 and during the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded an aggregate $488,000, in selling general and administrative expense related to the issuance of stock options. We issued options through our 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, and outside of these plans. Included in these totals is option expense related to issuances by our subsidiary, Clyra, totaling $206,000 three months ended March 31, 2025, and $59,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2024. (See Note 8.)

2024 Equity Incentive Plan

On June 13, 2024, our stockholders adopted the BioLargo 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (“2024 Plan”) as a means of providing our directors, key employees, and consultants additional incentive to provide services. Both stock options and stock grants may be made under this plan for a period of 10 years. It is set to expire on its terms on June 13, 2034. Our Board of Director’s Compensation Committee administers this plan. As plan administrator, the Compensation Committee has sole discretion to set the price of the options. The plan authorizes the following types of awards: (i) incentive and non-qualified stock options, (ii) restricted stock awards, (iii) stock bonus awards, (iv) stock appreciation rights, (v) restricted stock units, and (vi) performance awards. The number of shares available to be issued under the 2024 Plan increases automatically on January 1 of each year by the lesser of (a) 2 million shares, or (b) such number of shares determined by our Board. As of March 31, 2025, 42,000,000 shares are authorized under the plan, and 34,481,542 remain available for grant.

Activity for our stock options under the 2024 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2025, is as follows:

	*Options outstanding*			*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*		*Aggregate intrinsic Value(1)*
Balance, December 31, 2023		—		$	—
Granted (No shares were granted in the three months March 31, 2024)		—		$	—
Balance, March 31, 2024		—		$	—

Balance, December 31, 2024		5,493,920		$	0.23
Granted		2,024,538		$	0.28
Balance, March 31, 2025		7,518,458		$	0.24		9.6	$	299,000
Unvested		(2,357,787	)	$	0.24
Vested balance, March 31, 2025		5,160,671		$	0.24		9.6	$	197,000

(1) – Aggregate intrinsic value based on closing common stock price of $0.28 at March 31, 2025.

The options granted to purchase 2,024,538 shares during the three months ended March 31, 2025 with an aggregate fair value of $491,000 were issued to board of directors, employees and consultants: (i) we issued options to purchase 334,820 shares of our common stock to members of our board of directors for services performed, in lieu of cash; the fair value of these options totaled $82,000; (ii) we issued options to purchase 809,645 shares of our common stock to employees as part of employee retention plans; the fair value of employee retention plan options totaled $199,000 and vest over time or based on performance metrics; (iii) we issued options to purchase 580,073 shares of our common stock to consultants in lieu of cash for expiring options and for services performed; the fair value of these options totaled $143,000 and (iv) we issued options to purchase 300,000 shares of our common stock to our Chief Financial Officer with a fair value of $67,000 for expiring options. All stock option expense is recorded on our condensed consolidated statement of operations as selling, general and administrative expense.

As of March 31, 2025, there remains $500,000 of stock option expense to be expensed over the next four years.

Extension of Agreement with Chief Financial Officer

On January 31, 2025, the Engagement Agreement with our Chief Financial Officer Charles K. Dargan, II automatically extended for a one-year period to expire January 31, 2026 (the “2025-26 Term”). As the sole compensation for the 2025-26 Term, Mr. Dargan was issued an option (“Option”) to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Option vests over the period of the extended term in monthly installments of 25,000 shares, so long as the agreement is in full force and effect. The Option is exercisable at $0.2536 per share, the closing price of BioLargo’s common stock on the last trading day of January 2025, expires ten years from the grant date, and was issued pursuant to the Company’s 2024 Equity Incentive Plan.

On August 13, 2024, we and our Chief Financial Officer Charles K. Dargan, II agreed to extend the term of his engagement agreement dated February 1, 2008 (the “Engagement Agreement”, which had been previously extended multiple times), pursuant to which Mr. Dargan has been and continues to serve as our Chief Financial Officer. The Engagement Extension Agreement dated as August 13, 2024 (the “Engagement Extension Agreement”) expires January 31, 2025 (the “Extended Term”), at which time the agreement will automatically renew for subsequent one-year periods.

As the sole compensation for the Extended Term, Mr. Dargan was issued an option (“Option”) to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (this issuance is included in the total identified in (iv) above). The Option vests over the period of the Extended Term in monthly installments of 25,000 shares, so long as the agreement is in full force and effect. The Option is exercisable at $0.24 per share, the closing price of BioLargo’s common stock on the August 13, 2024 grant date, expires ten years from the grant date, and was issued pursuant to the Company’s 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. The Option is Mr. Dargan’s sole compensation for the Extended Term. As was the case in all prior terms of his engagement, there is no cash component of his compensation for the Extended Term. Mr. Dargan is eligible to be reimbursed for business expenses he incurs in connection with the performance of his services as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (although he has made no such requests for reimbursement in the past). All other provisions of the Engagement Agreement not expressly amended pursuant to the Engagement Extension Agreement remain the same, including provisions regarding indemnification and arbitration of disputes. Upon each renewal of the agreement, Mr. Dargan will be issued an option to purchase 300,000 shares, at an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company's common stock on the prior business day, vesting over one year.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

On June 22, 2018, our stockholders adopted the BioLargo 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”) as a means of providing our directors, key employees, and consultants additional incentive to provide services. Both stock options and stock grants may be made under this plan for a period of 10 years. It is set to expire on its terms on June 22, 2028. Our Board of Director’s Compensation Committee administers this plan. As of June 30, 2024, the 2018 Plan closed to further stock option grants. The 2018 Plan closed with 9,343,614 shares unissued.

Activity for our stock options under the 2018 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, is as follows:

	*Options outstanding*			*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*		*Aggregate intrinsic Value(1)*
Balance, December 31, 2023		41,108,448		$	0.19
Granted		1,547,938		$	0.30
Balance, March 31, 2024		42,656,386		$	0.19
Unvested		(5,025,052	)	$	0.20
Vested Balance, March 31, 2024		37,631,334		$	0.19

Balance, December 31, 2024		42,171,386		$	0.19
Exercised		(566,951	)	$	0.16
Balance, March 31, 2025		41,604,435		$	0.19		6.6	$	3,823,000
Unvested		(2,942,091	)	$	0.22
Vested balance, March 31, 2025		38,662,344		$	0.19		6.5	$	3,607,000

(1) – Aggregate intrinsic value based on closing common stock price of $0.28 at March 31, 2025

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, an option holder elected to exercise 566,951 options using the cashless exercise option in exchange for 265,800 shares of our common stock.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

As of March 31, 2025, there remains $493,000 of stock option expense to be expensed over the next four years.

The options granted to purchase 1,547,938 shares during the three months ended March 31, 2024 with an aggregate fair value of $418,000 were issued to board of directors, employees and consultants: (i) we issued options to purchase 267,746 shares of our common stock to members of our board of directors for services performed, in lieu of cash; the fair value of these options totaled $85,000; (ii) we issued options to purchase 735,351 shares of our common stock to employees as part of employee retention plans; the fair value of employee retention plan options totaled $160,000 and vest over time or based on performance metrics; and (iii) we issued options to purchase 544,841 shares of our common stock to replace expiring options; the fair value of these options totaled $173,000. All stock option expense is recorded on our consolidated statement of operations as selling, general and administrative expense.

2007 Equity Incentive Plan

On September 7, 2007, and as amended April 29, 2011, the BioLargo, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (“2007 Plan”) was adopted as a means of providing our directors, key employees and consultants additional incentive to provide services. Both stock options and stock grants may be made under this plan for a period of 10 years, which expired on September 7, 2017. The Board’s Compensation Committee administers this plan. As plan administrator, the Compensation Committee has sole discretion to set the price of the options. As of September 2017, the Plan was closed to further stock option grants.

Activity for our stock options under the 2007 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

	*Options Outstanding*		*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*		*Aggregate intrinsic Value(1)*
Balance, December 31, 2023		1,564,085	$	0.61
Expired		—	$	—
Balance, March 31, 2024		1,564,085	$	0.61

Balance, December 31, 2024		1,157,500	$	0.53
Expired		—	$	—
Balance, March 31, 2025		1,157,500	$	0.53		0.8	$	—

⁽¹⁾ – Aggregate intrinsic value based on closing common stock price of $0.28 at March 31, 2025.

Non-Plan Options

Activity of our non-plan stock options issued for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	*Non-plan Options outstanding*			*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*		Aggregate intrinsic Value⁽¹⁾
Balance, December 31, 2023		17,375,044		$	0.39
Expired		(275,376	)	$	0.44
Balance, March 31, 2024		17,099,668		$	0.39
Unvested		(1,056,177	)	$	0.26
Vested Balance, March 31, 2024		16,043,491		$	0.40

Balance, December 31, 2024		15,687,642		$	0.40
Granted		32,143		$	0.28
Balance, March 31, 2025		15,719,785		$	0.39		2.2	$	243,000
Unvested		(218,750	)	$	0.44
Vested balance, March 31, 2025		15,501,035		$	0.39		2.2	$	243,000

(1) – Aggregate intrinsic value based on closing common stock price of $0.28 at March 31, 2025.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued options to purchase an aggregate 32,143 shares of our common stock at $0.28 per share to vendors for fees for services. The fair value of the options issued totaled an aggregate $8,000 and is recorded in our selling, general and administrative expense. As of March 31, 2025, there remains $55,000 of stock option expense to be expensed over the next one year.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we did not issue options out of plan.

Note 6. Warrants

We have certain warrants outstanding to purchase our common stock, at various prices, as described in the following table:

	*Warrants outstanding*			*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*		Aggregate intrinsic value⁽¹⁾
Balance, December 31, 2023		51,590,300		$	0.27
Granted		3,218,422		$	0.25
Exercised		(600,000	)	$	0.25
Expired		(406,278	)	$	0.37
Vested Balance, March 31, 2024		53,802,444		$	0.26

Balance, December 31, 2024		31,615,616		$	0.29
Granted		—		$	-
Expired		(316,504	)	$	0.12
Vested Balance, March 31, 2025		31,299,112		$	0.29		2.2	$	708,000

(1) – Aggregate intrinsic value based on closing common stock price of $0.28 at March 31, 2025.

Warrants issued in Unit Offerings

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we issued six-month stock purchase warrants to purchase an aggregate 1,394,737 shares of our common stock at $0.23 per share, and five-year stock purchase warrants to purchase an aggregate 1,394,737 shares of our common stock at $0.29 per share, in conjunction with the sale of stock to investors in our Unit Offerings (see Note 3). In addition to warrants issued to investors, we issued five-year stock purchase warrants to purchase an aggregate 428,948 shares of our common stock at $0.19 per share as commissions. The relative fair value of the warrant component of the units sold to investors totaled $201,000. The Black-Scholes model was used to calculate relative fair value, further discounted by the beneficial conversion feature and the value of the common stock component.

During the three months March 31, 2024, investors exercised warrants to purchase 406,278 shares of our common stock, and we received $75,000 in proceeds.

We did not issue any warrants in conjunction with unit offerings in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Warrant Fair Value

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the relative fair value of warrants issued in conjunction with debt instruments, common stock, and for services. With respect to debt instruments, relative fair value is amortized over the life of the warrant. The principal assumptions we used in applying the Black-Scholes model were as follows:

	*2025*			*2024*
Risk free interest rate		—	%		4.04 - 5.28	%
Expected volatility		—	%		64 - 87	%
Expected dividend yield		—			—
Forfeiture rate		—			—
Expected life in years		—			.5 - 5

The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life in years is based on the contract term of the warrant.

Note 7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

As of March 31, 2025, accounts payable and accrued expenses included the following (in thousands):

Category	BioLargo		ONM		BLEST		BioLargo Canada		BETI		BEST		Intercompany amounts			Totals
Accounts payable	$	187	$	822	$	120	$	27	$	60	$	—	$	(62	)	$	1,154
Accrued payroll		23		55		4		—		—		—		—			82
Total																$	1,236

As of December 31, 2024, accounts payable and accrued expenses included the following (in thousands):

Category	BioLargo		ONM		BLEST		BioLargo Canada		BETI		BEST		Intercompany amounts			Totals
Accounts payable	$	221	$	511	$	73	$	24		31	$	—	$	(34	)	$	826
Accrued payroll		12		68		40		—		—		—		—			120
Total																$	946

See Note 8, “Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses”, for the accounts payable and accrued expenses of Clyra Medical.

Amounts owed by ONM Environmental are comprised primarily of amounts owed to trade vendors for goods or services and were not yet required to be paid as of the period end date.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 8. Noncontrolling Interest – Clyra Medical

As discussed in Note 2 above, we consolidate the operations of our partially owned subsidiary Clyra Medical.

Debt Obligations of Clyra Medical

Secured Promissory Notes

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Clyra issued secured promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $390,000, the funds of which were used to purchase equipment for at-scale manufacture of its products. The notes bear interest at the rate of 15% per annum, mature on December 31, 2026, require interest-only payments until maturity, and may be pre-paid at any time. Each investor received a warrant to purchase the number of Clyra common shares equal to the face amount of the note divided by six, at an exercise price of $6.00 per share, expiring December 31, 2029. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the balance outstanding totals $1,254,000 and $840,000.

Convertible Promissory Notes

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Clyra issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $200,000. The notes bear interest at the rate of 10% per annum, mature two years after the issuance date, require interest-only payments until maturity, and may be pre-paid at any time. The notes may be converted at $6.00 per share by the holder at any time, and by Clyra upon the occurrence of certain events which have been satisfied as of May 15, 2025. Each investor received a warrant to purchase the number of Clyra common shares equal to the face amount of the note divided by six, at an exercise price of $7.50 per share, expiring August 1, 2027. As of March 31, 2025 the balance outstanding totals $200,000.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Clyra issued three-year warrants as part of the debt obligations to purchase 98,333 shares of Clyra common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 and $7.50 per share. The fair value of these warrants issued totaled $69,000 and is recorded as a debt discount and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt obligation. The Black-Scholes model is used to calculate the initial fair value, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we used a stock price on the date of grant of $4.50 per share. Because Clyra is a private company with no secondary market for its common stock, the resulting fair value was discounted by 30%.

Line of Credit

On June 30, 2020, Clyra Medical entered into a Revolving Line of Credit Agreement whereby Vernal Bay Capital Group, LLC ("Vernal") committed to provide a $1,000,000 inventory line of credit. Since inception, Clyra Medical received $260,000 in draws and made repayments totaling $126,000. Clyra issued Vernal 32,200 shares of its common stock as a commitment fee for the line of credit, valued at $70,000. A security agreement of the same date grants Vernal a security interest in Clyra’s inventory, as that term is defined in the Uniform Commercial Code. Clyra may prepay the note at any time.

On December 13, 2022, Clyra and Vernal amended the Revolving Line of Credit Agreement extending the maturity date of the line of credit to September 30, 2024, and modifying the payment terms such that amounts of principal due in each month are capped at a maximum of 15% of the principal amount then due under the note. We are in the process of extending the term of the maturity date of the line of credit. Additionally, BioLargo agreed to allow Vernal to elect to convert, any time prior to the note’s maturity date, the 32,200 shares of Clyra common stock it received as consideration for the line of credit into shares of BioLargo common stock at the then market price of BioLargo’s common stock. On January 9, 2023, Vernal elected to convert Clyra shares into 527,983 shares of BioLargo common stock.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the balance outstanding on this line of credit totals $134,000. The interest rate on this line of credit is 15%.

Equity Transactions

As of March 31, 2025, Clyra had 10,599,694 shares issued and outstanding, of which 746,418 were Series A Preferred shares. As of December 31, 2024, Clyra had 10,544,527 shares issued and outstanding, of which 746,418 were Series A Preferred shares. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, of the outstanding amount, BioLargo owned 5,322,775, common shares and 165,765 Series A Preferred shares.

BioLargo Conversion of Intercompany Balances

In June 2024, BioLargo converted $741,000 owed to it by Clyra into 148,156 shares of Clyra common stock.

Sales of Common Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Clyra sold 49,167 shares of its common stock, and issued 24,584 warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at $7.50 per share, expiring February 28, 2027, from five accredited investors. In exchange, it received $295,000 in gross proceeds. The relative fair value of these warrants totaled $38,000.

On March 31, 2025, Clyra issued 6,000 shares in lieu of cash totaling $36,000, to a vendor for services performed and issued a warrant to purchase 3,000 shares of its common stock at $6.00 per share, expiring 5 years from the grant date. The relative fair value of these warrants totaled $5,000.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Clyra sold 95,000 shares of its common stock, and issued warrants to purchase 47,500 shares of its common stock at $7.50 per share, expiring February 28, 2027, from five accredited investors. In exchange, it received $475,000 in gross proceeds. The relative fair value of these warrants totaled $57,000.

Sales of Series A Preferred Stock

In an offering that closed in October 2023, Clyra sold 746,618 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock, and in exchange received $1,800,000 in gross and net proceeds. Purchasers of the Series A Preferred Stock also received a 3-year warrant to purchase the same number of additional shares of common stock for $3.72 per share. The fair value of the warrants issued totaled $524,000. Shares of Series A Preferred Stock earn a dividend of 15% each year, compounding annually; the company is under no obligation to pay such dividends in cash, and such dividends automatically convert to common stock upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock to common stock. Each share of Series A Preferred stock can be converted by the holder at any time for one share of common stock and automatically convert upon the completion of a public offering of shares in which at least $5,000,000 of gross proceeds is received by the company. Accrued dividends may be converted to common stock at a conversion rate of $3.10 per share. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Preferred Series A accrued and unpaid dividend totaled $676,000 and $590,000, respectively. Each investor also entered into an agreement with BioLargo whereby the investor may exchange some or all of its Series A Preferred stock, plus accrued dividends, into shares of BioLargo common stock, at a price equal to a 20% discount of the volume weighted average price over the 30 prior trading days. Elections may be made during the period beginning January 1, 2025, and ending on June 30, 2026.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Clyra Stock Options

	*Clyra Options Outstanding*			*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*
Balance, December 31, 2023		1,478,922		$	0.06
Granted		25,833		$	4.05
Balance, March 31, 2024		1,504,755		$	0.38
Unvested		(12,300	)	$	2.71
Vested Balance, March 31, 2024		1,492,455		$	1.20

Balance, December 31, 2024		1,976,863		$	1.00
Granted		25,332		$	4.50
Balance, March 31, 2025		2,002,195		$	1.04		6.8
Unvested		(250,000	)	$	0.01
Vested Balance, March 31, 2025		1,752,195		$	1.19		6.3

Clyra issues options to its employees and consultants in lieu of compensation owed on a regular basis. The fair value of the options issued totaled $206,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2025, and $59,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Black-Scholes model is used to calculate the initial fair value, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we used a stock price on the date of grant of $4.50 per share. Because Clyra is a private company with no secondary market for its common stock, the resulting fair value was discounted by 30%.

	*March 31, 2025*			*March 31, 2024*
Risk free interest rate		4.45	%		4.16	%
Expected volatility		43	%		49	%
Expected dividend yield		—			—
Forfeiture rate		—			—
Expected life in years		10			10

Clyra Warrants

	*Clyra Options Outstanding*		*Weighted average price per share*		*Weighted average remaining life*
Balance, December 31, 2023		749,911	$	3.74
Granted		47,500	$	7.50
Vested Balance, March 31, 2024		797,411	$	3.96

Balance, December 31, 2024		1,183,182	$	4.84
Granted		125,917	$	6.40
Vested Balance, March 31, 2025		1,309,099	$	4.99		2.4

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

At March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, Clyra had the following accounts payable and accrued expenses (in thousands):

Category	*2025*		*2024*
Accounts payable	$	352	$	247
Accrued dividend		676		590
Accrued payroll		14		30
Total	$	1,042	$	867

Sale and leaseback of equipment

On December 4, 2024, Clyra entered into an agreement whereby it sold and leased back certain equipment to be used in the manufacturing of its wound irrigation solution. Clyra received $350,000 cash and a secured promissory note in the principal amount of $82,000 which bears interest at 15%, requires interest be paid monthly, and the principal balance due on December 4, 2028. The obligations of the Note are secured by the equipment pursuant to a security agreement. At the end of the lease term, Clyra has the option to purchase the equipment for $82,000. Concurrently, Clyra leased the equipment for a 49-month term. The remaining lease payments total $427,000.

Year ending
December 31, 2025	$	112
December 31, 2026		150
December 31, 2027		150
December 31, 2028		150
Total minimum lease payments	$	562
Less imputed interest		(135	)
Total finance lease liabilities	$	427

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 9. BioLargo Engineering, Science and Technologies, LLC

In September 2017, we commenced a full-service environmental engineering firm and formed a Tennessee entity named BioLargo Engineering, Science & Technologies, LLC (“BLEST”). In conjunction with the start of this subsidiary, we entered into a three-year office lease in the Knoxville, Tennessee area, and entered into employment agreements with six scientists and engineers. BLEST was capitalized with two classes of membership units: Class A, 100% owned by BioLargo, and Class B, held by management of BLEST, and which initially had no “profit interest,” as that term is defined in Tennessee law. Class B members were also granted options to purchase up to an aggregate 1,750,000 shares of BioLargo common stock. The profit interest and option shares are subject to a five-year vesting schedule tied to the performance of the subsidiary. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Class B members have earned 26% profit interest.

Note 10. BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc.

BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. (“BETI”) was formed for the purpose of commercializing a proprietary liquid sodium battery technology. BioLargo purchased 9,000,000 shares of its common stock upon its formation and was initially its sole stockholder.

No shares of common stock of BETI were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2025, During the three months ended March 31, 2024, BETI sold 20,000 shares of its common stock at $2.50 per share to one accredited investor and received $50,000 in gross proceeds. The investor entered into an agreement with BioLargo whereby the investor may exchange some or all of its shares of BETI common stock into shares of BioLargo common stock, at a price equal to a 20% discount of the volume weighted average price over the 20 trading days prior to the election to exchange. Elections must be made prior to December 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2025, BETI had 9,487,000 issued and outstanding shares, of which BioLargo holds 9,070,000.

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 11. Business Segment Information

BioLargo has six operating business segments, plus its corporate entity which is responsible for general corporate operations, including administrative functions, finance, human resources, marketing, legal, etc. The operational business segments are:

ONM Environmental -- which sells odor and volatile organic control products and services, located in Westminster, California;

Clyra Medical Technologies (“Clyra Medical”) -- which develops and sells medical products based on our technologies, located in Tampa, Florida;

BioLargo Engineering (BLEST) -- which provides professional engineering services on a time and materials basis for outside clients and supports our internal operations as needed, located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee;

BioLargo Canada, Inc. (“Canada”) – the main hub of our scientists researching and developing our technologies, operating out of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; and

BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. (“BETI”) – which is developing our proprietary battery technology.

BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies, Inc. (“BEST”) – which manages the sales and distribution of our water treatment products and related services.

Other than ONM Environmental, none of our operating business units have operated at a profit, and therefore each required additional cash to meet its monthly expenses, funded through BioLargo’s sales of debt or equity, research grants, and tax credits. BETI and Clyra Medical have also been funded by third party investors who invest directly in exchange for equity ownership in that entity.

The segment information for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, is as follows (in thousands):

	*Three Months Ended March 31,*
	*2025*			*2024*
Revenue
ONM Environmental	$	2,803		$	4,575
BLEST		690			356
BioLargo Canada		8			—
Intersegment revenue		(232	)		(171	)
Total	$	3,269		$	4,760

Stock option expense
BioLargo corporate	$	(409	)	$	(429	)
Clyra Medical		(206	)		(59	)
Total	$	(615	)	$	(488	)

Depreciation expense
BioLargo corporate	$	(11	)	$	(10	)
ONM Environmental		(10	)		(5	)
BLEST		(17	)		(19	)
Clyra Medical		(4	)		(2	)
Total	$	(42	)	$	(36	)

Research and development expense
BioLargo corporate	$	(248	)	$	(314	)
BLEST		(244	)		(352	)
BETI		(60	)		(80	)
BioLargo Canada		(136	)		(80	)
Clyra Medical		(335	)		(121	)
Intersegment R&D		232			163
Total	$	(791	)	$	(784	)

Operating income (loss)
BioLargo corporate	$	(817	)	$	(1,244	)
ONM Environmental		956			1,798
BLEST		(378	)		(445	)
BETI		(94	)		(155	)
BEST		(58	)		(66	)
BioLargo Canada		(156	)		(105	)
Clyra Medical		(1,315	)		(546	)
Total	$	(1,862	)	$	(763	)

Interest income (expense)
BioLargo corporate	$	3		$	(3	)
ONM Environmental		15			(2	)
Clyra Medical		(83	)		(7	)
Total	$	(65	)	$	(12	)

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BIOLARGO, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

As of March 31, 2025	BioLargo		ONM		BLEST		CLYRA		BETI		BEST		BioLargo Canada		Elimination			Total
Tangible assets	$	632	$	6,163	$	850	$	1,546	$	41	$	—	$	111	$	(248	)	$	9,095
Operating lease right-of use		316		—		649		—		—		—		—		—			965
Finance lease right-of-use		—		—		—		435		—		—		—		—			435
Investment in South Korean joint venture		16		—		—		—		—		—		—		—			16
Total	$	964	$	6,163	$	1,499	$	1,981	$	41	$	—	$	111	$	(248	)	$	10,511

As of December 31, 2024	BioLargo		ONM		BLEST		CLYRA		BETI		BEST		BioLargo Canada		Elimination			Total
Tangible assets	$	775	$	5,879	$	790	$	1,696	$	46	$	—	$	104	$	(234	)	$	9,056
Operating lease right-of use		333		—		659		—		—		—		—		—			992
Finance lease right-of-use		—		—		—		451		—		—		—		—			451
Investment in South Korean joint venture		14		—		—		—		—		—		—		—			14
Total	$	1,122	$	5,879	$	1,449	$	2,147	$	46	$	—	$	104	$	(234	)	$	10,513

Note 12. Leases

Office Leases

We have long-term operating leases for office, industrial and laboratory space in Westminster, California, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Alberta, Canada. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the operating lease agreement. Short-term leases less than one-year are not included in our analysis. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, rental expense totaled $100,000; for the three months ended March 31, 2024, rental expense totaled $88,000. The lease of our Westminster facility expires August 2028. The lease of our Canadian facility is less than one year. None of our leases have additional terms related to the payments or mechanics of the lease. The leases have no additional payment terms such as common area maintenance payments, tax sharing payments or other allocable expenses. Likewise, the leases do not contain other terms and conditions of use, such as variable lease payments, residual value guaranties or other restrictive financial terms. Since there is no explicit interest rate in our leases, management used its incremental borrowing rate, which is estimated to be 18% to determine lease liability. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was six years and the total remaining operating lease payments is $1,002,000.

Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable leases, reconciled to the Company’s discounted operating lease liabilities are as follows:

	BioLargo
Year ending	Corp / ONM			BLEST			Total
December 31, 2025		94			118			212
December 31, 2026		129			160			289
December 31, 2027		133			163			296
December 31, 2028		79			166			245
December 31, 2029		—			170			170
Thereafter		—			484			484
Total minimum lease payments	$	435		$	1,261		$	1,696
Less imputed interest		(111	)		(583	)		(694	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	324		$	678		$	1,002

Note 13. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report and report the following.

Stock Issuances

Subsequent to March 31, 2025, we issued 15,000 shares of our common stock to vendors in exchange for reduction in payables, sold 1,065,398 shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park (see Note 3), and received $232,594 in gross and net proceeds, and issued 265,800 shares pursuant to stock option exercises.

Clyra Medical - Secured Promissory Notes

Subsequent to March 31, 2025, , Clyra issued a secured promissory note in the amount of $21,000, the funds of which were used to purchase equipment for at-scale manufacture of its products. The note bears interest at the rate of 15% per annum, matures on December 31, 2026, requires interest-only payments until maturity, and may be pre-paid at any time. The investor received a warrant to purchase the number of Clyra common shares equal to the face amount of the note divided by six, at an exercise price of $6.00 per share, expiring December 31, 2029.

Clyra Medical - Convertible Promissory Notes

Subsequent to March 31, 2025, Clyra issued a convertible promissory note in the amount of $50,000. The note bears interest at the rate of 10% per annum, matures two years after the issuance date, requires interest-only payments until maturity, and may be pre-paid at any time. The note may be converted at $6.00 per share by the holder at any time, and by Clyra upon the occurrence of certain events which have been satisfied as of May 15, 2025. The investor received a warrant to purchase the number of Clyra common shares equal to the face amount of the note divided by six, at an exercise price of $7.50 per share, expiring August 1, 2027.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, including statements regarding BioLargo’s capital needs, business plans and expectations. Such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties regarding BioLargo’s ability to carry out its planned development and production of products. Forward-looking statements are made, without limitation, in relation to BioLargo’s operating plans, BioLargo’s liquidity and financial condition, availability of funds, operating and exploration costs and the market in which BioLargo competes. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “plan”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “predict”, “potential” or “continue”, the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Actual events or results may differ materially. In evaluating these statements, you should consider various factors, including the risks outlined in our Form most recent annual report on Form 10-K, and, from time to time, in other reports BioLargo files with the SEC. These factors may cause BioLargo’s actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement. BioLargo disclaims any obligation to publicly update these statements, or disclose any difference between its actual results and those reflected in these statements. The information constitutes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Given these uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise expressly stated herein, all statements, including forward-looking statements, set forth in this Form 10-Q are as of March 31, 2025, unless expressly stated otherwise, and we undertake no duty to update this information.

When we refer in this report to “BioLargo,” the “Company,” “our Company,” “we,” “us” and “our,” we mean BioLargo, Inc., and our subsidiaries, including BioLargo Life Technologies, Inc., which holds our intellectual property; ONM Environmental, Inc., which manufactures, markets, sells and distributes our odor and volatile organic compound ("VOC") control products; BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. (“BETI”), formed to commercialize our proprietary battery technology; BioLargo Canada, Inc., our primary research and development team operating in Edmonton, Alberta Canada; BioLargo Engineering, Science & Technologies, LLC (“BLEST”), a professional engineering services division in Oak Ridge Tennessee; BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies, Inc., which sells our water treatment products; BioLargo Development Corp., which employs and provides benefits to our employees; and Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc. (“Clyra Medical”), which commercializes our technologies in the medical and dental fields. All subsidiaries are wholly owned, except for BETI, BLEST and Clyra Medical.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

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DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Our Business - Innovator and Solution Provider

BioLargo is in the business of creating new cleantech technologies to solve tough, globally relevant problems. We invent, develop, then commercialize technologies that tackle difficult challenges in air quality, water, environmental engineering, battery energy storage, and advanced antimicrobial medical device platforms. Our model is to invent new technologies that solve specific problems, develop them and prove they work, and then commercialize them with purpose-suited subsidiaries, identify and secure the right partnerships to increase their commercial reach, or potentially sell the intellectual property.

Why do we do this work? Every member of our team – including PhD scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs – has a passion for seeking new, never-before-seen innovations that can make life better around the world. We care about safeguarding the environment and human health for future generations. We care about making technologies that are affordable and flexible enough to be accessed around the world. And we care about being the best at what we do – creating best-in-class technologies to solve meaningful cleantech challenges.

Some of our areas of focus include environmental problems like PFAS contamination, water pollution by pharmaceuticals and micropollutants, air pollution by VOCs, hard-to-treat odors from landfills and sewage plants, infection and wound healing and the creation of energy storage systems that are more affordable, efficient, safer and environmentally friendly.

Below you’ll read about the cleantech ventures and projects we are focused on commercialization today. Behind those, however, is a pipeline of other cleantech innovations in various stages of development associated with our expansive array of issued and pending patents, and that have been funded in part by over 90 government grants.

We operate our business in distinct business segments:

●

Odor and VOC control products, including consumer products, such as the Pooph-branded pet-odor control product, and our industrial odor control product, CupriDyne Clean Industrial Odor Eliminator, sold by our subsidiary ONM Environmental, Inc.;

●

Water treatment equipment and solutions, including our PFAS remediation system the Aqueous Electrostatic Concentrator (AEC), our water reuse and recycling technology co-developed with Garratt-Callahan called AROS, and our pharmaceutical removal and energy-efficient disinfection solution, the AOS, all sold by our subsidiary BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies, Inc.;

●

Battery energy storage system solutions under the brand name Cellinity^TM being developed by our partially owned (96% subsidiary BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc.;

●

Medical products based on our technologies sold by our partially owned (52%) subsidiary Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc.;

●

Our professional engineering services division, which, in addition to serving outside clients on a fee for service basis, supports our internal business units, through our partially owned (74%) subsidiary BioLargo Engineering, Science & Technologies, LLC ("BLEST");

●

Our research and support personnel, through our wholly-owned subsidiary BioLargo Canada, Inc., located on campus at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

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Odor Control (Consumer and Industrial)

ONM Environmental, Inc. ("ONM") is BioLargo’s wholly-owned subsidiary that delivers robust and comprehensive products and services to control and mitigate odor and VOCs for both consumer and industrial applications. Its flagship product – CupriDyne® Clean – is applied to odor-emitting masses such as landfills and composting facilities by misting systems, sprayers, water trucks and similar water delivery systems designed, manufactured and installed by ONM. It is also sold to third parties under private label brands, including for consumer brands such as the "Pooph pet odor eliminator".

Pooph - Consumer Private-Label Products

We sell privately labeled odor-control products based on our technologies to third parties who market and sell the products under their own brand names. The most successful thus far is the Pooph branded pet odor control product sold through national retailers including Walmart, Amazon, PetSmart, PetCo, and Chewy.com by Pooph Inc. In addition to purchasing product from us at an agreed-upon manufacturing margin, Pooph Inc. pays us six percent royalty on their sales in exchange for exclusive rights to our technology for pet odors. If Pooph sells their brand to a third party, we would receive 20% of the exit value. During the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues from sales to Pooph comprised 77% of our company-wide revenue; during the three months ended March 31, 2025, it comprised 79% of our revenue. The success of Pooph is an example of our goal to develop distribution channels that do not rely on our in-house sales and distribution infrastructure. While Pooph is by far the company’s most successful private label product, we sell other private label odor-control products and continue to pursue related business opportunities as a means of tapping into new odor control markets.

Industrial Odor and VOC Solutions

We believe CupriDyne® Clean is the number-one performing industrial odor-control product in the market, and that it offers substantial savings to our customers compared with competing products. We have been and expect to continue selling product to municipalities and some of the largest solid waste handling companies in the country to help control odors emitted from waste handling and sanitation sites. ONM Environmental offers a menu of services to landfills, transfer stations, wastewater treatment facilities as well as facilities in non-waste related industries. These services include engineering design, construction, installation, ongoing maintenance and on-site support services to assist our clients in the implementation and continued use of the various systems that deliver our liquid products in the field (such as misting systems). A significant portion of industrial odor control product and service revenue comes from ongoing contracts with cities and counties in Southern California, where ONM has installed comprehensive odor control systems to mitigate nuisance odors emitted from municipal waste handling and sanitation sites.

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BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies – Innovative Water Treatment Solutions

Over the years, we have developed multiple innovative technologies and equipment platforms that focus on challenging issues in the water treatment industry, including the AOS technology (developed to remove micro-pollutants), the AEC (developed to remove per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS), and the AROS water reuse technology (for industrial cooling tower water recycling such as in data centers, co-developed with Garratt-Callahan). We sell these products through our wholly-owned subsidiary BioLargo Equipment Solutions & Technologies, Inc. (“BEST”), which manages the sales and distribution of our water treatment products and related services.

BLEST's board of directors includes Jeffrey Kightlinger, former CEO of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Sally Gutierrez, retired career senior executive from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Larry Dick, former Vice Chairman of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and board member of the Municipal Water District of Orange County. Each brings their significant and distinctive experience from decades in the water industry to BEST’s board to help the company create the necessary regulatory and industry connections that will be critical for its efforts to secure larger and more high-profile projects for its PFAS treatment and other water treatment technologies. These board members have been instrumental in efforts to raise awareness of our innovative treatment solutions within the water industry and EPA.

Securing sales in the water and wastewater industry is a very technically intensive process and can be long and arduous. The entirety of the sales cycle can be lengthy, in some cases even taking many months or, in the case of very large projects, multiple years. A typical sales timeline for a municipal drinking water or wastewater customer, from introduction to signing the contract for a full-scale install, usually requires feasibility studies, on-site pilot projects, budget approvals, State regulatory approvals, and more. Industrial clients may have a shorter sales cycles but are under pressure to ensure that the Return on Investment (ROI) fits into company standards, so their reviews can also be lengthy. For any water treatment project, the process is also very engineering-intensive, and therefore the staff required to secure contracts for water treatment projects need to be engineers, in most cases. In our company, BLEST’s engineers fill this role.

AEC, a solution for the PFAS “forever-chemicals” crisis

One of the most significant and timely innovations in our portfolio is our per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) water remediation system the Aqueous Electrostatic Concentrator (AEC), a novel water treatment system that removes PFAS from water at a lower operating cost while generating only a fraction of the PFAS-laden waste of the most common currently used solutions (carbon filtration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis). PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals used for decades in the manufacture of both household and industrial goods, which have been detected in drinking water around the world. PFAS are a concern because they do not break down in the environment, can move through soil and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up (bioaccumulate) in fish, wildlife and humans. PFAS chemicals have been linked to cancer, immune disorders, liver dysfunction, and many other human health problems. Detection of unsafe levels of PFAS around the world has given rise to a number of market opportunities for treatment and remediation technologies, including in drinking water, industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, solid waste, organic foods and more.

We have successfully validated the AEC as an effective system to selectively extract and collect PFAS chemicals from contaminated water, including performance testing that shows “non-detect” levels of removal, which meets new EPA standards. We have demonstrated more than 10,000 hours of continuous operation showing no materially significant degradation of the AEC system’s components or performance over time,

and believe the costs to operate our system will be far less than that of the two primary incumbent technologies.

As a modular system, we believe the AEC is scalable to small commercial units used in smaller remediation projects for groundwater, wastewater, or landfill leachate, as well as large commercial installations of drinking water treatment facilities, and we believe that our engineering team has the experience to deliver systems to meet the needs of any sized commercial installation. In order to provide a full turn-key solution for our customers, we have developed an expanded offering whereby we can bundle a service package with each customer project that includes a membrane exchange program, the collection of PFAS, and transport and destruction of the PFAS using a novel “electrooxidation” process which our studies have shown is capable of reaching non-detect levels of PFAS after treating AEC-concentrated PFAS containing water, wastewater, or even landfill leachate (the contaminant-laden water that drains from landfills).

Our strategy to market our PFAS treatment technology and related engineering services is as follows: 1) focus on demonstrating our technology’s efficacy in first demonstration projects, trials, and early customer deployments with the understanding that this early success can be leveraged to secure larger and more numerous subsequent projects, 2) market our PFAS expertise and our technology by presenting at industry events and conferences around the country, cultivating our status as “thought leaders” in the space, 3) use our network of manufacturer’s representatives and channel selling partners to maximize the number of potential opportunities with early adopters, and 4) engage in discussions with credible distribution partners at established water treatment technology companies. Part and parcel to our strategy, we are in the early stages of developing a collaboration with the US EPA to have our AEC technology validated through a rigorous third-party pilot study whereby our technology would be operated and analyzed by EPA staff to a high degree of technical scrutiny. Such third-party validation could significantly facilitate market adoption of the AEC by effectively de-risking the technology for customers.

The AEC’s commercial roll-out is being executed with the help of a network of sales representative organizations whose role will be to market and sell the treatment system, related equipment, and the Company’s engineering services to municipal and industrial customers across the country. We have secured channel partner agreements with several sales representative organizations ensuring coverage for most of the continental United States. The AEC for our PFAS project in New Jersey has been built and is ready for delivery and installation, now waiting on the completion of other facilities. We believe the New Jersey project will represent a key milestone for the commercialization of the AEC, as we believe industry validation of the technology in a first municipal drinking water treatment project will play an important role in showcasing the AEC’s distinct advantages over incumbent technologies like carbon filtration and ion exchange.

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We believe we are well-positioned in the PFAS-removal market for multiple reasons. We have successfully completed over a dozen pilot studies with prospective customers’ PFAS contaminated water; we have successfully maintained operation of our AEC PFAS treatment system for over 10,000 hours continuously, thus demonstrating its resilience to long-term use; we have submitted bids and proposals and have received indications of interest from a wide range of customer types; we have added several high-profile experts from the industry to our team who are assisting in opening doors to potential clients and collaborators; we have entered into discussions about partnership and opportunities for collaboration with industry-leading firms who have a gap in their PFAS treatment technology portfolio. While these opportunities do not convert into commercial sales overnight, but they represent strong avenues for accelerating adoption of our PFAS treatment solution.

AROS Minimal Liquid Discharge Water Treatment

In partnership with Garratt-Callahan, one of the country’s oldest and largest privately held water treatment companies, our engineers developed a “minimal liquid discharge” wastewater treatment system called the Aqueous Reuse Optimization System (AROS) that minimizes industrial wastewater discharges and thus the regulatory fees associated with wastewater discharge, including for uses like cooling towers at data centers. Garratt-Callahan, who invented and patented the technology, is currently marketing the AROS system to its existing customer base and to new prospective customers. BLEST will serve as the manufacturing partner and Garratt-Callahan will serve as the selling distributor to leverage their national sales force and over one hundred years of providing services and products to customers. Presently, both BioLargo and Garratt-Callahan are engaged in pilot projects with potential customers for the AROS system, and the companies are currently engaged in discussions with multiple potential first customers for the technology.

Advanced Oxidation System (AOS)

The Advanced Oxidation water treatment system (AOS) is our patented water treatment device that generates highly oxidative and energetic species of iodine and other molecules which allow it to eliminate pathogenic organisms and organic contaminants rapidly and effectively as water passes through the device. The key value proposition of the AOS is its ability to reduce or eliminate a wide variety of waterborne contaminants with high performance, including the normally hard-to-treat class of recalcitrant water contaminants called “micropollutants”, while using very little electricity and input chemicals.

Our proof-of-concept studies and on-site pilot projects have generated results that project the AOS will be more cost- and energy-efficient than commonly used advanced water treatment technologies such as UV, electro-chlorination, and ozonation. Furthermore, our technology has been proven capable of removing hard-to-treat organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals from water more quickly and energy-efficiently than other technologies. Together, these characteristics make the AOS an economical and versatile tool to enable wastewater treatment and reuse in the face of emerging water contaminants and increasing regulatory scrutiny on industrial wastewater discharge.

The AOS has, broadly speaking, two target applications: 1) treatment of municipal or industrial wastewater to eliminate bacteria, viruses, other organisms, and regulated organic contaminants, while using less electrical energy than other technologies, and 2) treatment of water or wastewater specifically to eliminate micropollutants/pharmaceuticals, at which the AOS particularly excels at compared to existing technologies. Our work to have the AOS adopted in the US and Canada for the first application has been met with resistance because existing technologies, while less energy efficient than our technology, are effective enough against target contaminants, and our “value-add” of also eliminating hard-to-treat micropollutants is not relevant unless regulations dictate that those chemicals must be removed. Similarly, the second application is only relevant in jurisdictions where those hard-to-treat micropollutants are regulated. Unfortunately, this does not include the US or Canada, but it does include several European countries. For that reason, presently, much of our business development efforts to secure projects for the AOS focus on development of partnerships to demonstrate the AOS for the European micropollutant market, or for domestic industrial or pharmaceutical wastewater treatment purposes where micropollutants are major contributors to facilities’ wastewater surcharge fees.

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BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc.

Our subsidiary BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. (“BETI”) was founded to commercialize a novel battery technology with the potential to help facilitate the ongoing shift toward renewable energy production by providing a safer, longer lasting, more eco-friendly, and more affordable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Designed for long duration energy storage, also known as "battery energy storage solutions" (BESS), our battery, called Cellinity™, uses a novel “liquid sodium” chemistry that uses common domestically sourced materials, and which has significant advantages over other battery chemistries for use in stationary, long-duration energy storage.

BETI operates out of a pilot-scale battery production facility in our Oak Ridge Tennessee engineering headquarters, and is currently manufacturing and testing prototype battery cells. Preliminary internal testing has confirmed many of the technology's exceptional performance claims that make it an attractive battery technology for long duration energy storage, including the stability of the chemistry of the battery cell and the reliability of the component construction as a sealed, non-venting cell design with no self-discharging. These recent tests also helped verify the battery's ability to quickly charge and discharge at a high voltage. It has also been proven that the battery can withstand catastrophic physical insults without causing fire or explosion, one of the battery’s key features. Once prototype batteries are built and tested, and assuming such tests show the batteries have the characteristics we expect would differentiate it from other battery technologies, we will complete the design on a larger sized battery cell that would then be incorporated into battery packs and battery sizes meant for industrial facilities. Once designed, our engineers will work to develop manufacturing processes that would allow scale production to ensure costs of goods in line with market demand and conditions. We are working to obtain technology validation from an independent organization that we believe will serve as a key milestone to the more rapid advancement of our commercial efforts.

We believe our Cellinity batteries will have features that far surpass comparable lithium-ion batteries, the dominant incumbent technology in the market, including:

	●	Increased safety, no runaway fire risks, and a more sustainable design – with no rare-earth elements – that is capable of being manufactured completely from a domestic supply chain
	●	Ability to charge and discharge completely, with no degradation of performance, ensuring virtually unlimited charge/discharge cycles, and without self-discharge and no out-gassing
	●	Increased energy efficiency and energy density in comparison to lithium-ion batteries, and a longer useful life expectancy of at least 10 years and expected to be up to 20 years or more

Our battery has high energy density and high voltage, making it well-suited for large format long duration energy storage rather than mobile energy storage purposes like EVs. Its electrical performance metrics also make it well-suited for long duration storage, meaning batteries which expend their electricity over up to ten hours, rather than being limited to two- or four-hour expenditures like many lithium-ion batteries. Such batteries are sought after for grid-scale leveling, storage of renewable energy, and emergency power redundancy purposes.

We are exploring multiple opportunities to commercialize our proprietary liquid sodium batteries through joint ventures with third parties. The third parties would finance the construction of independent battery manufacturing facilities designed and built under the direction of our engineers, and the joint venture would market, manufacture and distribute batteries. BioLargo would (i) receive a minority equity position in each joint venture, (ii) separately manufacture and sell at a profit to the joint venture certain proprietary battery components, and (iii) receive a royalty on the revenues of the joint venture.

Given the global growing demand for better batteries, and, while we are witnessing a number of current examples in which battery manufacturers have secured forward-contracts to supply batteries to its customers with backlogs of orders that amount to multiple years of production capacity, we believe our offer to partner with customers to secure needed inventory provides for a clear potential pathway to access capital, and more readily scale up production to meet demand around the world. At this point, we do not intend to finance and build our own manufacturing facilities, nor would we develop in-house sales channels, although that possibility remains on the table if needed.

Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc.

Our partially owned subsidiary Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc. is a healthcare company that is developing and commercializing products based on our technologies designed to safely treat wound and skin infections and promote wound healing, while reducing the need for antibiotics. Clyra is working closely with a medical device and cosmetics manufacturer founded over 50 years ago, Keystone Industries, to manufacture its products at scale. Keystone has invested over $3 million in equipment and infrastructure in its manufacturing facilities. Clyra has invested over $2 million in molds, equipment and resources to support scale manufacturing. Clyra has recently formalized relationships with multiple wholesale distributors and sales agents, and has the infrastructure in place to support their efforts to sell Clyra’s products to the medical industry. Clyra’s management team includes Chief Medical Officer Dr. Steven J. Kavros, a twenty-year veteran of the Mayo Clinic in roles such as Director at the Rochester Mayo Clinic’s Gonda Vascular Wound Healing Center, Nick Valeriani, who enjoyed a 34-year career with Johnson and Johnson where he held numerous leadership positions in engineering, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and Linda Park of Edwards Lifesciences, where she serves as Corporate Secretary, Senior Vice President and Associate General Counsel, and as a board member of the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation.

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Full Service Environmental Engineering

BioLargo Engineering, Science & Technologies, LLC (“BLEST”) offers full service environmental engineering to third parties and provides engineering support services to our internal teams to accelerate the commercialization of our technologies.

BLEST focuses its efforts in three areas:

	●	providing engineering services to third-party clients as well as affiliated BioLargo entities;
	●	supporting internal product development; and
	●	advancing their own technical innovations such as the AEC PFAS treatment technology and the Cellinity battery energy storage system.

BLEST operates out of an engineering facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (a suburb of Knoxville), and employs a group of scientists and engineers, many of whom are owners of the entity (BioLargo owns 74% as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024). The team is led by Randall Moore, who served as Manager of Operations for Consulting and Engineering for the Knoxville office of CB&I Environmental & Infrastructure and was formerly a leader at The Shaw Group, Inc., a Fortune 500 global engineering firm. Many of the other team members are also former employees of CB&I and Shaw, with the exception of more recent staff hires. The team is highly experienced across multiple industries and we believe are considered experts in their respective fields, including: chemical engineering, wastewater treatment (including design, operations, data gathering and data evaluation), process safety, energy efficiency, air pollution, design and control, technology evaluation, technology integration, air quality management & testing, engineering management, permitting, industrial hygiene, applied research and development, air testing, environmental permitting, HAZOP review, chemical processing, thermal design, computational fluid dynamics, mechanical engineering, mechanical design, NEPDES permitting, RCRA/TSCA compliance and permitting, project management, storm water design & permitting, computer assisted design (CAD), bench chemistry, continuous emission monitoring system operator, data handling and evaluation and decommissioning and decontamination of radiological and chemical contaminated facilities. The team has decades of high-level experience in the energy industry. The engineering team has also developed an extended network of trusted engineering subcontractors that assist in serving specific client projects as needed.

BLEST engineers generate revenue through services to third party clients, as well as for internal BioLargo projects such as the AEC and battery (revenues from internal projects are eliminated in the consolidation of our financial statements and are designed “intersegment revenue”). Third party contracts include ongoing work at U.S. Air Force bases for air quality control which generate ongoing contract-based revenue of approximately $100,000 per month. Efforts to expand this work as well as with other clients are consistently ongoing.

The staff time devoted to supporting the AEC (PFAS) and battery related work is demanding, and, BLEST needs to hire more qualified staff to meet and expanding demand for our growing list of customers and/or expected customers. When we combine the demands of current revenue generating projects and expected growth, we are presented with an obvious challenge to manage quality, timely performance as well as access to qualified staff. We are working carefully to find balance to help ensure we meet the demands of both in a practical customer centric and capital conserving way. It may be for example, when we secure larger and larger contracts for PFAS or Garrett Callan related work, we will need to depend heavily on our contact manufactures to meet the customer demands in the near term as we scale up our infrastructure and work force capabilities.

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Results of Operations

Our revenues decreased 31% in the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared with the same period in 2024, primarily due to a decreased volume of sales of our pet odor control product private labeled to a third party under the brand name “Pooph”, which comprised 79% of our consolidated revenues. Our financial statements separate revenue based on products and services. Revenues from the sale of products for the three months ended March 31, 2025, decreased 39% over the same period in 2024. Revenues from services for the three months ended March 31, 2025, increased 152% over the same period in 2024.

ONM Environmental

Our wholly-owned subsidiary ONM Environmental generates revenues through (i) sales of our flagship product CupriDyne Clean, including related design, installation, and maintenance services on the systems that deliver CupriDyne Clean at its clients’ facilities, and (ii) sales of private-label products to third parties, including the Pooph branded pet odor control product.

Revenue (ONM Environmental)

ONM Environmental’s revenues decreased 39% (to $2,803,000) in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared with the same period in 2024. The decrease in revenues was almost entirely due to a decrease in the volume of sales of our pet odor product private labeled to a third party under the brand name "Pooph". Because the Pooph brand is owned and marketed by a third party, ONM Environmental has no control over its marketing and sales activity. Because the brand has only been on the market for three years, it is difficult to identify trends and uncertainties in sales volumes, especially so for longer periods of time. For the three months ending June 30, 2025, we expect a decrease in ONM Environmental's revenues as compared with the same period in 2024.

Cost of Goods Sold (ONM Environmental)

ONM Environmental’s cost of goods sold includes costs of raw materials, contract manufacturing, and portions of depreciation, salaries and expenses related to the manufacturing and installation of its products. As a percentage of revenue, ONM Environmental’s costs of goods for the three months ended March 31, 2025, were 54% an increase of 1%, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in cost of goods is consistent with the Pooph-branded product volume.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (ONM Environmental)

ONM Environmental’s selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") decreased 1% during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared with the same period in 2024. ONM Environmental's selling, general and administrative expenses are expected to remain consistent.

Operating Income (ONM Environmental)

ONM Environmental generated operating income of $956,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to operating income of $1,798,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The operating income for both periods was entirely dependent on the sale of Pooph branded products.

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BLEST (engineering)

Revenue (BLEST)

Our engineering segment's (BLEST's) revenues increased 152% (to $466,000), in the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared with the same period in 2024. The increase in revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2025, is related to the new contracts to provide air quality control compliance services to additional U.S. Air Force bases, increasing its ongoing contract-based revenue to approximately $100,000 per month. These ongoing contracts are expected to continue provide a monthly base revenue, in addition to regular work for other clients.

In addition to providing services to third party clients, BLEST provides services for internal BioLargo projects. These services are billed internally, are considered intersegment revenue, and are eliminated in the consolidation of our financial statements. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, intersegment revenue for BLEST totaled $224,000 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, intersegment revenue for BLEST totaled $171,000.

Cost of Revenues (BLEST)

BLEST’s cost of revenues includes employee labor, subcontracted costs and material costs. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, costs were 58% of revenues, versus 40% in the same period in 2024. The increase is related to increased costs on fixed fee contracts, compared to product sales attributed to the AEC project in Lake Stockholm New Jersey.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (BLEST)

BLEST’s SG&A expenses were $330,000, in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $203,000, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, the increase is due to additional employees. In June and July 2024, BLEST hired four additional full-time employees.

Operating Loss (BLEST)

BLEST incurred an operating loss of $378,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to an operating loss of $445,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2024. This operating loss is reflective of the focus at BLEST on advancing internal BioLargo projects such as the Cellinity battery and AEC water treatment system. Our consolidated financial statements eliminate intersegment revenues. The decrease in operating loss was due to an increase in third party-revenues. Because BLEST had an operating loss, we invested cash during the quarter to maintain operations.

Clyra Medical

Clyra Medical has not yet begun commercial sales of its products and thus did not generate revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024. Historical revenues have been nominal. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, it incurred total costs and expenses of $1,315,000, which included $335,000 in research and development expenses. In the same period in 2024, total costs and expenses were $545,000, which included $121,000 in research and development expenses. The increases in costs and expenses is primarily related stock option expense recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses and product development costs. Management is not yet in a position to disclose when it believes Clyra will begin generating revenue.

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BETI

BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. (BETI) is developing our Cellinity battery, and has not generated generate revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, it incurred total costs and expenses of $94,000, which included $60,000 in research and development expenses. In the same period in 2024, total costs and expenses were $155,000, which included $80,000 in research and development expenses. We do not expect BETI to generate revenue in the near future as it continues its research and development activities.

BEST

BioLargo Equipment, Sciences and Technologies, Inc. (BEST) was formed in 2024 to commercialize BioLargo's proprietary water treatment equipment, including its PFAS removal device the AEC. As the first AEC sale occurred prior to the Company's formation, and the sales cycle for advanced water treatment systems is long, BEST has not yet generated revenues. We intend future water treatment projects to be contracted through BEST. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 BEST incurred $58,000 and $66,000 in total expenses primarily related to sales and marketing activities.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense – consolidated

Our SG&A expenses include both cash (for example, salaries to employees) and non-cash expenses (for example, stock option compensation expense). For the three months ended March 31, 2025 consolidated SG&A increased 15% (to $2,559,000). The largest components of our SG&A expenses included (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025		March 31, 2024
Salaries and payroll related	$	1,054	$	705
Professional fees		202		278
Consulting		402		479
Office expense		601		446
Sales and marketing		176		99
Investor relations		42		129
Board of director expense		82		89
Total Selling, General & Administrative	$	2,559	$	2,225

In the three months ended March 31, 2025, our non-cash expenses from the issuance of stock and stock options totaled $712,000 compared to $623,000 for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024. This increased due to stock option issuances for previously issued stock options that expired during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The majority of this stock option expense is recorded in Consulting expense. Salaries and payroll related expense increased due to the addition of new employees; companywide, there are 44 full time employees. Professional fees decreased due less corporate activity related to new subsidiaries, private securities offerings for BioLargo and Clyra, and other organizational needs that required professionals. Investor relation expense decreased due to fewer trade show and investor events.

Research and Development

In the three months ended March 31, 2025, we spent $791,000 in the research and development of our technologies and products, of which $335,000 was through Clyra Medical. This was an increase of 1% and compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase is primarily due to work related preparing for (i) the commercialization of medical products, to (ii) the battery project, and (iii) the AEC. As these products mature, we expect the level of research and development to continue.

Interest expense

Our interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $65,000 compared to interest expense of $12,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase of interest expense is related to the Clyra Medical note payables related to capital expenditures.

Other Income and Expense

For three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $6,000 and $0 of grant income. Grant income is primarily generated through our wholly owned Canadian subsidiary. The research grants received are considered reimbursement grants related to costs we incur and therefore are included as Other Income. Grant funds paid directly to third parties are not included as income in our financial statements.

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Net Loss

Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $1,921,000 a loss of $ (0.004) per share, compared to a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024, of $775,000, a loss of $ (0.001) per share. Our net loss for the three ended March 31, 2025, increased because of the decrease in revenue.

The net income (loss) per business segment is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025			March 31, 2024
BioLargo corporate	$	(815	)		(1,247	)
ONM		971			1,796
Clyra Medical		(1,398	)		(553	)
BLEST		(377	)		(445	)
BETI		(94	)		(155	)
BEST		(58	)		(66	)
BioLargo Canada		(150	)		(105	)
Net loss	$	(1,921	)		(775	)

Clyra’s net loss in due primarily to the expense associated with its efforts to launch products and build infrastructure to support sales activities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we generated revenues of $3,269,000 and had a net loss of $1,921,000. As of March 31, 2025, we had current assets of $7,218,000, of which $2,564,000 was cash and cash equivalents. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we used $1,830,000 net cash used in operating activities. Our cash decreased $984,000 from December 31, 2024, and we had an increase of $1,077,000 in accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2025, we had current liabilities of $3,373,000, and working capital of $3,845,000. We and our partially owned subsidiaries continue to sell securities to ensure available working capital. We do not believe gross profits in the year ending December 31, 2025 will be sufficient to fund our current level of operations. We have been, and anticipate that we will continue to be, limited in terms of our capital resources, and expect to continue to need further investment capital to fund our business plans and investments in our new technologies. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we and our subsidiaries received $885,000 from financing activities, including sales of stock and the issuance of note payables. The foregoing factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, unless we are able to (i) continue to increase revenues, generate cash from operations, and/or generate cash from financing activities, (ii) convert assets such as our $4,208,000 in accounts receivable into cash; or, (iii) if necessary, reduce ongoing cash obligations by curtailing portions of our operations. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources are based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, valuation of offerings of debt with equity or derivative features which include the valuation of the warrant component, any beneficial conversion feature and potential derivative treatment, and share-based payments. We base our estimates on anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results that differ from our estimates could have a significant adverse effect on our operating results and financial position.

Our significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are described in (i) in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and (ii) in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, and “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7. There have been no material changes to the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates since the filing of its Form 10-K.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended – the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Our procedures have been designed to ensure that the information relating to our company, including our consolidated subsidiaries, required to be disclosed in our SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. However, our Company is continuing to grow and evolve, as our product and services sales continues to grow, and as we diversify our clients to include municipalities, increasing strain on our accounting systems. These activities put stress on our overall controls and procedures. We do not yet have the resources to implement the more sophisticated control systems used by larger companies. Although we have made some improvements, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the evaluation date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, due to the material weakness identified below.

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It should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, we have established internal control procedures in accordance with the guidelines established in the 2013 Framework —Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal controls, and concluded that due to our limited financial and personnel resources, the fact that we operate our business in three distinct locations in the U.S. and Canada, and the lack of sophisticated reporting systems, we continue to have a material weakness in our internal controls with respect to the closing our financial statements. Until the Company has the financial resources to implement more robust automated systems, or to hire additional dedicated accounting personnel, we expect this material weakness to continue.

Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting, or any system we design or implement in the future, will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

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PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

See the Exhibit Index for a list of exhibits filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit Index

		Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	File Date
3.1	Amended and Restated Bylaws	Form 10-KSB	5/23/2003
3.2	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation for BioLargo, Inc. filed March 16, 2007	Form 10-KSB	5/4/2007
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation, filed May 25, 2018	Pos Am	6/22/2018
3.4	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation, filed August 30, 2022	Form 10-Q	11/14/2022
4.1	BioLargo, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan	Form 10-QSB	11/19/2007
4.2	Amendment No. 1 to BioLargo 2007 Equity Incentive Plan	Def 14C (Exhibit A)	5/2/2011
4.3	Form of Stock Options issued in exchange for reduction in accounts payable.	Form 10-K	3/31/2015
4.4	2018 Equity Incentive Plan	Form S-8	6/22/2018
4.5	2024 Equity Incentive Plan	Form POS AM	4/18/2025

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4.6	Revolving Line of Credit Agreement dated June 30, 2020, between Clyra Medical and Vernal Bay	Form 8-K	7/7/2020
4.7	Security Agreement dated June 30, 2020, between Clyra Medical and Vernal Bay	Form 8-K	7/7/2020
4.8	Revolving Line of Credit Note issued by Clyra Medical to Vernal Bay on June 30, 2020	Form 8-K	7/7/2020
4.9	Warrant issued in BioLargo Unit Offerings (through January 16, 2024)	Form 10-Q	8/14/2020
10.1	BioLargo license to Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc., dated March 1, 2024	Form 10-K	April 1, 2024
10.2	Clyra Medical Technologies, Inc. license to BioLargo dated March 1, 2024	Form 10-K	April 1, 2024
10.3	Form of indemnity agreement between the Company at its officers and directors	Form 10-K	3/31/2023
10.4	Commercial Office Lease Agreement for 14921 Chestnut St., Westminster, CA 92683	Form 8-K	8/24/2016
10.5†	Employment Agreement with Dennis P. Calvert dated May 2, 2017.	Form 8-K	5/4/2017
10.6†	Lock-Up Agreement with Dennis P. Calvert dated April 30, 2017	Form 8-K	5/4/2017
10.7	Commercial Office Lease Agreement for Oak Ridge Tennessee	Form 8-K	9/8/2017
10.8	Form of Employment Agreement for Engineering Subsidiary	Form 8-K	9/8/2017
10.9	Form of Option issued to founding employees of Engineering subsidiary (BLEST)	Form 8-K	9/8/2017
10.10†	Employment Agreement with Joseph L. Provenzano dated May 28, 2019	Form 8-K	6/24/2019
10.11	Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2022, by and between BioLargo, Inc. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC	Form 8-K	12/19/2022
10.12	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2022, by and between BioLargo, Inc. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC	Form 8-K	12/19/2022
10.13†	2023 Engagement Extension Agreement with CFO	Form 8-K	3/27/2023
10.14	Form of Share Exchange Agreement between BioLargo, Inc., and purchasers of Clyra Medical Series A Preferred Stock	Form 10-Q	5/17/2023

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10.15	Form of Share Exchange Agreement between BioLargo, Inc., and purchasers of BioLargo Energy Technologies, Inc. common stock	Form 10-Q	5/17/2023
10.16†	2024 Engagement Extension Agreement with CFO	Form 10-Q	8/15/2024
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rules 13(a)-14 and 15(d)-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934		filed herewith
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rules 13(a)-14 and 15(d)-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934		filed herewith
32*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350		filed herewith
101.INS**	Inline XBRL Instance
101.SCH**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation
101.DEF**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition
101.LAB**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels
101.PRE**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

† Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: May 15, 2025		BIOLARGO, INC. By: /s/ DENNIS P. CALVERT
		Dennis P. Calvert Chief Executive Officer


Date: May 15, 2025		By: /s/ CHARLES K. DARGAN, II
		Chief Financial Officer

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