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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File Number 001-36636

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware						05-0412693
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

One Citizens Plaza, Providence, RI 02903

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(203) 900-6715

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class			Trading Symbol(s)			Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share			CFG			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 5.000% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E			CFG PrE			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.375% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series H			CFG PrH			New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer			☑			Accelerated filer			☐
Non-accelerated filer			☐			Smaller reporting company			☐
						Emerging growth company			☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

There were 433,649,118 shares of the registrant’s common stock ($0.01 par value) outstanding on April 25, 2025.

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						Table of Contents
			Glossary of Acronyms and Terms						3
			Part I. Financial Information						5
			Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)						33
			Consolidated Balance Sheets						34
			Consolidated Statements of Operations						35
			Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income						36
			Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity						37
			Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows						38
			Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements						39
			Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations						5
			Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk						70
			Item 4. Controls and Procedures						71
			Part II. Other Information						71
			Item 1. Legal Proceedings						71
			Item 1A. Risk Factors						71
			Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds						71
			Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities						71
			Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures						72
			Item 5. Other Information						72
			Item 6. Exhibits						72
			Signature						73

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 2

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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS

    The following is a list of common acronyms and terms used regularly in our financial reporting:

2024 Form 10-K						Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024
AACL						Adjusted Allowance for Credit Losses
ACL						Allowance for Credit Losses: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses plus Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments
AFS						Available for Sale
ALM						Asset and Liability Management
AOCI						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
ASU						Accounting Standards Update
ATM						Automated Teller Machine
Board or Board of Directors						The Board of Directors of Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
bps						Basis Points
CBNA						Citizens Bank, National Association
CCB						Capital Conservation Buffer
CECL						Current Expected Credit Losses (ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments)
CET1						Common Equity Tier 1
CET1 capital ratio						Common Equity Tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
Citizens, CFG, the Company, we, us, or our						Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its Subsidiaries
CLTV						Combined Loan-to-Value
CODM						Chief Operating Decision Maker
CRE						Commercial Real Estate
Efficiency Ratio						Noninterest expense divided by total revenue, inclusive of net interest income and noninterest income
EPS						Earnings Per Share
EVE						Economic Value of Equity
Exchange Act						The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Fannie Mae (FNMA)						Federal National Mortgage Association
FDIC						Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDM						Financially Distressed Modification
FHA						Federal Housing Administration
FHLB						Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO						Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)
FRB or Federal Reserve						Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and, as applicable, Federal Reserve Bank(s)
Freddie Mac (FHLMC)						Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FTE						Fully Taxable Equivalent
GAAP						Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America
GDP						Gross Domestic Product
Ginnie Mae (GNMA)						Government National Mortgage Association
GSE						Government Sponsored Entity
HTM						Held To Maturity
LHFS						Loans Held for Sale
LIHTC						Low Income Housing Tax Credit
M&A						Merger and Acquisition
MD&A						Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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Modified AACL transition						The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to ACL plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build
Modified CECL transition						The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to retained earnings plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build
MSRs						Mortgage Servicing Rights
NMTC						New Markets Tax Credit
OCC						Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI						Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Parent Company						Citizens Financial Group, Inc. (the Parent Company of Citizens Bank, National Association and other subsidiaries)
PCD						Purchased Credit Deteriorated
ROTCE						Return on Average Tangible Common Equity
RPA						Risk Participation Agreement
RWA						Risk-Weighted Assets
SBA						United States Small Business Administration
SCB						Stress Capital Buffer
SEC						United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SOFR						Secured Overnight Financing Rate
TBAs						To-Be-Announced Mortgage Securities
Tier 1 capital ratio						Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
Tier 1 leverage ratio						Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional tier 1 capital, divided by quarterly adjusted average assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
Total capital ratio						Total capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital, and allowance for credit losses and qualifying subordinated debt that qualifies as tier 2 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach
USDA						United States Department of Agriculture
VA						United States Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR						Value at Risk
VIE						Variable Interest Entity

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

						Page
Forward-Looking Statements						6
Introduction						7
Executive Summary						7
Results of Operations						8
Analysis of Financial Condition						12
Business Segments						18
Risk Management						19
Credit Risk						19
Market Risk						20
Liquidity Risk						23
Operational Risk						25
Compliance Risk						26
Capital						26
Critical Accounting Estimates						29
Accounting and Reporting Developments						30
Non-GAAP Financial Measures						31

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statement that does not describe historical or current facts is a forward-looking statement. These statements often include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “targets,” “initiatives,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook,” “guidance” or similar expressions or future conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “likely,” “should,” “would,” and “could.”

Forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of management, and on information currently available to management. Our statements speak as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update these statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements in light of new information or future events. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation:

•Negative economic, business and political conditions, including as a result of the interest rate environment, supply chain disruptions, tariffs, inflationary pressures and labor shortages, that adversely affect the general economy, housing prices, the job market, consumer confidence and spending habits;

•The general state of the economy and employment, as well as general business and economic conditions, and changes in the competitive environment;

•Our capital and liquidity requirements under regulatory standards and our ability to generate capital and liquidity on favorable terms;

•The effect of changes in our credit ratings on our cost of funding, access to capital markets, ability to market our securities, and overall liquidity position;

•The effect of changes in the level of commercial and consumer deposits on our funding costs and net interest margin;

•Our ability to execute on our strategic business initiatives and achieve our financial performance goals across our Consumer and Commercial businesses, including our Private Bank;

•The effects of geopolitical instability, including the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, on economic and market conditions, inflationary pressures and the interest rate environment, commodity price and foreign exchange rate volatility, and heightened cybersecurity risks;

•Our ability to comply with heightened supervisory requirements and expectations as well as new or amended regulations;

•Liabilities and business restrictions resulting from litigation and regulatory investigations;

•The effect of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, net interest margin and our mortgage originations, mortgage servicing rights and mortgages held for sale;

•Changes in interest rates and market liquidity, as well as the magnitude of such changes, which may reduce interest margins, impact funding sources and affect the ability to originate and distribute financial products in the primary and secondary markets;

•Financial services reform and other current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and businesses;

•Environmental risks, such as physical or transition risks associated with climate change, and social and governance risks, that could adversely affect our reputation, operations, business, and customers;

•A failure in or breach of our compliance with laws, as well as operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors or other service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks; and

•Management’s ability to identify and manage these and other risks.

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In addition to the above factors, we also caution that the actual amounts and timing of any future common stock dividends or share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including our capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations, as well as any other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant in making such a determination. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will repurchase shares from or pay any dividends to holders of our common stock, or as to the amount of any such repurchases or dividends.

More information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the “Risk Factors” section in Part I, Item 1A of our 2024 Form 10-K.

INTRODUCTION

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. is one of the nation’s oldest and largest financial institutions, with $220.1 billion in assets as of March 31, 2025. Headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, we offer a broad range of retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, small businesses, middle-market companies, large corporations and institutions. We help our customers reach their potential by listening to them and by understanding their needs in order to offer tailored advice, ideas and solutions. In Consumer Banking, we provide an integrated experience that includes mobile and online banking, a full-service customer contact center and the convenience of approximately 3,100 ATMs and approximately 1,000 branches in 14 states and the District of Columbia. Consumer Banking products and services include a full range of banking, lending, savings, wealth management and small business offerings. In Commercial Banking, we offer a broad complement of financial products and solutions, including lending and leasing, deposit and treasury management services, foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity risk management solutions, as well as loan syndication, corporate finance, merger and acquisition, and debt and equity capital markets capabilities.

The following MD&A is intended to assist readers in their analysis of the accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and supplemental financial information. It should be read in conjunction with the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1, as well as other information contained in this document and our 2024 Form 10-K.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This summary highlights select financial information of the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as well as information regarding certain significant events and transactions occurring during this period. This summary should be read in conjunction with this entire document for a more complete understanding of trends, events, commitments, uncertainties, liquidity, capital resources and critical accounting policies and estimates. Each of these items, taken individually or collectively, could have an impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For additional information regarding our financial performance and condition, see “Results of Operations” and “Analysis of Financial Condition.”

Key Financial Highlights

•Net income of $373 million increased $39 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, with earnings per diluted common share up $0.12 to $0.77 compared to the same period in 2024.

•Net income available to common stockholders of $340 million increased $36 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024.

•Total revenue of $1.9 billion decreased $24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by a decrease of 4% in net interest income.

•The efficiency ratio of 67.91% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 69.33% for the same period in 2024.

•ROTCE of 9.64% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 8.86% for the same period in 2024.

•Tangible book value per common share of $33.97 increased 5% from December 31, 2024.

See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information regarding the ROTCE and tangible book value per common share non-GAAP financial measures presented herein.

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Sale of Education Loans

During the first quarter of 2025, we entered into an agreement to sell $1.9 billion of Non-Core education loans and subsequently reclassified these loans to LHFS. Upon reclassification to LHFS, a charge-off of $25 million was recognized, which was covered by existing reserves. This transaction will settle ratably each quarter throughout 2025, with $200 million settled during the first quarter, and is expected to be accretive to net interest margin, EPS, and ROTCE.

Senior Notes Offering

On March 5, 2025, the Parent Company issued $750 million of fixed/floating-rate senior notes that mature on March 5, 2031. The senior notes bear interest at a rate of 5.253% per annum until March 4, 2030, and at SOFR plus 1.259% from March 5, 2030 until maturity. See Note 7 for additional information regarding the Company’s borrowed funds.

Share Repurchases

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Parent Company repurchased $200 million of its outstanding common stock. See Note 10 and Item 2 for additional information on share repurchase activity.

Other Developments

On March 27, 2025, the SEC voted to end its defense of several court challenges of its climate disclosure rule. The rule requires companies to disclose certain climate-related matters, including risks, activities to mitigate or adapt to such risks, governance, financial effects of severe weather events, and audited measurements of certain greenhouse gas emissions. The SEC paused implementation of the rule last year while federal courts considered various legal challenges brought by states, businesses and business groups, which were consolidated in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. With the SEC withdrawing from the lawsuit, litigation is expected to continue with the court ultimately deciding whether the rule will remain in effect as adopted. The rule remains stayed until the litigation is resolved. For additional information regarding the SEC’s climate-related rule and other climate-related laws and regulations that we may be subject to, see “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

On March 28, 2025, the FDIC, FRB and OCC announced their intention to issue a proposal to both rescind the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) final rule issued in October 2023 and reinstate the CRA framework that existed prior to this final rule. In their announcement, the three banking agencies stated that they will continue to work together to promote a consistent regulatory approach on their implementation of the CRA. For additional information regarding the CRA including its existing framework and the primary provisions of the October 2023 final rule, see “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

We will continue to monitor these regulatory developments and the ultimate outcome of the SEC’s climate disclosure rule and the CRA framework imposed by the banking agencies.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is our largest source of revenue and is the difference between the interest earned on interest-earning assets (generally loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (generally deposits and borrowed funds). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the difference between the effective yield on our average interest-earning assets and the effective cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. Factors that influence our net interest income include, but are not limited to, the pricing and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the FRB and market interest rates. For further discussion, refer to the “Market Risk” and “Risk Governance” sections of our 2024 Form 10-K.

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The following table presents the major components of our net interest income. Average balance represents amortized cost, excluding the unamortized basis adjustments related to the transfer of certain HTM securities from AFS, and LHFS. The yield/rate is based on annualized interest income or expense for the periods presented and includes the impact of hedging activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.

Table 1: Major Components of Net Interest Income
			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2025												2024												Change
(dollars in millions)			Average Balance			Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate						Average Balance			Income/ Expense			Yield/ Rate						Average Balance			Yield/ Rate (bps)
Assets
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks and deposits in banks			$8,092			$89			4.42		%				$10,268			$140			5.39		%				($2,176)			(97) bps
Taxable investment securities			46,068			418			3.63						43,904			399			3.63						2,164			—
Non-taxable investment securities			1			—			2.60						1			—			2.60						—			—
Total investment securities			46,069			418			3.63						43,905			399			3.63						2,164			—
Commercial and industrial			43,599			515			4.72						44,577			635			5.64						(978)			(92)
Commercial real estate			27,013			387			5.74						29,265			468			6.32						(2,252)			(58)
Total commercial			70,612			902			5.11						73,842			1,103			5.91						(3,230)			(80)
Residential mortgages			32,872			318			3.86						31,384			283			3.60						1,488			26
Home equity			16,647			293			7.13						15,080			298			7.94						1,567			(81)
Automobile			4,394			47			4.38						7,758			82			4.25						(3,364)			13
Education			10,690			148			5.61						11,816			156			5.31						(1,126)			30
Other retail			4,495			121			10.91						4,942			129			10.54						(447)			37
Total retail			69,098			927			5.41						70,980			948			5.36						(1,882)			5
Total loans and leases			139,710			1,829			5.26						144,822			2,051			5.64						(5,112)			(38)
Loans held for sale			1,187			16			5.34						1,073			20			7.27						114			(193)
Interest-earning assets			195,058			2,352			4.84						200,068			2,610			5.20						(5,010)			(36)
Noninterest-earning assets			21,251												20,702												549
Total assets			$216,309												$220,770												($4,461)
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Checking with interest			$32,693			$110			1.36		%				$32,302			$109			1.35		%				$391			1
Money market			54,432			357			2.66						52,926			445			3.38						1,506			(72)
Savings			25,760			89			1.39						27,745			121			1.76						(1,985)			(37)
Time			23,277			239			4.17						26,447			312			4.74						(3,170)			(57)
Total interest-bearing deposits			136,162			795			2.37						139,420			987			2.85						(3,258)			(48)
Short-term borrowed funds			675			8			4.53						498			7			5.53						177			(100)
Long-term borrowed funds			12,657			158			5.01						13,664			174			5.08						(1,007)			(7)
Total borrowed funds			13,332			166			4.99						14,162			181			5.09						(830)			(10)
Total interest-bearing liabilities			149,494			961			2.60						153,582			1,168			3.05						(4,088)			(45)
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits			36,543												36,684												(141)
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities			5,971												6,791												(820)
Total liabilities			192,008												197,057												(5,049)
Stockholders’ equity			24,301												23,713												588
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$216,309												$220,770												($4,461)
Interest rate spread									2.24		%										2.15		%							9
Net interest income and net interest margin						$1,391			2.89		%							$1,442			2.90		%							(1)
Net interest income and net interest margin, FTE(1)						$1,395			2.90		%							$1,446			2.91		%							(1)
Memo: Total deposits (interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing demand)			$172,705			$795			1.87		%				$176,104			$987			2.25		%				($3,399)			(38)		bps

(1) Net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.

Net interest income decreased $51 million, or 4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven primarily by a decrease of 3% in average interest-earning assets, partially offset by a decrease of 3% in average interest-bearing liabilities.

Net interest margin on an FTE basis decreased 1 basis point for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, as the impact of variable-rate asset repricing was largely offset by the benefit of lower funding costs, Non-Core portfolio runoff and fixed-rate asset repricing.

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Average interest-earning assets decreased $5.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by a decline in total loans and leases and cash held in interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by an increase in investment securities.

Average deposits decreased $3.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, driven by lower commercial deposits and a reduction in higher-cost Treasury deposits, partially offset by an increase in consumer deposits driven by the Private Bank.

Average total borrowed funds decreased $830 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, reflecting a decline in FHLB advances and auto collateralized borrowings, given runoff of the Non-Core portfolio, partially offset by an increase in senior debt.

Noninterest Income

Table 2: Noninterest Income
			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						Change						Percent
Service charges and fees			$109						$96						$13						14		%
Capital markets fees			100						118						(18)						(15)
Card fees			83						86						(3)						(3)
Wealth fees			81						68						13						19
Mortgage banking fees			59						49						10						20
Foreign exchange and derivative products			39						36						3						8
Letter of credit and loan fees			44						42						2						5
Securities gains, net			7						5						2						40
Other income(1)			22						17						5						29
Noninterest income			$544						$517						$27						5		%

(1) Includes bank-owned life insurance income and other income for all periods presented.

The primary drivers for the change in noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, are described below.

•Service charges and fees increased driven primarily by higher cash management and overdraft fees.

•Wealth fees reflect growth in Private Bank assets under management.

•Mortgage banking fees increased driven by higher MSR valuation, net of hedging.

•Capital markets fees decreased reflecting lower M&A fees, partially offset by higher loan syndication and bond underwriting fees.

Noninterest Expense

Table 3: Noninterest Expense
			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						Change						Percent
Salaries and employee benefits			$696						$691						$5						1		%
Equipment and software			194						192						2						1
Outside services			155						158						(3)						(2)
Occupancy			112						114						(2)						(2)
Other operating expense			157						203						(46)						(23)
Noninterest expense			$1,314						$1,358						($44)						(3		%)

The decrease in noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was driven primarily by other operating expense associated with FDIC deposit insurance, reflecting $35 million for CBNA’s special assessment recognized in 2024, and lower fraud losses.

For more information regarding CBNA’s special assessment, see “Regulation and Supervision - Deposit Insurance” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is the result of a detailed analysis performed to estimate our ACL. The total provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded commitments. Refer to “Analysis of Financial Condition — Credit Quality” for more information.

Provision expense of $153 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased compared with a provision of $171 million for the same period in 2024, reflecting Non-Core portfolio runoff and improving loan mix.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense of $95 million decreased $1 million and our effective income tax rate of 20.3% decreased from 22.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. These decreases are primarily driven by lower stock-related compensation. Provision for income taxes is calculated by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date pre-tax income, adjusting for discrete items that occurred during the period.

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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

Securities

Table 4: Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities
			March 31, 2025												December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Amortized Cost(1)						Fair Value						Amortized Cost(1)						Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and other			$4,145						$4,069						$3,631						$3,525
State and political subdivisions			1						1						1						1
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			31,444						29,753						30,897						28,795
Other/non-agency			272						261						273						260
Total mortgage-backed securities			31,716						30,014						31,170						29,055
Collateralized loan obligations			124						124						184						184
Total debt securities available for sale			$35,986						$34,208						$34,986						$32,765
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			$8,077						$7,129						$8,187						$7,136
Total mortgage-backed securities			8,077						7,129						8,187						7,136
Asset-backed securities			392						386						412						404
Total debt securities held to maturity			$8,469						$7,515						$8,599						$7,540
Total debt securities available for sale and held to maturity			$44,455						$41,723						$43,585						$40,305
Equity securities, at cost(2)			$711						$711						$710						$710
Equity securities, at fair value(2)			236						236						220						220

(1) Excludes portfolio level basis adjustments of $(2) million and $(75) million, respectively, for securities designated in active fair value hedge relationships under the portfolio layer method at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The primary objective of our securities portfolio is to provide a readily available source of liquidity. The portfolio primarily includes high-quality, highly liquid investments reflecting our ongoing commitment to maintain strong contingent liquidity levels and pledging capacity.

As of March 31, 2025, U.S. Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities issued by GNMA and GSEs represented 98% of the fair value of our debt securities portfolio, with approximately $37.7 billion of unencumbered high-quality liquid securities serving as potential collateral for borrowings from the FHLB, FRB discount window, and the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation bilateral repurchase agreement market.

For further discussion of the use of our securities as liquidity collateral see the “Liquidity Risk” section in this report. For further discussion of liquidity requirements, see “Regulation and Supervision — Liquidity Requirements” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

We manage our securities portfolio duration and convexity risk through asset selection and securities structure, and maintain duration levels within our risk appetite in the context of our broader interest rate risk framework and limits. As of March 31, 2025, the portfolio’s average effective duration, including hedging actions to reduce duration, was 3.6 years compared to 3.7 years as of December 31, 2024.

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Loans and Leases    

Table 5: Composition of Loans and Leases, Excluding LHFS
(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024						Change						Percent
Commercial and industrial			$43,781						$42,551						$1,230						3		%
Commercial real estate			26,727						27,225						(498)						(2)
Total commercial			70,508						69,776						732						1
Residential mortgages			33,114						32,726						388						1
Home equity			16,853						16,495						358						2
Automobile			4,044						4,744						(700)						(15)
Education			8,779						10,812						(2,033)						(19)
Other retail			4,337						4,650						(313)						(7)
Total retail			67,127						69,427						(2,300)						(3)
Total loans and leases			$137,635						$139,203						($1,568)						(1)		%

The decrease in total loans and leases as of March 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 reflects a $2.3 billion decrease in retail driven by an agreement entered into during the first quarter to sell $1.9 billion of Non-Core education loans. The decrease in retail is also attributable to Non-Core portfolio runoff, partially offset by growth in home equity and mortgage, including the Private Bank. Commercial reflects a $732 million increase driven by higher line of credit utilization, partially offset by CRE paydowns.

Credit Quality

The ACL is maintained at a level the Company believes to be appropriate to absorb expected lifetime credit losses over the contractual life of a loan or lease and on unfunded lending commitments, inclusive of recoveries. For additional information regarding the ACL, see “Critical Accounting Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Note 4 in this report, and “Credit Quality” and Note 6 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Table 6: ACL and Related Coverage Ratios by Portfolio
			March 31, 2025												December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Loans and Leases			Allowance			Coverage Ratio						Loans and Leases			Allowance			Coverage Ratio
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Commercial and industrial			$43,781			$501			1.15		%				$42,551			$480			1.13		%
Commercial real estate			26,727			647			2.42						27,225			660			2.42
Total commercial			70,508			1,148			1.63						69,776			1,140			1.63
Residential mortgages			33,114			184			0.56						32,726			194			0.59
Home equity			16,853			98			0.58						16,495			112			0.68
Automobile			4,044			17			0.43						4,744			24			0.51
Education			8,779			271			3.09						10,812			292			2.70
Other retail			4,337			296			6.80						4,650			299			6.44
Total retail			67,127			866			1.29						69,427			921			1.33
Total loans and leases			$137,635			$2,014			1.46		%				$139,203			$2,061			1.48		%
Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments
Commercial(1)						$164			1.86		%							$155			1.86		%
Retail(2)						34			1.34									43			1.39
Total allowance for unfunded lending commitments						198												198
Allowance for credit losses			$137,635			$2,212			1.61		%				$139,203			$2,259			1.62		%

(1) Coverage ratio includes total commercial allowance for unfunded lending commitments and total commercial allowance for loan and lease losses in the numerator and total commercial loans and leases in the denominator.

(2) Coverage ratio includes total retail allowance for unfunded lending commitments and total retail allowance for loan losses in the numerator and total retail loans in the denominator.

The ACL as of March 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 decreased $47 million, driven by a $64 million decrease in retail, given the benefit of Non-Core runoff and improving loan mix, partially offset by a $17 million increase in commercial.

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Table 7: Nonaccrual Loans and Leases
(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024						Change						Percent
Commercial and industrial			$283						$241						$42						17		%
Commercial real estate			700						776						(76)						(10)
Total commercial			983						1,017						(34)						(3)
Residential mortgages			198						192						6						3
Home equity			282						283						(1)						—
Automobile			39						48						(9)						(19)
Education			20						56						(36)						(64)
Other retail			60						68						(8)						(12)
Total retail			599						647						(48)						(7)
Nonaccrual loans and leases			$1,582						$1,664						($82)						(5		%)
Nonaccrual loans and leases to total loans and leases			1.15		%				1.20		%				(5		bps)
Allowance for loan and lease losses to nonaccrual loans and leases			127						124						3		%
Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans and leases			140						136						4		%

The decline in nonaccrual loans and leases as of March 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 reflects a decrease in commercial primarily driven by the general office segment of CRE and a decrease in retail driven by the sale of Non-Core education loans and continued runoff of the auto portfolio. See “Executive Summary” for more information regarding the sale of education loans.

Table 8: Ratio of Net Charge-Offs to Average Loans and Leases
			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2025												2024
(dollars in millions)			Net Charge-Offs			Average Balance			Ratio						Net Charge-Offs			Average Balance			Ratio
Commercial and industrial			$30			$43,599			0.28		%				($3)			$44,577			(0.03)		%
Commercial real estate			51			27,013			0.77						88			29,265			1.22
Total commercial			81			70,612			0.47						85			73,842			0.47
Residential mortgages			—			32,872			0.01						1			31,384			0.01
Home equity			—			16,647			(0.01)						(2)			15,080			(0.06)
Automobile			8			4,394			0.73						14			7,758			0.73
Education			51			10,690			1.92						27			11,816			0.92
Other retail			60			4,495			5.46						56			4,942			4.56
Total retail			119			69,098			0.70						96			70,980			0.54
Total loans and leases			$200			$139,710			0.58		%				$181			$144,822			0.50		%

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net charge-offs increased $19 million and the net charge-off ratio increased 8 basis points compared to the same period in 2024. These increases include a charge-off of $25 million resulting from the sale of Non-Core education loans. Excluding this sale, net charge-offs decreased $6 million to $175 million, or 51 basis points, compared to the same period in 2024, reflecting broadly stable retail and modestly lower commercial net charge-offs. See “Executive Summary” for more information regarding the sale of education loans.

Commercial Loan Asset Quality

Our commercial portfolio consists of traditional commercial and industrial loans, commercial leases, and commercial real estate loans. As discussed in our 2024 Form 10-K, we utilize internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases.

Total commercial criticized balances of $7.3 billion at March 31, 2025 increased $236 million compared to December 31, 2024.

Commercial and industrial criticized balances of $2.6 billion at March 31, 2025 remained stable compared to December 31, 2024.

Commercial real estate criticized balances of $4.7 billion at March 31, 2025 increased from $4.5 billion at December 31, 2024, primarily attributable to the continued impacts of interest rates on the Multi-family sector. Approximately 97% of commercial real estate loans remain current on payments as of March 31, 2025.

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For more information on the distribution of commercial loans by vintage date and regulatory classification rating, see Note 4.

Table 9: Commercial and Industrial Loans by Industry Sector
			March 31, 2025									December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Balance			% of Total Loans and Leases						Balance			% of Total Loans and Leases
Industry sector
Finance and insurance
Capital call facilities			$6,503			5		%				$6,070			4		%
Other finance and insurance			6,608			5						6,446			5
Other manufacturing			3,536			3						3,491			3
Technology			2,858			2						2,818			2
Accommodation and food services			2,367			2						2,599			2
Health, pharma, and social assistance			2,270			2						2,322			2
Professional, scientific, and technical services			2,547			2						2,313			2
Energy and related			1,971			1						2,085			1
Other services			2,099			1						2,061			1
Wholesale trade			2,084			1						2,010			1
Retail trade			2,052			1						2,000			1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation			1,518			1						1,509			1
Administrative and waste management			1,311			1						1,352			1
Automotive			1,144			1						1,026			1
Rental and leasing			1,054			1						923			1
Consumer products manufacturing			778			1						710			1
Other			3,081			2						2,816			2
Total commercial and industrial			$43,781			32		%				$42,551			31		%

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Table 10: Commercial Real Estate by Property Type and State
			March 31, 2025									December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Balance			% of Total Loans and Leases						Balance			% of Total Loans and Leases
Property type
Multi-family			$9,886			7		%				$9,791			7		%
Office
Credit tenant lease and life sciences(1)			2,163			2						2,135			2
Other general office			2,860			2						2,930			2
Industrial			3,393			2						3,575			3
Retail			2,859			2						2,940			2
Co-op			1,806			1						1,802			1
Data center			794			1						1,024			1
Hospitality			384			—						418			—
Other			2,582			2						2,610			2
Total commercial real estate			$26,727			19		%				$27,225			20		%
State
New York			$6,658			5		%				$6,643			5		%
New Jersey			3,252			2						3,370			2
Pennsylvania			2,589			2						2,594			2
California			2,241			2						2,398			2
Massachusetts			1,709			1						1,682			1
Texas			1,579			1						1,571			1
Florida			1,211			1						1,123			1
Other Southeast(2)			2,677			2						2,789			2
Other			4,811			3						5,055			4
Total commercial real estate			$26,727			19		%				$27,225			20		%

(1) Credit tenant lease includes loans to nationally recognized tenants with high credit ratings and life sciences includes loans to provide lab and office space for tenants involved in the study and development of scientific discoveries.

(2) Includes Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.

Retail Loan Asset Quality

We utilize credit scores provided by FICO, which are generally refreshed on a quarterly basis, and payment and delinquency status, among other data points, to monitor credit quality for retail loans. FICO credit scores represent current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data, which management believes are the strongest indicator of potential credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and a good predictor of a borrower’s future payment performance.

Table 11: Retail Loan Portfolio Analysis
			March 31, 2025																		December 31, 2024
						Days Past Due and Accruing																		Days Past Due and Accruing
			Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual						Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual
Residential mortgages			98.69		%	0.18		%	0.11		%	0.42		%	0.60		%				97.81		%	0.77		%	0.28		%	0.55		%	0.59		%
Home equity			97.61			0.56			0.16			—			1.67						97.59			0.53			0.16			—			1.72
Automobile			96.44			1.98			0.62			—			0.96						96.18			2.11			0.70			—			1.01
Education			99.09			0.44			0.21			0.03			0.23						98.83			0.42			0.21			0.02			0.52
Other retail			97.01			0.97			0.62			0.02			1.38						96.86			0.99			0.67			0.02			1.46
Total retail			98.23		%	0.47		%	0.20		%	0.21		%	0.89		%				97.75		%	0.76		%	0.30		%	0.26		%	0.93		%

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Table 12: Retail Asset Quality Metrics
			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Average refreshed FICO for total portfolio			775						775
CLTV ratio for secured real estate(1)			50		%				50		%

(1) The real estate secured portfolio CLTV is calculated as the mortgage and second lien loan balance divided by the most recently available value of the property.

For more information on the aging of accruing and nonaccrual retail loans, and the distribution of retail loans by vintage date and FICO score, see Note 4.

Deposits

Table 13: Composition of Deposits
(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025			% of Total Deposits						December 31, 2024			% of Total Deposits
Noninterest-bearing demand			$37,556			21		%				$36,920			21		%
Money market			55,996			32						55,321			32
Checking with interest			34,456			19						33,246			19
Savings			25,765			15						25,976			15
Time			23,803			13						23,313			13
Total deposits			$177,576			100		%				$174,776			100		%

Total deposits as of March 31, 2025 increased compared to December 31, 2024, reflecting growth in the Private Bank and an increase in consumer deposits, partially offset by a decline in commercial given seasonality.

Table 14: Uninsured and Insured/Secured Deposits
(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Total deposits			$177,576			$174,776
Estimated uninsured deposits(1)			77,784			76,764
Less: Uninsured affiliate deposits eliminated in consolidation			12,849			12,705
Less: Preferred deposits(1)(2)			6,646			6,902
CFG adjusted estimated uninsured deposits, excluding preferred deposits			58,289			57,157
Total estimated insured/secured deposits			$119,287			$117,619
Insured/secured deposits to total deposits			67		%	67		%

(1) As reported on CBNA’s Call Report.

(2) Represents uninsured deposits of states and political subdivisions that are secured or collateralized as required under state law.

Borrowed Funds

Total borrowed funds of $12.3 billion as of March 31, 2025 decreased $87 million compared to December 31, 2024, driven by a decline in secured borrowings collateralized by loans, largely offset by an increase in senior debt. For more information regarding our borrowed funds, see “Liquidity Risk” and Note 7.

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Business Segments

We have three reportable business segments: Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Non-Core. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served. Each business segment has a segment head that reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, who has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment. The business segments reflect this management structure and the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer. See Note 16 for more information regarding our business segments.

The following table presents certain financial data of our business segments. Total business segment financial results differ from total consolidated financial results. These differences are reflected in Other non-segment operations. Non-segment operations are classified as Other and include assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, provision (benefit) for credit losses, expenses and income tax expense not attributed to the Company’s Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, or Non-Core segments, as well as treasury and community development.

Table 15: Selected Financial Data for Business Segments
			Three Months Ended March 31,
			Consumer Banking												Commercial Banking												Non-Core
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						2025						2024						2025						2024
Net interest income			$1,193						$1,093						$441						$514						($15)						($37)
Noninterest income			297						258						215						227						—						—
Total revenue			1,490						1,351						656						741						(15)						(37)
Noninterest expense			954						903						327						317						16						25
Profit (loss) before credit losses			536						448						329						424						(31)						(62)
Net charge-offs			86						81						77						81						37						19
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)			450						367						252						343						(68)						(81)
Income tax expense (benefit)			114						95						56						84						(17)						(21)
Net income (loss)			$336						$272						$196						$259						($51)						($60)
Average Balances:
Total assets			$77,534						$73,833						$65,366						$70,100						$6,536						$10,554
Total loans and leases(1)			71,054						67,448						62,437						67,187						6,510						10,507
Deposits			125,728						120,019						42,178						45,912						—						—
Interest-earning assets			71,635						68,050						63,018						67,536						6,510						10,507

(1) Includes LHFS.

Consumer Banking

Net interest income increased $100 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by higher net interest margin, growth in average interest-earning assets, and lower funding costs.

Noninterest income increased $39 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by wealth fees, mortgage banking fees, and service charges and fees, reflecting growth in Private Bank assets under management, higher MSR valuation, net of hedging, and higher cash management and overdraft fees.

Noninterest expense increased $51 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven primarily by salaries and benefits reflecting hiring related to the Private Bank and Private Wealth build-out, as well as a broader increase in salaries and benefits. The increase is also attributable to outside services largely driven by investments across our Consumer and Private Bank, and occupancy given branch transformation efforts and the build-out of Private Bank offices. These increases are partially offset by lower fraud losses.

Net charge-offs increased $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven primarily by other retail.

Commercial Banking

Net interest income decreased $73 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by lower net interest margin and a decline in average interest-earning assets, partially offset by lower funding costs.

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Noninterest income decreased $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by capital markets fees reflecting lower M&A fees, partially offset by higher loan syndication and bond underwriting fees.

Noninterest expense increased $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by slight increases in salaries and benefits, outside services, and fraud losses.

Net charge-offs decreased $4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by CRE, largely offset by an increase in commercial and industrial.

Non-Core

Net interest income increased $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by a decline in funding costs relative to the highest-cost marginal funding sources during 2025, including secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans and FHLB advances.

Net charge-offs increased $18 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by a charge-off of $25 million resulting from the sale of Non-Core education loans. See “Executive Summary” for more information regarding this sale.

Average loans and leases decreased $4.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by planned Non-Core portfolio runoff.

RISK MANAGEMENT

We are committed to maintaining a strong, integrated and proactive approach to the management of all risks to which we are exposed in pursuit of our business objectives. A key aspect of our Board’s responsibility as the main decision-making body is setting our risk appetite to ensure that the levels of risk that we are willing to accept in the attainment of our strategic business and financial objectives are clearly understood.

To enable our Board to carry out its objectives, it has delegated authority for risk management activities, as well as governance and oversight of those activities, to a number of Board and executive management level risk committees. The Executive Risk Committee, chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, is responsible for oversight of risk across the enterprise and actively considers our inherent material risks, analyzes our overall risk profile and seeks confirmation that the risks are being appropriately identified, assessed and mitigated. Reporting to the Executive Risk Committee are the following committees covering specific areas of risk: Compliance and Operational Risk, Model Risk, Credit Policy, Asset Liability, Business Initiatives Review, and Conduct and Ethics.

There have been no significant changes in our risk management practices, risk framework, risk appetite, or credit risk management as described in “Risk Governance” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Credit Risk

Credit risk represents the potential for loss arising from the failure of a customer, counterparty, or issuer to perform in accordance with the contractual terms of an obligation. While the majority of our credit risk is associated with lending activities, we do engage with other financial counterparties for a variety of purposes including investing, asset and liability management, and trading activities. Given the financial impact of credit risk on our earnings and balance sheet, the assessment, approval and management of credit risk represents a significant part of our overall risk-management responsibility.

Our independent Credit Risk Function is responsible for reviewing and approving the credit risk appetite across all lines of business and credit products, approving larger and higher-risk credit transactions, monitoring portfolio performance, identifying problem credit exposures, and ensuring remedial management. Credit Risk actively monitors and manages concentrations of loan limits, loan types, industries, and geographies to ensure that our risk appetite is well balanced to achieve our goals.

We employ a comprehensive and integrated risk control program to proactively identify, measure, monitor, and mitigate existing and emerging credit risks across the credit life cycle including origination, account/portfolio management, and loss mitigation and recovery. For more information regarding our credit risk management practices, see “Credit Risk Management” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

For more information regarding credit quality, see “Credit Quality” in Item 2.

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Market Risk

Market risk refers to potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices and/or other relevant market rates or prices. Modest market risk arises from trading activities that serve customer needs, including the hedging of interest rate and foreign exchange risk. As described below, the market risk arising from our non-trading banking activities, such as the origination of loans and deposit-gathering, is more significant. We have established enterprise-wide policies and methodologies to identify, measure, monitor and report market risk. We actively manage market risk for both non-trading and trading activities.

Non-Trading Risk

Our non-trading banking activities expose us to market risk. This market risk is composed of interest rate risk, as we have no commodity risk and de minimis direct currency and equity risk. We also have market risk related to capital markets loan originations, as well as the valuation of our MSRs. There have been no significant changes in our sources of interest rate risk, interest rate risk practices, risk framework, metrics or assumptions as described in “Market Risk — Non-Trading Risk” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

The table below presents the sensitivity of net interest income to various parallel yield curve shifts from the market implied forward yield curve. Our policies involve measuring exposures as a percentage change in net interest income over the next year due to either instantaneous or gradual parallel changes in rates relative to the market implied forward yield curve. As the following table illustrates, our balance sheet is slightly asset sensitive; net interest income would benefit from an increase in interest rates, while exposure to a decline in interest rates is within limits established and monitored by senior management. While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates is included in this analysis, we believe that any actual shift in interest rates would be more gradual and, therefore, have a more modest impact.

Table 16: Sensitivity of Net Interest Income
			Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income over 12 Months
Basis points			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Gradual Change in Interest Rates
+200			2.2		%				2.2		%
+100			1.0						1.0
-100			(1.0)						(0.9)
-200			(2.1)						(1.8)
Instantaneous Change in Interest Rates
+200			2.5		%				1.8		%
+100			1.5						1.1
-100			(1.7)						(1.3)
-200			(4.1)						(3.3)

We continue to manage asset sensitivity within the scope of our policy, changing market conditions and changes in our balance sheet. The Company’s base case net interest income assumes the forward-rate path implied by the period-end yield curve is realized. The rate risk exposure is then measured based on assumed changes from that base case rate path.

Our risk position is slightly asset sensitive to a gradual change in rates as of March 31, 2025, consistent with our position as of December 31, 2024. Our interest rate sensitivity incorporates the impacts of changes in our balance sheet mix, including securities, loans, deposits, borrowed funds and hedge activity. Receive fixed swaps that offset our naturally asset-sensitive balance sheet represent the primary hedging tool utilized to manage overall asset sensitivity. Pay fixed swaps against our securities portfolio are also utilized to protect capital by reducing AOCI volatility.

We use a valuation measure of exposure to structural interest rate risk, EVE, as a supplement to net interest income simulations. EVE complements net interest income simulation analysis as it estimates risk exposure over a long-term horizon. EVE measures the extent to which the economic value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments may change in response to fluctuations in interest rates. This analysis is highly dependent upon assumptions applied to assets and liabilities with non-contractual maturities. We employ sophisticated models for prepayments and deposit pricing and attrition, which provide a granular view of cash flows based on the unique characteristics of the underlying products and customer segments. The change in value is expressed as a percentage of regulatory capital.

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We use interest rate contracts as part of our ALM strategy to manage exposure to the variability in the interest cash flows on our floating-rate assets and wholesale funding, the variability in the fair value of AFS securities, and to hedge market risk on fixed-rate capital markets debt issuances.

The following table presents interest rate derivative contracts that we have entered into as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 17: Interest Rate Hedges Used to Manage Non-Trading Interest Rate Exposure
			March 31, 2025															December 31, 2024
						Weighted Average															Weighted Average
(dollars in millions)			Notional Amount			Maturity (Years)			Fixed Rate			Reset Rate						Notional Amount			Maturity (Years)			Fixed Rate			Reset Rate
Fair value hedges:
Asset conversion swaps:
AFS securities:
Pay fixed/receive SOFR			$7,907			4.6			3.8		%	4.4		%				$7,827			4.7			3.8		%	4.5		%
Liability conversion swaps:
Long-term borrowed funds:
Receive fixed/pay SOFR			500			0.6			2.6			4.7						500			0.9			2.6			4.8
Total fair value hedges			8,407															8,327
Cash flow hedges:
Asset conversion swaps:
Loans:
Swaps
Receive fixed/pay SOFR			26,250			1.4			3.1			4.4						26,250			1.7			3.1			4.5
Receive fixed/pay SOFR - forward-starting			21,500			3.3			3.8			3.6						20,000			3.5			3.7			4.0
Pay fixed/receive SOFR - forward-starting			1,483			3.4			3.7			4.0						—			—			—			—
Basis swaps
Receive SOFR/pay 1-month term SOFR			11,500			1.3			—			4.4/4.3						11,500			1.6			—			4.5/4.3
Receive SOFR/pay 1-month term SOFR - forward-starting			3,000			2.1			—			4.0/3.9						3,000			2.4			—			4.0/4.0
Total cash flow hedges			63,733															60,750
Total hedges			$72,140															$69,077

Table 18: Pre-Tax Gains (Losses) Recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income on Cash Flow Hedges
			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Pre-tax net gains (losses) recognized in OCI			$284						($550)
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest income			(202)						(203)
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest expense			—						—

Using the March 31, 2025 interest rate curve we estimate that $612 million in pre-tax net losses related to cash flow hedge strategies will be reclassified from AOCI to earnings over the next 12 months. These losses could differ from amounts recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations or the addition of other hedges after March 31, 2025.

Included in AOCI is a net loss from terminated swaps of $604 million that will reduce net interest income by $119 million in the second quarter of 2025, $109 million in the third quarter of 2025, and $103 million in the fourth quarter of 2025. The remaining $273 million will reduce net interest income by $230 million in 2026 and $43 million after 2026.

Capital Markets

A key component of our capital markets activities is the underwriting and distribution of corporate credit facilities to finance M&A transactions for our clients. We have a rigorous risk management process around these activities, including a limit structure capping our underwriting risk, potential loss, and sub-limits for specific asset classes. Further, the ability to approve underwriting exposure is delegated only to senior level individuals in the credit risk management and capital markets organizations with each transaction adjudicated in the Loan Underwriting Approval Committee.

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Mortgage Servicing Rights    

We have market risk associated with the value of residential MSRs, which are impacted by various types of inherent risks, including duration, basis, convexity, volatility and yield curve.

As part of our overall risk management strategy we enter into various free-standing derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate futures and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities to economically hedge the changes in fair value of our MSRs. For more information regarding the fair value of our MSRs and associated derivatives see Note 5 and Note 8.

As with our traded market risk-based activities, earnings at risk excludes the impact of MSRs. MSRs are captured under our single price risk management framework that is used for calculating a management value at risk consistent with the definition used by banking regulators.

Trading Risk

We are exposed to market risk primarily through client facilitation activities from certain derivative and foreign exchange products as well as underwriting and market making activities. Market risk exposure arises from fluctuations in interest rates, basis spreads, volatility, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, and credit spreads across various financial instruments. Securities underwriting and trading activities are conducted through CBNA and Citizens JMP Securities, LLC. There have been no significant changes in our market risk governance, market risk measurement, or market risk practices including VaR, stressed VaR, sensitivity analysis, stress testing, VaR model review and validation, or VaR backtesting as described in “Market Risk — Trading Risk” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Market Risk Regulatory Capital

The U.S. banking regulators’ “Market Risk Rule” covers the calculation of market risk capital. Under this rule, all of our client facing trades and associated hedges maintain a net low risk and qualify as “covered positions.” The internal management VaR measure is calculated based on the same population of trades that is utilized for regulatory VaR.

Table 19: Results of Modeled and Non-Modeled Measures for Regulatory Capital Calculations
(dollars in millions)						For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025																								For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Market Risk Category						Period End						Average						High						Low						Period End						Average						High						Low
Interest Rate						$1						$2						$3						$—						$4						$3						$5						$2
Foreign Exchange Currency Rate						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Credit Spread						1						2						3						1						1						2						3						1
Commodity						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
General VaR						2						2						4						1						5						4						6						2
Specific Risk VaR						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total VaR						$2						$2						$4						$1						$5						$4						$6						$2
Stressed General VaR						$10						$10						$15						$6						$5						$6						$12						$3
Stressed Specific Risk VaR						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total Stressed VaR						$10						$10						$15						$6						$5						$6						$12						$3
Market Risk Regulatory Capital						$36																								$32
Specific Risk Not Modeled Add-on						27																								21
de Minimis Exposure Add-on						1																								1
Total Market Risk Regulatory Capital						$64																								$54
Market Risk-Weighted Assets						$804																								$675

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Liquidity Risk

We consider the effective and prudent management of liquidity fundamental to our safety and soundness. We define liquidity as our ability to meet our obligations when they come due. As a financial institution, we must maintain operating liquidity to meet expected daily and forecasted cash-flow requirements, as well as contingent liquidity to meet unexpected (stress scenario) funding requirements. Reflecting the importance of meeting all unexpected and stress-scenario funding requirements, we identify and manage contingent liquidity, consisting of cash balances at the FRB, unencumbered high-quality liquid securities and unused FHLB borrowing capacity. Separately, we also identify and manage asset liquidity as a subset of contingent liquidity, consisting of cash balances at the FRB and unencumbered high-quality liquid securities. We maintain additional secured borrowing capacity at the FRB discount window, but do not view this as a primary means of funding, but rather a potential source in a stressed environment or during a market disruption. We manage liquidity at the consolidated enterprise level and at each material legal entity.

Liquidity risk is the risk arising from the inability to meet our obligations when they come due. We must maintain adequate funding to meet current and future obligations, including customer loan requests, deposit maturities and withdrawals, debt service, leases, and other cash commitments, under both normal operating conditions and periods of company-specific and/or market stress.

Liquidity risk is measured and managed by the Funding and Liquidity unit within our Treasury group in accordance with policy guidelines promulgated by our Board and the Asset Liability Committee. The Funding and Liquidity unit is responsible for maintaining a liquidity management framework that effectively manages liquidity risk. Processes within this framework include, but are not limited to, regular and comprehensive reporting, including current levels versus threshold limits for a broad set of liquidity metrics and early warning indicators, explanatory commentary relating to emerging risk trends and, as appropriate, recommended remedial strategies, liquidity stress testing, contingency funding plans, and collateral management.

Our Funding and Liquidity unit’s primary goals are to deliver and maintain prudent levels of operating liquidity to support expected and projected funding requirements, contingent liquidity to support unexpected funding requirements resulting from idiosyncratic, systemic, and combination stress events, and regulatory liquidity requirements in a timely manner from stable and cost-efficient funding sources. We seek to accomplish these goals by funding loans with stable deposits, by prudently controlling dependence on wholesale funding, particularly short-term unsecured funding, and by maintaining ample available liquidity, including a contingent liquidity buffer of unencumbered high-quality loans and securities.

The Funding and Liquidity unit monitors a variety of liquidity and funding metrics and early warning indicators, including specific risk thresholds limits. These monitoring tools are broadly classified as follows:

•Current liquidity sources and capacities, including cash balances at the FRB, free and liquid securities, and secured borrowing capacity at the FHLB and FRB discount window;

•Liquidity stress sources, including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined stresses, in addition to evolving regulatory requirements; and

•Current and prospective exposures, including secured and unsecured wholesale funding, and spot and cumulative cash-flow gaps across a variety of horizons.

Further, certain of these metrics are monitored individually for CBNA and for our consolidated enterprise on a daily basis, including cash position, unencumbered securities, asset liquidity and available FHLB borrowing capacity. In order to identify emerging trends and risks and inform funding decisions, specific metrics are also forecasted over a one-year horizon.

We rely on customer deposits to be our primary stable and low-cost source of funding. Our funding sources also include our ability to securitize loans in secondary markets, raise funds in the debt and equity capital markets, pledge loans and/or securities for borrowing from the FHLB, pledge securities as collateral for borrowing under repurchase agreements, and sell AFS securities. In addition, we maintain a contingency funding plan designed to ensure that liquidity sources are sufficient to meet ongoing obligations and commitments, particularly in a stressed environment or during a market disruption. The plan identifies members of the liquidity contingency team and provides a framework for management to follow, including notification and escalation of potential liquidity stress events.

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As of March 31, 2025:

•Organically generated deposits continue to be our primary source of funding, resulting in a consolidated period-end loan-to-deposit ratio, excluding LHFS, of 77.5%;

◦Estimated insured/secured deposits comprise 67% of our consolidated deposit base of $177.6 billion.

•Our total available liquidity, comprised of contingent liquidity and available discount window capacity, was approximately $87.7 billion;

◦Contingent liquidity was $71.0 billion, consisting of unencumbered high-quality liquid securities of $37.7 billion, unused FHLB capacity of $23.0 billion, and our cash balances at the FRB of $10.3 billion; and

◦Available discount window capacity was $16.7 billion, defined as available total borrowing capacity from the FRB based on identified collateral, which is primarily secured by non-mortgage commercial and retail loans.

For a summary of our sources and uses of cash by type of activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, see the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 1.

Parent Company Liquidity

Our Parent Company’s primary sources of cash are dividends and interest received from CBNA resulting from investing in bank equity and subordinated debt as well as externally issued preferred stock, senior debt and subordinated debt. Uses of cash include the routine cash flow requirements as a bank holding company, including periodic share repurchases and payments of dividends, interest and expenses; the needs of subsidiaries, including CBNA for additional equity and, as required, its need for debt financing; and the support for extraordinary funding requirements when necessary. To the extent the Parent Company relies on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Parent Company Issued $750 million of 5.253% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2031.

Our Parent Company’s cash and cash equivalents represent a source of liquidity that can be used to meet various needs and totaled $3.0 billion and $2.7 billion as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Parent Company declared dividends on common stock of $186 million and $197 million, respectively, and declared dividends on preferred stock of $33 million and $30 million, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Parent Company repurchased $200 million and $300 million, respectively, of its outstanding common stock.

CBNA Liquidity

As CBNA’s primary business involves taking deposits and making loans, a key role of liquidity management is to ensure that customers have timely access to funds. Liquidity management also involves maintaining sufficient liquidity to repay wholesale borrowings, pay operating expenses and support extraordinary funding requirements when necessary. In the ordinary course of business, the liquidity of CBNA is managed by matching sources and uses of cash. The primary sources of bank liquidity include deposits from our consumer and commercial customers; payments of principal and interest on loans and debt securities; and wholesale borrowings, as needed. The primary uses of bank liquidity include withdrawals and maturities of deposits; payment of interest on deposits; funding of loans and related commitments; and funding of securities purchases. To the extent that CBNA relies on wholesale borrowings, uses also include payments of related principal and interest. For further information on CBNA’s outstanding debt see Note 7.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2025, CBNA redeemed $350 million of 5.284% fixed-to-floating rate senior notes due 2026.

Credit Ratings

Credit ratings assigned by agencies such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch impact our access to unsecured wholesale market funds and to large uninsured customer deposits and are presented in the table below. We currently have a “stable” outlook at Standard & Poor’s, a “negative” outlook at Moody’s and a “positive” outlook at Fitch. Changes in our public credit ratings could affect both the cost and availability of our wholesale funding.

Table 20: Credit Ratings

March 31, 2025

Moody’s

Standard & Poor’s

Fitch

Citizens Financial Group, Inc.:

Long-term issuer

Baa1

BBB+

BBB+

Short-term issuer

NR

A-2

F1

Subordinated debt

Baa1

BBB

BBB

Preferred Stock

Baa3

BB+

BB

Citizens Bank, National Association:

Long-term issuer

A3

A-

BBB+

Short-term issuer

(P) P-2

A-2

F1

Long-term deposits

A1

NR

A-

Short-term deposits

P-1

NR

F1

NR = Not rated

Existing and evolving regulatory liquidity requirements represent another key driver of systemic liquidity conditions and liquidity management practices. The FRB and OCC regularly evaluate our liquidity as part of the overall supervisory process. In addition, we are subject to existing and evolving regulatory liquidity requirements, some of which are subject to further rulemaking, guidance and interpretation by the applicable federal regulators. For further discussion, see the “Liquidity Requirements” section under “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We engage in a variety of activities that are not reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets that are generally referred to as “off-balance sheet arrangements.” For more information on these types of activities, see Note 11.

Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss due to human error, third-party performance failures, or inadequate or failed internal systems and controls and includes certain risks such as fraud, legal and natural disasters. To mitigate these risks, we maintain a comprehensive system of internal controls designed to identify, assess, and monitor potential threats to our operations. Our risk management framework includes regular audits, employee training, cybersecurity measures, and business continuity planning. We continuously evaluate and enhance these controls to adapt to evolving risks and regulatory requirements, ensuring the integrity, reliability, and efficiency of our operations.

Cybersecurity

The Company’s Cybersecurity Program (“CSP”) drives an end-to-end, continuous process that protects our customers, colleagues, assets, premises, systems, and information (electronic and non-electronic), and is designed to ensure compliance with current and emerging federal and state laws and regulations. The CSP is designed to ensure the effective implementation of the Corporate Security and Resilience Operating Model across all business lines of the Company and is under the supervision of the Chief Security Officer.

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The CSP is designed to assess and mitigate threats and risks to the Company. New and emerging threats are assessed through an intelligence lifecycle, which includes threat modeling. In addition, risk assessment processes drive risk identification and measurement related to security. Once risks are identified and measured, the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management Governance Framework is leveraged to track and mitigate them. Control testing is utilized to demonstrate that risks are managed effectively, identify gaps in expected control operation, and develop appropriate remediation plans, in order to manage risk to the Company within tolerable limits.

The Company regularly reviews the nature of its business activities and modifies the CSP as appropriate. Many of the elements of the CSP are cyber defense related and are in place to reduce our risk to a wide range of potential cyber threats that may target our assets and information daily. The effectiveness of the CSP is assessed and measured periodically by various lines of defense within the Company and is conducted primarily through risk assessments, assurance testing, and an independent audit. External organizations are also routinely engaged to assess our CSP and test our perimeter defenses. The effectiveness of the CSP is reported periodically to the appropriate governance committees. For more information regarding our cybersecurity risk management practices and governance, see Item 1C in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Compliance Risk

Financial institutions are subject to many laws, rules and regulations at both the federal and state levels. These broad-based laws, rules and regulations include, but are not limited to, expectations relating to anti-money laundering, lending limits, client privacy, fair lending, prohibitions against unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, protections for military members as they enter active duty, and community reinvestment. Adherence to the increasing volume and complexity of regulatory changes can increase our overall compliance risk. As such, we utilize various resources to help ensure expectations are met, including a team of compliance experts dedicated to ensuring our conformance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations. Our colleagues receive training for several broad-based laws and regulations including, but not limited to, anti-money laundering and customer privacy. Colleagues engaged in lending activities also receive training for laws and regulations related to flood disaster protection, equal credit opportunity, fair lending, and/or other courses related to the extension of credit. We hold ourselves to a high standard for adherence to compliance management and seek to continuously enhance our performance.

CAPITAL

As a bank and financial holding company, we are subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. Our banking subsidiary, CBNA, is a national banking association primarily regulated by the OCC. Our regulation and supervision continues to evolve as the legal and regulatory frameworks governing our operations continue to change. See “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K for more information.

Capital Adequacy Process

Our assessment of capital adequacy begins with our Board-approved risk appetite and risk management framework. This framework provides for the identification, measurement and management of material risks. There have been no significant changes to our capital adequacy risk appetite and risk management framework as described in “Capital and Regulatory Matters” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

The FRB regularly supervises and evaluates our capital adequacy and capital planning processes, including the submission of an annual capital plan approved by our Board of Directors or one of its committees. Under the FRB’s capital requirements, we must maintain capital ratios above the sum of the regulatory minimum and SCB requirement to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. The FRB utilizes the supervisory stress test to determine our SCB, which is re-calibrated with each biennial supervisory stress test and updated annually to reflect our planned common stock dividends. As an institution subject to Category IV standards, we are subject to biennial supervisory stress testing in even-numbered years. Our SCB associated with the 2024 supervisory stress test is 4.5%, effective through September 30, 2025. We submitted our 2025 capital plan to the FRB on April 3, 2025 and expect the FRB to provide us with our final SCB requirement by August 31, 2025, which will become effective as of October 1, 2025.

Regulations relating to capital planning, regulatory reporting, stress testing and capital buffer requirements applicable to firms like us are presently subject to rule-making and potential further guidance and interpretation by the applicable federal regulators. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these and any other prudential regulatory changes, including their potential resultant changes in our regulatory and compliance costs and expenses.

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For more information on our capital adequacy process, see “Capital and Regulatory Matters” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Regulatory Capital Ratios and Capital Composition

Under the current U.S. Basel III capital framework, we and our banking subsidiary, CBNA, must meet the following specific minimum requirements: CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, total capital ratio of 8.0% and tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. As a bank holding company, our SCB of 4.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above and a CCB of 2.5% is imposed on top of the three minimum risk-based capital ratios listed above for CBNA.

For additional discussion of the U.S. Basel III capital framework and its related application, see “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K. The table below presents the regulatory capital ratios for CFG and CBNA under the U.S. Basel III Standardized rules:

Table 21: Regulatory Capital Ratios Under the U.S. Basel III Standardized Rules
			March 31, 2025									December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Amount			Ratio						Amount			Ratio						Required Minimum Capital Ratio(1)
CET1 capital
CFG			$17,751			10.6		%				$17,900			10.8		%				9.0		%
CBNA			20,492			12.3						20,250			12.3						7.0
Tier 1 capital
CFG			19,864			11.9						20,013			12.1						10.5
CBNA			20,492			12.3						20,250			12.3						8.5
Total capital
CFG			23,156			13.9						23,232			14.0						12.5
CBNA			23,675			14.2						23,362			14.2						10.5
Tier 1 leverage
CFG			19,864			9.4						20,013			9.4						4.0
CBNA			20,492			9.7						20,250			9.6						4.0
Risk-weighted assets
CFG			166,908									165,699
CBNA			166,196									164,986
Quarterly adjusted average assets(2)
CFG			211,119									212,555
CBNA			210,418									211,849

(1) Represents minimum requirement under the current capital framework plus the SCB of 4.5% and CCB of 2.5% for CFG and CBNA, respectively. The SCB and CCB are not applicable to the Tier 1 leverage ratio.

(2) Represents total average assets less certain amounts deducted from Tier 1 capital.

At March 31, 2025, CFG’s CET1 and tier 1 capital ratios decreased compared to December 31, 2024. Dividends, common share repurchases, a $1.2 billion increase in RWA, and the full phase-in of the modified CECL transition amount was partially offset by net income. Higher commercial and industrial loans was the key driver for the increase in RWA.

At March 31, 2025, CBNA’s CET1, tier 1, and total capital ratios were stable compared to December 31, 2024. Net income was offset by a $1.2 billion increase in RWA, the full phase-in of the modified CECL transition amount, and dividend payments to the Parent Company. Higher commercial and industrial loans was the key driver for the increase in RWA.

At March 31, 2025, CFG’s total capital ratio decreased compared to December 31, 2024, driven by the changes in CET1 and tier 1 capital described above.

At March 31, 2025, CFG’s tier 1 leverage ratio was stable and CBNA’s tier 1 leverage ratio increased compared to December 31, 2024, reflecting a decline in quarterly adjusted average assets and their respective changes in tier 1 capital described above.

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Table 22: Capital Composition Under the U.S. Basel III Capital Framework
(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Total common stockholders' equity			$22,753						$22,141
Exclusions:
Modified CECL transitional amount			—						96
Net unrealized (gains)/losses recorded in AOCI, net of tax:
Debt securities			2,074						2,369
Derivatives			569						925
Unamortized net periodic benefit costs			298						301
Deductions:
Goodwill, net of deferred tax liability			(7,767)						(7,768)
Other intangible assets, net of deferred tax liability			(121)						(128)
Deferred tax assets that arise from tax loss and credit carryforwards			(55)						(36)
Total common equity tier 1 capital			17,751						17,900
Qualifying preferred stock			2,113						2,113
Total tier 1 capital			19,864						20,013
Qualifying subordinated debt(1)			1,234						1,232
Allowance for credit losses			2,212						2,259
Exclusions from tier 2 capital:
Modified AACL transitional amount			—						(125)
Allowance on PCD assets			(154)						(147)
Adjusted allowance for credit losses			2,058						1,987
Total capital			$23,156						$23,232

(1) As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of non-qualifying subordinated debt excluded from regulatory capital was $469 million. See Note 7 for more details on our outstanding subordinated debt.

Capital Transactions

We completed the following capital transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

•Repurchased $200 million of our outstanding common stock;

•Declared quarterly common stock dividends of $0.42 per share, aggregating to $186 million; and

•Declared preferred stock dividends aggregating to $33 million.

For additional detail regarding our common and preferred stock dividends see Note 10.

On June 28, 2024, our Board of Directors increased the capacity of our common share repurchase program to $1.25 billion, an increase of $656 million above the $594 million of capacity remaining under the prior February 2023 authorization. All future capital distributions are subject to consideration and approval by our Board of Directors prior to execution. The timing and amount of future dividends and share repurchases will depend on various factors, including our capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations.

AOCI Impact on Regulatory Capital

Under the current applicable regulatory capital rules we have made the AOCI opt-out election, which enables us to exclude components of AOCI from regulatory capital. As noted in the “Capital and Stress Testing Requirements” section of “Regulation and Supervision” in our 2024 Form 10-K, the regulatory agencies are considering the inclusion of AOCI components in regulatory capital for Category IV firms like us, notably the AOCI relative to securities and pension.

In light of this potential change, the Company considers capital ratios including the AOCI impact from securities and pension when evaluating capital utilization and adequacy, in addition to capital ratios defined by the regulatory agencies. These capital ratios are intended to complement our regulatory capital ratios and are viewed by management as useful measures reflective of the level of capital available to withstand unexpected market conditions. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.

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The following table presents our regulatory capital ratios including the AOCI impact from securities and pension.

Table 23: AOCI Impact on Regulatory Capital
			March 31, 2025
			CFG												CBNA
(dollars in millions)			CET1			Tier 1			Total						CET1			Tier 1			Total
Regulatory capital, including AOCI impact:
Regulatory capital			$17,751			$19,864			$23,156						$20,492			$20,492			$23,675
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and pension			(2,372)			(2,372)			(2,372)						(2,354)			(2,354)			(2,354)
Deferred tax assets - securities and pension AOCI			(32)			(32)			(32)						(32)			(32)			(32)
Regulatory capital, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP)			$15,347			$17,460			$20,752						$18,106			$18,106			$21,289
Risk-weighted assets, including AOCI impact:
Regulatory risk-weighted assets			$166,908			$166,908			$166,908						$166,196			$166,196			$166,196
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities and pension			(650)			(650)			(650)						(632)			(632)			(632)
Deferred tax assets - securities and pension AOCI			1,948			1,948			1,948						1,931			1,931			1,931
Risk-weighted assets, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP)			$168,206			$168,206			$168,206						$167,495			$167,495			$167,495
Ratio:
Regulatory capital ratio			10.6		%	11.9		%	13.9		%				12.3		%	12.3		%	14.2		%
Regulatory capital ratio, including AOCI impact (non-GAAP)			9.1		%	10.4		%	12.3		%				10.8		%	10.8		%	12.7		%

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report are prepared in accordance with GAAP, requiring us to establish accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts.

An accounting estimate requires assumptions and judgments about uncertain matters that could have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Estimates are made using facts and circumstances known at a point in time. Changes in those facts and circumstances could produce results substantially different from those estimates. Our most significant accounting policies and estimates include the ACL, fair value measurements and the evaluation and measurement of goodwill impairment. For additional information regarding fair value measurements and goodwill, see “Critical Accounting Estimates” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL of $2.2 billion at March 31, 2025 decreased slightly compared to December 31, 2024 given improving loan mix, reflecting the reduction of the Non-Core portfolio, reduced CRE and lower loss-content originations.

As of March 31, 2025, our ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period reflects a mild recession inclusive of uncertainties related to the implementation of tariffs and protectionist trade policies, inflationary pressures and geopolitical tensions. This forecast projects peak unemployment of approximately 5.1%, consistent with December 31, 2024, and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.5% and 0.4% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is generally applied to the retail and commercial and industrial portfolios. More severe economic scenarios are applied within the CRE portfolio, such as general office, with peak unemployment of approximately 9.3% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Our determination of the ACL is sensitive to changes in forecasted macroeconomic conditions during the reasonable and supportable forecast period. To illustrate the sensitivity, we applied a more pessimistic scenario than that described above which reflects deeper real GDP contraction across our two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with peak unemployment of approximately 6.3% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 2.0%. Excluding consideration of qualitative adjustments, this scenario would result in a quantitative lifetime loss estimate of approximately 1.2x our modeled period-end ACL, or an increase of approximately $470 million. This analysis relates only to the modeled credit loss estimate and not to the overall period-end ACL, which includes qualitative adjustments.

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Because several quantitative and qualitative factors are considered in determining the ACL, this sensitivity analysis does not necessarily reflect the nature and extent of future changes in the ACL or even what the ACL would be under these economic circumstances. The sensitivity analysis is intended to provide insights into the impact of adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment and the corresponding impact to modeled loss estimates. The hypothetical determination does not incorporate the impact of management judgment or other qualitative factors that could be applied in the actual estimation of the ACL and does not imply any expectation of future deterioration in our loss rates.

It remains difficult to estimate how changes in economic forecasts might affect our ACL because such forecasts consider a wide variety of variables and inputs, and changes in the variables and inputs may not occur at the same time or in the same direction, and such changes may have differing impacts by product type. The variables and inputs may be idiosyncratically affected by risks to the economy, including changing monetary and fiscal policies, impacts from the recent stress on the banking industry, and their impact on inflationary trends. Changes in one or multiple of the key macroeconomic variables may have a material impact on our estimation of expected credit losses.

For additional information regarding the ACL, see Note 4 and “Critical Accounting Estimates - Allowance for Credit Losses” and Note 6 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS

Accounting standards issued but not adopted as of March 31, 2025

Pronouncement			Summary of Guidance			Effects on Financial Statements
Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Issued December 2023			•Requires a tabular income tax rate reconciliation that includes specific categories and other significant categories, disaggregated by nature, that exceed 5% of income tax expense at the statutory tax rate •Requires disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes, and further disaggregated by individual jurisdictions that exceed 5% of total income taxes paid, net of refunds received •Requires disclosure of pre-tax income disaggregated between domestic and foreign, and income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state and foreign •The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis but retrospective application is permitted			•Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025. We do not intend to early adopt. •We expect to provide additional disaggregated income tax disclosures in accordance with this ASU.
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses Issued November 2024			•Requires tabular disclosure of certain expense types, including employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and selling expenses •Requires a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively •Allows for adoption on either a prospective or retrospective basis			•Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2027, and interim reporting periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. •We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our required expense disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This document contains non-GAAP financial measures that we believe provide useful information to investors in understanding our results of operations or financial condition. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP financial measures, but to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP.

The following tables present the computation of non-GAAP financial measures used in the MD&A, as well as the reconciliation to the comparable GAAP financial measure, as applicable:

Table 24: Reconciliation of Tangible Book Value per Common Share (non-GAAP)
(dollars in millions, except per share data)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Book value per common share(1)			$51.99						$50.26
Tangible book value per common share:
Common stockholders' equity			$22,753						$22,141
Less: Goodwill			8,187						8,187
Less: Other intangible assets			137						146
Add: Deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and other intangible assets			438						438
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)(2)			$14,867						$14,246
Common shares outstanding at period end			437,668,127						440,543,381
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP)(3)			$33.97						$32.34

(1) Represents the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to tangible book value per common share and is calculated based on common stockholders’ equity divided by common shares outstanding at period end.

(2) Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of intangible assets, net of deferred taxes.

(3) Tangible book value per common share is a non-GAAP financial measure and is calculated based on tangible common equity divided by common shares outstanding at period end. We believe this non-GAAP financial measure serves as a useful tool to help evaluate the strength and discipline of a company’s capital management strategies and as a conservative measure of total company value.

Table 25: Reconciliation of Return on Average Tangible Common Equity (non-GAAP)
			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Return on average common equity(1)			6.21		%				5.63		%
Net income available to common stockholders			$340						$304
Net income available to common stockholders (annualized)			1,378						1,221
Return on average tangible common equity:
Average common equity			$22,188						$21,700
Less: Average goodwill			8,187						8,188
Less: Average other intangibles			142						153
Add: Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and other intangible assets			438						433
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)(2)			$14,297						$13,792
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)(3)			9.64		%				8.86		%

(1) Represents the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to return on average tangible common equity and is calculated based on annualized net income available to common stockholders divided by average common equity.

(2) Average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of intangible assets, net of deferred taxes.

(3) Return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure and is calculated based on annualized net income available to common stockholders divided by average tangible common equity. We believe this non-GAAP financial measure serves as a useful tool to compare the profitability of financial institutions and assess the efficiency of their capital utilization without the impact of intangible assets, net of deferred taxes.

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Table 26: Reconciliation of Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin on an FTE Basis (non-GAAP)
			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Net interest income (annualized)			$5,637						$5,796
Average interest-earning assets			195,058						200,068
Net interest margin(1)			2.89		%				2.90		%
Net interest income			$1,391						$1,442
FTE adjustment			4						4
Net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)(2)			$1,395						$1,446
Net interest income on an FTE basis (annualized) (non-GAAP)(2)			5,653						5,814
Net interest margin on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)(2)(3)			2.90		%				2.91		%

(1) Represents the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to net interest margin on an FTE basis and is calculated based on annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earnings assets.

(2) FTE basis financial measures and ratios are adjusted for the tax-exempt status of income from certain assets held by the Company using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% and are considered non-GAAP financial measures. We believe this allows management to better assess the comparability of revenue from both taxable and tax-exempt sources.

(3) Calculated based on annualized net interest income on an FTE basis divided by average interest-earnings assets.

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ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

						Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets						34
Consolidated Statements of Operations						35
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income						36
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity						37
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows						38
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements						39
Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies						39
Note 2 - Securities						39
Note 3 - Loans and Leases						42
Note 4 - Credit Quality and the Allowance for Credit Losses						42
Note 5 - Mortgage Banking and Other Serviced Loans						52
Note 6 - Variable Interest Entities						53
Note 7 - Borrowed Funds						55
Note 8 - Derivatives						56
Note 9 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)						60
Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity						60
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies						61
Note 12 - Fair Value Measurements						62
Note 13 - Noninterest Income						67
Note 14 - Other Operating Expense						68
Note 15 - Earnings Per Share						69
Note 16 - Business Segments						69

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(dollars in millions, except par value)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
ASSETS:
Cash and due from banks			$1,082						$1,409
Interest-bearing cash and due from banks			10,459						9,192
Interest-bearing deposits in banks(1)			685						635
Debt securities available for sale, at fair value (including $110 and $152 pledged to creditors, respectively)(2)			34,208						32,765
Debt securities held to maturity (fair value of $7,515 and $7,540, respectively, and including $70 and $83 pledged to creditors, respectively)(2)			8,469						8,599
Loans held for sale (includes $1,137 and $825, respectively, measured at fair value)			2,820						858
Loans and leases			137,635						139,203
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses			(2,014)						(2,061)
Net loans and leases(1)			135,621						137,142
Derivative assets			760						408
Premises and equipment, net			855						875
Bank-owned life insurance			3,386						3,364
Goodwill			8,187						8,187
Other intangible assets(3)			137						146
Other assets(1)			13,479						13,941
TOTAL ASSETS			$220,148						$217,521
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
LIABILITIES:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing			$37,556						$36,920
Interest-bearing			140,020						137,856
Total deposits			177,576						174,776
Short-term borrowed funds			47						—
Derivative liabilities			883						1,220
Long-term borrowed funds(1)			12,267						12,401
Other liabilities(1)			4,509						4,870
TOTAL LIABILITIES			195,282						193,267
Commitments and Contingencies (refer to Note 11)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock:
$25.00 par value,100,000,000 shares authorized; 2,150,000 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024			2,113						2,113
Common stock:
$0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 651,676,964 shares issued and 437,668,127 shares outstanding at March 31, 2025 and 650,068,324 shares issued and 440,543,381 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024			7						7
Additional paid-in capital			22,370						22,364
Retained earnings			10,566						10,412
Treasury stock, at cost, 214,008,837 and 209,524,943 shares at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively			(7,249)						(7,047)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(2,941)						(3,595)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY			24,866						24,254
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY			$220,148						$217,521

(1) Includes amounts in consolidated VIEs. See Note 6 for additional information.

(2) Includes only collateral pledged by the Company where counterparties have the right to sell or pledge the collateral.

(3) Excludes MSRs, which are reported in Other assets.

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data)			2025						2024
INTEREST INCOME:
Interest and fees on loans and leases			$1,829						$2,051
Interest and fees on loans held for sale			16						20
Investment securities			418						399
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			89						140
Total interest income			2,352						2,610
INTEREST EXPENSE:
Deposits			795						987
Short-term borrowed funds			8						7
Long-term borrowed funds			158						174
Total interest expense			961						1,168
Net interest income			1,391						1,442
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			153						171
Net interest income after provision (benefit) for credit losses			1,238						1,271
NONINTEREST INCOME:
Service charges and fees			109						96
Capital markets fees			100						118
Card fees			83						86
Wealth fees			81						68
Mortgage banking fees			59						49
Foreign exchange and derivative products			39						36
Letter of credit and loan fees			44						42
Securities gains, net			7						5
Other income			22						17
Total noninterest income			544						517
NONINTEREST EXPENSE:
Salaries and employee benefits			696						691
Equipment and software			194						192
Outside services			155						158
Occupancy			112						114
Other operating expense			157						203
Total noninterest expense			1,314						1,358
Income before income tax expense			468						430
Income tax expense			95						96
NET INCOME			$373						$334
Net income available to common stockholders			$340						$304
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic			438,320,757						461,358,681
Diluted			442,200,180						463,797,964
Per common share information:
Basic earnings			$0.78						$0.66
Diluted earnings			0.77						0.65

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Net income			$373						$334
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives arising during the period, net of income taxes of $76 and ($145), respectively			208						(405)
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses on cash flow hedge derivatives included in net income, net of income taxes of $54 and $54, respectively			148						149
AFS securities:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities arising during the period, net of income taxes of $95 and ($56), respectively			282						(173)
Reclassification of net securities (gains) losses on AFS securities to net income, net of income taxes of $4 and $5, respectively			13						14
Defined benefit plans:
Actuarial gain (loss) arising during the period, net of income taxes of $— and $1, respectively			—						4
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss to net income, net of income taxes of $1 and $1, respectively			3						5
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes			654						(406)
Total comprehensive income (loss)			$1,027						($72)

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

			Preferred  Stock									Common  Stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
(dollars and shares in millions)			Shares			Amount						Shares			Amount
Balance at January 1, 2024			2			$2,014						466			$6			$22,250			$9,816			($5,986)			($3,758)			$24,342
Dividends declared - common stock			—			—						—			—			—			(197)			—			—			(197)
Dividends declared - preferred stock			—			—						—			—			—			(30)			—			—			(30)
Treasury stock purchased			—			—						(9)			—			—			—			(300)			—			(300)
Share repurchase excise tax			—			—						—			—			—			—			(4)			—			(4)
Share-based compensation plans			—			—						1			—			15			—			—			—			15
Employee stock purchase plan			—			—						—			—			7			—			—			—			7
Total comprehensive income (loss):
Net income			—			—						—			—			—			334			—			—			334
Other comprehensive income (loss)			—			—						—			—			—			—			—			(406)			(406)
Total comprehensive income (loss)			—			—						—			—			—			334			—			(406)			(72)
Balance at March 31, 2024			2			$2,014						458			$6			$22,272			$9,923			($6,290)			($4,164)			$23,761
Balance at January 1, 2025			2			$2,113						441			$7			$22,364			$10,412			($7,047)			($3,595)			$24,254
Dividends declared - common stock			—			—						—			—			—			(186)			—			—			(186)
Dividends declared - preferred stock			—			—						—			—			—			(33)			—			—			(33)
Treasury stock purchased			—			—						(4)			—			—			—			(200)			—			(200)
Share repurchase excise tax			—			—						—			—			—			—			(2)			—			(2)
Share-based compensation plans			—			—						1			—			(1)			—			—			—			(1)
Employee stock purchase plan			—			—						—			—			7			—			—			—			7
Total comprehensive income (loss):
Net income			—			—						—			—			—			373			—			—			373
Other comprehensive income (loss)			—			—						—			—			—			—			—			654			654
Total comprehensive income (loss)			—			—						—			—			—			373			—			654			1,027
Balance at March 31, 2025			2			$2,113						438			$7			$22,370			$10,566			($7,249)			($2,941)			$24,866

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income			$373						$334
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net change due to operating activities:
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			153						171
Net change in loans held for sale			(332)						171
Depreciation, amortization and accretion			123						102
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)			(16)						—
Share-based compensation			31						34
Net gain on sale of assets			(9)						(5)
Net (increase) decrease in other assets			34						(47)
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities			(570)						(206)
Net change due to operating activities			(213)						554
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Investment securities:
Purchases of debt securities available for sale			(2,365)						(3,057)
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities available for sale			846						593
Proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale			642						692
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of debt securities held to maturity			150						150
Net (increase) decrease in interest-bearing deposits in banks			(50)						13
Purchases of loans			(188)						(345)
Sales of loans			240						107
Net (increase) decrease in loans and leases			(319)						2,873
Capital expenditures, net			(14)						(10)
Other			(50)						23
Net change due to investing activities			(1,108)						1,039
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase (decrease) in deposits			2,800						(914)
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowed funds			47						(496)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowed funds			2,533						5,765
Repayments of long-term borrowed funds			(2,675)						(5,437)
Treasury stock purchased			(200)						(300)
Dividends paid to common stockholders			(186)						(197)
Dividends paid to preferred stockholders			(34)						(31)
Other			(24)						(12)
Net change due to financing activities			2,261						(1,622)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents(1)			940						(29)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period(1)			10,601						11,628
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period(1)			$11,541						$11,599
Non-cash items:
Transfer of loans from loans held for investment to LHFS			$1,876						$107

(1) Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and interest-bearing cash and due from banks as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and notes included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the interim period results presented. These unaudited interim financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.

The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Parent Company and its subsidiaries, including VIEs in which the Company is a primary beneficiary. Investments in VIEs in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are not consolidated. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACL, fair value measurements and the evaluation and measurement of goodwill impairment.

Significant Accounting Policies

For further information regarding the Company’s significant accounting policies, see Note 1 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

NOTE 2 - SECURITIES

The following table presents the major components of securities at amortized cost and fair value:

			March 31, 2025															December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Amortized Cost(1)			Gross Unrealized Gains			Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value						Amortized Cost(1)			Gross Unrealized Gains			Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and other			$4,145			$15			($91)			$4,069						$3,631			$3			($109)			$3,525
State and political subdivisions			1			—			—			1						1			—			—			1
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			31,444			81			(1,772)			29,753						30,897			33			(2,135)			28,795
Other/non-agency			272			—			(11)			261						273			—			(13)			260
Total mortgage-backed securities			31,716			81			(1,783)			30,014						31,170			33			(2,148)			29,055
Collateralized loan obligations			124			—			—			124						184			—			—			184
Total debt securities available for sale, at fair value			$35,986			$96			($1,874)			$34,208						$34,986			$36			($2,257)			$32,765
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			$8,077			$—			($948)			$7,129						$8,187			$—			($1,051)			$7,136
Total mortgage-backed securities			8,077			—			(948)			7,129						8,187			—			(1,051)			7,136
Asset-backed securities			392			—			(6)			386						412			1			(9)			404
Total debt securities held to maturity			$8,469			$—			($954)			$7,515						$8,599			$1			($1,060)			$7,540
Equity securities, at cost(2)			$711			$—			$—			$711						$710			$—			$—			$710
Equity securities, at fair value(2)			236			—			—			236						220			—			—			220

(1) Excludes portfolio level basis adjustments of $(2) million and $(75) million, respectively, for securities designated in active fair value hedge relationships under the portfolio layer method at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Accrued interest receivable on debt securities totaled $129 million and $125 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2025. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without incurring penalties.

			Distribution of Maturities
(dollars in millions)			1 Year or Less			After 1 Year through 5 Years			After 5 Years through 10 Years			After 10 Years			Total
Amortized cost:
U.S. Treasury and other			$—			$3,142			$1,003			$—			$4,145
State and political subdivisions			—			—			—			1			1
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			—			2,266			1,125			28,053			31,444
Other/non-agency			—			—			—			272			272
Collateralized loan obligations			—			—			124			—			124
Total debt securities available for sale			—			5,408			2,252			28,326			35,986
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			—			—			—			8,077			8,077
Asset-backed securities			—			392			—			—			392
Total debt securities held to maturity			—			392			—			8,077			8,469
Total amortized cost of debt securities			$—			$5,800			$2,252			$36,403			$44,455
Fair value:
U.S. Treasury and other			$—			$3,054			$1,015			$—			$4,069
State and political subdivisions			—			—			—			1			1
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			—			2,202			1,070			26,481			29,753
Other/non-agency			—			—			—			261			261
Collateralized loan obligations			—			—			124			—			124
Total debt securities available for sale			—			5,256			2,209			26,743			34,208
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			—			—			—			7,129			7,129
Asset-backed securities			—			386			—			—			386
Total debt securities held to maturity			—			386			—			7,129			7,515
Total fair value of debt securities			$—			$5,642			$2,209			$33,872			$41,723

Taxable interest income from investment securities as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $418 million and $399 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents realized gains and losses on the sale of securities:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Gains			$7						$5
Losses			—						—
Securities gains, net			$7						$5

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, debt securities with a carrying value of $3.6 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, trust funds, FHLB borrowing capacity, repurchase agreements, derivative contracts and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

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Impairment

The Company evaluated its existing HTM portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and concluded that 95% of HTM securities met the zero expected credit loss criteria and, therefore, no ACL was recognized. Lifetime expected credit losses on the remainder of the HTM portfolio were determined to be insignificant based on the modeling of the Company’s credit loss position in the securities. The Company monitors the credit exposure through the use of credit quality indicators. For these securities, the Company uses external credit ratings or an internally derived credit rating when an external rating is not available. All securities were determined to be investment grade at March 31, 2025.

The following tables present AFS debt securities with fair values below their respective carrying values, separated by the duration the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

			March 31, 2025
			Less than 12 Months									12 Months or Longer									Total
(dollars in millions)			Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury and other			$—			$—						$2,582			($91)						$2,582			($91)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			6,836			(189)						14,089			(1,583)						20,925			(1,772)
Other/non-agency			—			—						261			(11)						261			(11)
Total mortgage-backed securities			6,836			(189)						14,350			(1,594)						21,186			(1,783)
Total			$6,836			($189)						$16,932			($1,685)						$23,768			($1,874)

			December 31, 2024
			Less than 12 Months									12 Months or Longer									Total
(dollars in millions)			Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury and other			$—			$—						$2,544			($109)						$2,544			($109)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities			9,560			(265)						14,304			(1,870)						23,864			(2,135)
Other/non-agency			—			—						260			(13)						260			(13)
Total mortgage-backed securities			9,560			(265)						14,564			(1,883)						24,124			(2,148)
Total			$9,560			($265)						$17,108			($1,992)						$26,668			($2,257)

The Company does not currently have the intent to sell these debt securities, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these debt securities prior to recovery of their amortized cost bases. The Company determined that credit losses are not expected to be incurred on the AFS debt securities identified with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2025. The unrealized losses on these debt securities reflect non-credit-related factors driven by changes in interest rates. Therefore, the Company determined that these debt securities are not impaired.

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 41

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NOTE 3 - LOANS AND LEASES

Loans held for investment are reported at the amount of their outstanding principal, net of charge-offs, unearned income, deferred loan origination fees and costs, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans.

The following table presents loans and leases, excluding LHFS:

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial			$43,781						$42,551
Commercial real estate			26,727						27,225
Total commercial			70,508						69,776
Residential mortgages			33,114						32,726
Home equity			16,853						16,495
Automobile			4,044						4,744
Education			8,779						10,812
Other retail			4,337						4,650
Total retail			67,127						69,427
Total loans and leases			$137,635						$139,203

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases held for investment totaled $817 million and $816 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Loans pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily residential mortgages and home equity products, totaled $38.6 billion and $37.5 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loans pledged as collateral to support the contingent ability to borrow at the FRB discount window, if necessary, were primarily comprised of education, commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans, and totaled $22.3 billion and $22.9 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Interest income on direct financing and sales-type leases for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $11 million and is reported within interest and fees on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents the composition of LHFS:

			March 31, 2025															December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Residential Mortgages(1)			Other retail(2)			Commercial(3)			Total						Residential Mortgages(1)						Commercial(3)			Total
Loans held for sale at fair value			$922			$—			$215			$1,137						$633						$192			$825
Other loans held for sale			—			1,644			39			1,683						—						33			33
Total loans held for sale			$922			$1,644			$254			$2,820						$633						$225			$858

(1) Residential mortgage LHFS at fair value are originated for sale.

(2) Other retail LHFS consist of education loans.

(3) Commercial LHFS at fair value consist of loans managed by the Company’s commercial secondary loan desk.

NOTE 4 - CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Allowance for Credit Losses    

The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL and considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default.

For a detailed discussion of the ACL reserve methodology and estimation techniques as of December 31, 2024, see Note 6 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the ACL reserve methodology during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 42

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The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Commercial			Retail			Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period			$1,140			$921			$2,061
Charge-offs			(85)			(149)			(234)
Recoveries			4			30			34
Net charge-offs			(81)			(119)			(200)
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases			89			64			153
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period			1,148			866			2,014
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period			155			43			198
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments			9			(9)			—
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period			164			34			198
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period			$1,312			$900			$2,212

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net charge-offs of $200 million and a provision for expected credit losses of $153 million resulted in a decrease of $47 million to the ACL.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to sell $1.9 billion of Non-Core education loans and subsequently reclassified these loans to LHFS. Upon reclassification to LHFS, a $25 million charge-off was recognized. This transaction will settle ratably each quarter throughout 2025, with $200 million settled during the first quarter.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period reflects a mild recession inclusive of uncertainties related to the implementation of tariffs and protectionist trade policies, inflationary pressures and geopolitical tensions. This forecast projects peak unemployment of approximately 5.1%, consistent with December 31, 2024, and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.5% and 0.4% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is generally applied to the retail and commercial and industrial portfolios. More severe economic scenarios are applied within the CRE portfolio, such as general office, with peak unemployment of approximately 9.3% and start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Commercial			Retail			Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period			$1,250			$848			$2,098
Charge-offs			(102)			(129)			(231)
Recoveries			17			33			50
Net charge-offs			(85)			(96)			(181)
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases			69			100			169
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period			1,234			852			2,086
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period			175			45			220
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments			16			(14)			2
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period			191			31			222
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period			$1,425			$883			$2,308

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year and defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. Renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date, except for renewals of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, which are presented in the original vintage.

The Company utilizes internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on these ratings see Note 6 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 43

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of March 31, 2025:

			Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior to 2021						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Commercial and industrial
Pass			$1,178						$5,502						$2,312						$3,878						$2,531						$2,593						$23,129			$73						$41,196
Special Mention			—						5						77						71						227						139						190			—						709
Substandard Accrual			—						12						55						144						296						294						776			16						1,593
Nonaccrual			—						—						4						83						45						62						83			6						283
Total commercial and industrial			1,178						5,519						2,448						4,176						3,099						3,088						24,178			95						43,781
Commercial real estate
Pass			774						2,558						1,099						5,193						5,066						5,923						1,361			4						21,978
Special Mention			—						—						100						1,005						355						433						80			6						1,979
Substandard Accrual			—						3						79						519						217						1,127						9			116						2,070
Nonaccrual			—						—						3						81						65						545						2			4						700
Total commercial real estate			774						2,561						1,281						6,798						5,703						8,028						1,452			130						26,727
Total commercial
Pass			1,952						8,060						3,411						9,071						7,597						8,516						24,490			77						63,174
Special Mention			—						5						177						1,076						582						572						270			6						2,688
Substandard Accrual			—						15						134						663						513						1,421						785			132						3,663
Nonaccrual			—						—						7						164						110						607						85			10						983
Total commercial			$1,952						$8,080						$3,729						$10,974						$8,802						$11,116						$25,630			$225						$70,508

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2024:

			Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior to 2020						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Commercial and industrial
Pass			$5,945						$2,525						$4,194						$2,923						$895						$2,066						$21,323			$66						$39,937
Special Mention			2						79						98						236						48						48						211			—						722
Substandard Accrual			9						64						207						269						139						253						697			13						1,651
Nonaccrual			—						11						68						62						5						55						34			6						241
Total commercial and industrial			5,956						2,679						4,567						3,490						1,087						2,422						22,265			85						42,551
Commercial real estate
Pass			2,720						1,305						5,748						5,412						1,919						4,199						1,434			4						22,741
Special Mention			1						—						911						362						175						257						80			6						1,792
Substandard Accrual			3						22						359						253						275						875						9			120						1,916
Nonaccrual			—						67						89						58						90						470						2			—						776
Total commercial real estate			2,724						1,394						7,107						6,085						2,459						5,801						1,525			130						27,225
Total commercial
Pass			8,665						3,830						9,942						8,335						2,814						6,265						22,757			70						62,678
Special Mention			3						79						1,009						598						223						305						291			6						2,514
Substandard Accrual			12						86						566						522						414						1,128						706			133						3,567
Nonaccrual			—						78						157						120						95						525						36			6						1,017
Total commercial			$8,680						$4,073						$11,674						$9,575						$3,546						$8,223						$23,790			$215						$69,776

For retail loans, the Company utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data.

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 44

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of March 31, 2025:

			Term Loans by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior to 2021						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Residential mortgages
800+			$232						$1,568						$1,369						$3,343						$5,149						$6,701						$—			$—						$18,362
740-799			520						1,410						817						1,537						2,142						3,031						—			—						9,457
680-739			119						382						295						546						713						1,193						—			—						3,248
620-679			11						46						76						149						180						494						—			—						956
<620			—						18						133						118						163						643						—			—						1,075
No FICO available(1)			—						1						—						3						1						11						—			—						16
Total residential mortgages			882						3,425						2,690						5,696						8,348						12,073						—			—						33,114
Home equity
800+			—						1						—						3						3						75						5,770			193						6,045
740-799			—						—						—						1						3						52						5,382			224						5,662
680-739			—						—						—						1						1						43						3,064			206						3,315
620-679			—						—						1						1						1						19						788			178						988
<620			—						—						3						2						3						16						501			313						838
No FICO available(1)			—						—						—						—						—						—						5			—						5
Total home equity			—						1						4						8						11						205						15,510			1,114						16,853
Automobile
800+			—						—						63						343						575						177						—			—						1,158
740-799			—						—						87						376						482						172						—			—						1,117
680-739			—						—						82						289						322						114						—			—						807
620-679			—						—						46						166						167						64						—			—						443
<620			—						—						49						189						200						81						—			—						519
No FICO available(1)			—						—						—						—						—						—						—			—						—
Total automobile			—						—						327						1,363						1,746						608						—			—						4,044
Education
800+			52						282						347						543						1,104						2,081						—			—						4,409
740-799			75						321						320						463						556						1,064						—			—						2,799
680-739			29						145						139						193						186						397						—			—						1,089
620-679			4						42						43						48						45						123						—			—						305
<620			1						9						15						22						24						72						—			—						143
No FICO available(1)			4						1						—						—						—						29						—			—						34
Total education			165						800						864						1,269						1,915						3,766						—			—						8,779
Other retail
800+			28						155						55						34						13						13						473			—						771
740-799			39						209						77						42						14						14						836			—						1,231
680-739			28						162						69						36						12						11						808			1						1,127
620-679			12						79						38						24						8						5						318			1						485
<620			2						35						28						30						8						4						236			1						344
No FICO available(1)			2						2						—						—						—						—						375			—						379
Total other retail			111						642						267						166						55						47						3,046			3						4,337
Total retail
800+			312						2,006						1,834						4,266						6,844						9,047						6,243			193						30,745
740-799			634						1,940						1,301						2,419						3,197						4,333						6,218			224						20,266
680-739			176						689						585						1,065						1,234						1,758						3,872			207						9,586
620-679			27						167						204						388						401						705						1,106			179						3,177
<620			3						62						228						361						398						816						737			314						2,919
No FICO available(1)			6						4						—						3						1						40						380			—						434
Total retail			$1,158						$4,868						$4,152						$8,502						$12,075						$16,699						$18,556			$1,117						$67,127

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 45

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2024:

			Term Loans by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior to 2020						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Residential mortgages
800+			$1,230						$1,302						$3,299						$5,109						$2,919						$3,869						$—			$—						$17,728
740-799			1,757						873						1,568						2,213						1,338						1,923						—			—						9,672
680-739			425						281						552						697						385						938						—			—						3,278
620-679			31						61						126						151						101						494						—			—						964
<620			15						37						76						147						89						703						—			—						1,067
No FICO available(1)			1						—						—						1						1						14						—			—						17
Total residential mortgages			3,459						2,554						5,621						8,318						4,833						7,941						—			—						32,726
Home equity
800+			1						—						3						4						1						76						5,634			200						5,919
740-799			—						—						1						2						1						65						5,275			224						5,568
680-739			—						—						1						—						1						76						2,995			183						3,256
620-679			—						1						4						3						2						60						752			141						963
<620			—						2						6						3						1						59						459			259						789
No FICO available(1)			—						—						—						—						—						—						—			—						—
Total home equity			1						3						15						12						6						336						15,115			1,007						16,495
Automobile
800+			—						65						380						665						183						58						—			—						1,351
740-799			—						92						430						581						176						61						—			—						1,340
680-739			—						91						338						385						115						45						—			—						974
620-679			—						51						189						194						56						29						—			—						519
<620			—						47						197						216						62						38						—			—						560
No FICO available(1)			—						—						—						—						—						—						—			—						—
Total automobile			—						346						1,534						2,041						592						231						—			—						4,744
Education
800+			227						373						657						1,517						1,256						1,475						—			—						5,505
740-799			290						359						571						804						637						811						—			—						3,472
680-739			110						150						229						261						211						337						—			—						1,298
620-679			27						48						55						58						51						111						—			—						350
<620			5						12						21						28						25						60						—			—						151
No FICO available(1)			5						—						—						—						—						31						—			—						36
Total education			664						942						1,533						2,668						2,180						2,825						—			—						10,812
Other retail
800+			186						65						36						15						11						10						512			—						835
740-799			259						96						46						18						13						11						895			1						1,339
680-739			201						87						39						15						11						7						845			1						1,206
620-679			97						47						27						10						6						3						335			1						526
<620			32						31						34						15						7						3						234			1						357
No FICO available(1)			5						—						—						—						—						—						382			—						387
Total other retail			780						326						182						73						48						34						3,203			4						4,650
Total retail
800+			1,644						1,805						4,375						7,310						4,370						5,488						6,146			200						31,338
740-799			2,306						1,420						2,616						3,618						2,165						2,871						6,170			225						21,391
680-739			736						609						1,159						1,358						723						1,403						3,840			184						10,012
620-679			155						208						401						416						216						697						1,087			142						3,322
<620			52						129						334						409						184						863						693			260						2,924
No FICO available(1)			11						—						—						1						1						45						382			—						440
Total retail			$4,904						$4,171						$8,885						$13,112						$7,659						$11,367						$18,318			$1,011						$69,427

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 46

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The following tables present gross charge-offs by vintage date for the Company’s loan and lease portfolios:

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
			Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024						2023						2022						2021						Prior to 2021						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Commercial and industrial			$—						$—						$1						$2						$22						$—						$9			$—						$34
Commercial real estate			—						—						—						8						—						43						—			—						51
Total commercial			—						—						1						10						22						43						9			—						85
Residential mortgages			—						—						—						—						—						1						—			—						1
Home equity			—						—						—						—						—						1						4			—						5
Automobile			—						—						2						7						7						4						—			—						20
Education			—						1						2						5						13						35						—			—						56
Other retail			4						15						8						4						2						2						32			—						67
Total retail			4						16						12						16						22						43						36			—						149
Total loans and leases			$4						$16						$13						$26						$44						$86						$45			$—						$234

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
			Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year																																				Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)			2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior to 2020						Within the Revolving Period			Converted to Term						Total
Commercial and industrial			$—						$5						$1						$4						$—						$1						$3			$—						$14
Commercial real estate			—						—						—						—						59						29						—			—						88
Total commercial			—						5						1						4						59						30						3			—						102
Residential mortgages			—						—						—						—						—						2						—			—						2
Home equity			—						—						—						—						—						1						2			1						4
Automobile			—						2						9						11						3						3						—			—						28
Education			—						—						1						6						7						18						—			—						32
Other retail			4						9						4						3						—						4						39			—						63
Total retail			4						11						14						20						10						28						41			1						129
Total loans and leases			$4						$16						$15						$24						$69						$58						$44			$1						$231

Citizens Financial Group, Inc. | 47

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Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets

The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing and nonaccrual loans and leases as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

			March 31, 2025
						Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)			Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual			Total			Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial			$43,420			$56			$13			$9			$283			$43,781			$45
Commercial real estate			25,887			131			5			4			700			26,727			19
Total commercial			69,307			187			18			13			983			70,508			64
Residential mortgages			32,682			60			36			138			198			33,114			147
Home equity			16,450			94			27			—			282			16,853			178
Automobile			3,900			80			25			—			39			4,044			6
Education			8,699			39			18			3			20			8,779			2
Other retail			4,207			42			27			1			60			4,337			1
Total retail			65,938			315			133			142			599			67,127			334
Total			$135,245			$502			$151			$155			$1,582			$137,635			$398
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1)			$824			$32			$19			$137			$—			$1,012			$—

			December 31, 2024
						Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)			Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual			Total			Nonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial			$42,247			$35			$20			$8			$241			$42,551			$31
Commercial real estate			26,212			204			27			6			776			27,225			32
Total commercial			68,459			239			47			14			1,017			69,776			63
Residential mortgages			32,011			251			93			179			192			32,726			142
Home equity			16,097			88			27			—			283			16,495			182
Automobile			4,563			100			33			—			48			4,744			6
Education			10,686			45			23			2			56			10,812			4
Other retail			4,504			46			31			1			68			4,650			1
Total retail			67,861			530			207			182			647			69,427			335
Total			$136,320			$769			$254			$196			$1,664			$139,203			$398
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1)			$696			$119			$55			$172			$—			$1,042			$—

(1) Guaranteed residential mortgages represent loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA, and are included in the amounts presented for Residential mortgages.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $397 million and $372 million, respectively, and collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $513 million and $607 million, respectively.

The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $302 million and $295 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company offers loan modifications, characterized as FDMs, to retail and commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as a result of its loss mitigation activities that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Payment delays consist of modifications that result in a delay of contractual amounts due greater than three months over a rolling 12-month period. Term extensions consist of modifications that result in an extension of the contractual maturity date greater than three months or a significant deferral of principal payments relative to the total outstanding principal balance of the loan.

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Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and generally include a payment delay, term extension and/or interest rate reduction. The Company does not typically offer principal forgiveness for commercial loans. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs, which are summarized below.

•Forbearance programs provide borrowers experiencing some form of hardship a period of time during which their contractual payment obligations are suspended, resulting in a payment delay and/or term extension.

•Other repayment plans are offered due to hardship and include an interest rate reduction and/or term extension designed to enable the borrower to return the loan to current status in an expeditious manner.

•Settlement agreements may be executed with borrowers experiencing a long-term hardship or who are delinquent, resulting in principal forgiveness. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the settlement agreement, the unpaid principal amount is forgiven resulting in a charge-off of the outstanding principal balance.

•Certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments may result in any one of the four modification types or some combination thereof.

The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period.

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Interest Rate Reduction			Term Extension			Payment Delay			Principal Forgiveness			Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension									Term Extension and Payment Delay												Total			Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial			$32			$141			$2			$—			$—									$1												$176			0.40		%
Commercial real estate			10			172			73			—			—									25												280			1.05
Total commercial			42			313			75			—			—									26												456			0.65
Residential mortgages			1			15			2			—			4									1												23			0.07
Home equity			1			—			2			—			1									—												4			0.02
Automobile			—			—			—			—			—									—												—			—
Education			2			—			—			—			—									—												2			0.02
Other retail			6			—			—			—			—									—												6			0.14
Total retail			10			15			4			—			5									1												35			0.05
Total			$52			$328			$79			$—			$5									$27												$491			0.36		%

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Interest Rate Reduction			Term Extension			Payment Delay			Principal Forgiveness			Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension									Term Extension and Payment Delay												Total			Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial			$—			$85			$65			$—			$1									$32												$183			0.42		%
Commercial real estate			—			443			24			—			40									1												508			1.76
Total commercial			—			528			89			—			41									33												691			0.95
Residential mortgages			1			37			5			—			3									—												46			0.15
Home equity			1			1			—			—			4									—												6			0.04
Automobile			—			—			—			—			—									—												—			—
Education			3			—			18			—			—									—												21			0.18
Other retail			5			—			—			—			—									—												5			0.10
Total retail			10			38			23			—			7									—												78			0.11
Total			$10			$566			$112			$—			$48									$33												$769			0.54		%

(1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial.

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The following tables present the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable.

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1)			Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1)			Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1)			Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial			0.81		%	10			$—			$—
Commercial real estate			0.75			10			1			—
Residential mortgages			0.98			111			—			—
Home equity			4.55			74			—			—
Automobile			—			—			—			—
Education			4.96			—			—			—
Other retail			20.30			—			—			2

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1)			Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1)			Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1)			Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial			4.49		%	9			$1			$—
Commercial real estate			0.53			16			1			—
Residential mortgages			2.01			88			—			—
Home equity			3.16			88			—			—
Automobile			—			—			—			—
Education			4.31			—			—			—
Other retail			19.80			—			—			2

(1) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost.

(2) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs.

The following tables present an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the twelve month period ending March 31, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms.

			March 31, 2025
						Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)			Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual			Total
Commercial and industrial			$311			$17			$—			$3			$51			$382
Commercial real estate			380			33			—			—			385			798
Total commercial			691			50			—			3			436			1,180
Residential mortgages			51			4			3			17			19			94
Home equity			9			—			1			—			12			22
Automobile			—			—			—			—			—			—
Education			8			—			—			—			1			9
Other retail			13			2			1			—			1			17
Total retail			81			6			5			17			33			142
Total			$772			$56			$5			$20			$469			$1,322

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			March 31, 2024
						Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)			Current			30-59			60-89			90+			Nonaccrual			Total
Commercial and industrial			$223			$1			$5			$—			$144			$373
Commercial real estate			667			38			5			33			136			879
Total commercial			890			39			10			33			280			1,252
Residential mortgages			71			17			—			22			15			125
Home equity			5			—			—			—			10			15
Automobile			—			—			—			—			—			—
Education			51			1			—			—			6			58
Other retail			10			1			1			—			1			13
Total retail			137			19			1			22			32			211
Total			$1,027			$58			$11			$55			$312			$1,463

The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the period presented and were modified within the previous 12 months preceding the default, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs at the time of default. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status.

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Interest Rate Reduction			Term Extension			Payment Delay						Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension																					Total
Commercial and industrial			$—			$—			$—						$—																					$—
Commercial real estate			—			71			—						—																					71
Total commercial			—			71			—						—																					71
Residential mortgages			—			5			1						2																					8
Home equity			1			—			—						1																					2
Automobile			—			—			—						—																					—
Education			—			—			—						—																					—
Other retail			1			—			—						—																					1
Total retail			2			5			1						3																					11
Total			$2			$76			$1						$3																					$82

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Interest Rate Reduction			Term Extension			Payment Delay						Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension																					Total
Commercial and industrial			$—			$34			$—						$—																					$34
Commercial real estate			—			38			—						—																					38
Total commercial			—			72			—						—																					72
Residential mortgages			—			6			—						—																					6
Home equity			—			—			—						—																					—
Automobile			—			—			—						—																					—
Education			2			—			—						—																					2
Other retail			—			—			—						—																					—
Total retail			2			6			—						—																					8
Total			$2			$78			$—						$—																					$80

Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2025 were $157 million at March 31, 2025. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $206 million at December 31, 2024.

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NOTE 5 - MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER SERVICED LOANS

Mortgage Banking

The Company sells residential mortgages into the secondary market and retains no beneficial interest in these sales, but may retain the servicing rights for the loans sold. The Company may exercise its option to repurchase eligible government guaranteed residential mortgages or may be obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a representation or warranty violation such as noncompliance with eligibility or servicing requirements, or customer fraud that should have been identified in a loan file review.

The following table summarizes activity related to residential mortgage loans sold with servicing rights retained:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Cash proceeds from residential mortgage loans sold with servicing retained			$1,658						$1,488
Gain on sales(1)			16						15
Contractually specified servicing, late and other ancillary fees(1)			70						79

(1) Reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans related to our MSRs was $95.2 billion and $95.6 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company manages the risk associated with changes in the value of the MSRs with an active economic hedging strategy, which includes the purchase of freestanding derivatives.

The following table summarizes changes in MSRs recorded using the fair value method:

									As of and for the Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)															2025						2024
Fair value as of beginning of the period															$1,491						$1,552
Amounts capitalized															27						18
Sales(1)															(72)						—
Changes in unpaid principal balance during the period(2)															(39)						(46)
Changes in fair value during the period(3)															(10)						40
Fair value at end of the period															$1,397						$1,564

(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2025, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs related to certain FNMA mortgages with a total unpaid principal balance of $10.5 billion.

(2) Represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial

paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period.

(3) Represents changes in value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The fair value of MSRs is estimated by using the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, contractual servicing fee income, servicing costs, default rates, ancillary income, and other economic factors determined based on current market interest rates. The valuation does not attempt to forecast or predict the future direction of interest rates.

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The sensitivity analysis below presents the impact of an immediate 10% and 20% adverse change in key economic assumptions to the current fair value of MSRs. These sensitivities are hypothetical, with the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the MSRs calculated independently without changing any other assumption. Changes in one factor may result in changes in another (e.g., changes in interest rates that drive changes in prepayment rates could result in changes in discount rates) and may amplify or counteract the sensitivities. The primary risk inherent in the Company’s MSRs is an increase in prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans serviced, which is largely dependent upon movements in market interest rates.

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Fair value			$1,397						$1,491
Weighted average life (years)			8.5						8.7
Weighted average constant prepayment rate			7.1%						6.7%
Decline in fair value from 10% adverse change			$35						$35
Decline in fair value from 20% adverse change			$67						$67
Weighted average option adjusted spread			628 bps						632 bps
Decline in fair value from 10% adverse change			$40						$42
Decline in fair value from 20% adverse change			$79						$84

The Company has mortgage banking derivatives that include commitments to originate mortgages held for sale, certain loan sale agreements, and other financial instruments that meet the definition of a derivative. Refer to Note 8 for additional information.

Other Serviced Loans

The Company engages in other servicing relationships from time to time. The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of other serviced loans:

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Education			$397						$420
Commercial and industrial(1)			90						92

(1) Represents the government guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold to outside investors.

NOTE 6 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company, in the normal course of business, engages in a variety of activities with entities that are considered VIEs, as defined by GAAP, with its variable interest arising from contractual, ownership or other monetary interests in the entity. A VIE typically does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties.

For more details regarding the Company’s involvement with VIEs see Note 11 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Consolidated VIEs

The Company has consolidated VIEs related to secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans. The following table summarizes the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for the Company’s consolidated VIEs:

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Assets:
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			$197						$209
Net loans and leases			3,313						3,843
Other assets			21						21
Total assets			$3,531						$4,073
Liabilities:
Long-term borrowed funds			$2,885						$3,375
Other liabilities			7						8
Total liabilities			$2,892						$3,383

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Secured Borrowings

The Company utilizes a portion of its auto loan portfolio to support certain secured borrowing arrangements, which provide a source of funding for the Company and involves the transfer of auto loans to bankruptcy remote special purpose entities (“SPEs”). These SPEs then issue asset-backed notes to third parties collateralized by the transferred loans.

The assets of a particular VIE are the primary source of funds to settle its obligations. Creditors of these VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The performance of the loans transferred to the SPEs is the most significant driver impacting the economic performance of the VIEs.

Unconsolidated VIEs

The Company is involved with various VIEs that are not consolidated including lending to special purpose entities, investments in asset-backed securities and investments in entities that sponsor affordable housing, renewable energy and economic development projects. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss resulting from its involvement with these entities is limited to the balance sheet carrying amount of its investments, unfunded commitments, and the outstanding principal balance of loans to special purpose entities.

A summary of these investments is presented below:

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Lending to special purpose entities included in loans and leases			$4,221						$4,215
LIHTC investments included in other assets			2,685						2,631
LIHTC unfunded commitments included in other liabilities			1,142						1,109
Asset-backed investments included in HTM securities			392						412
Renewable energy investments included in other assets			256						269
NMTC investments included in other assets			2						2

Lending to Special Purpose Entities

The Company provides lending facilities to third-party sponsored special purpose entities. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the lending facilities had undrawn commitments to extend credit of $2.9 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively. For more information on commitments to extend credit see Note 11.

Asset-backed securities

The Company’s investments in asset-backed securities are collateralized by education loans sold to a third-party sponsored VIE. The Company acts as the primary servicer for the sold loans and receives a servicing fee. A third-party servicer is responsible for all loans that become significantly delinquent.

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships

The purpose of the Company’s LIHTC investments is to assist in achieving the goals of the Community Reinvestment Act and to earn an adequate return of capital.

Renewable Energy Entities

The Company’s investments in certain renewable energy entities provide benefits from government incentives and other tax attributes (e.g., tax depreciation).

Contingent commitments related to the Company’s renewable energy investments were $44 million at March 31, 2025, and are expected to be paid in varying amounts through 2027. These payments are contingent upon the level of electricity production attained by the renewable energy entity relative to its targeted threshold, changes in the production tax credit rates set by the Internal Revenue Service, and the achievement of commercial operation for a certain renewable energy project under its power purchase agreement.

New Markets Tax Credit Program

The Company participates in the NMTC program which provides a tax incentive for private sector investment into economic development projects and businesses located in low-income communities.

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The following table summarizes the impact to the Consolidated Statements of Operations relative to the Company’s tax credit programs for which it has elected to apply the proportional amortization method of accounting:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Tax credits recognized			$106						$97
Other tax benefits recognized			23						23
Amortization			(102)						(99)
Net benefit (expense) included in income tax expense			27						21
Other income			2						1
Allocated income (loss) on investments			(3)						(3)
Net benefit (expense) included in noninterest income			(1)						(2)
Net benefit (expense) included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations(1)			$26						$19

(1) Includes the impact of tax credit investments when the election to apply the proportional amortization method was in effect during the periods presented. For 2025 and 2024, this includes LIHTC, renewable energy and NMTC investments.

The Company did not recognize impairment losses resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of income tax credits or other circumstances during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 7 - BORROWED FUNDS

Short-term borrowed funds

Borrowings with original maturities of one year or less are classified as short-term and were comprised of the following.

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Other short-term borrowed funds			$47						$—
Total short-term borrowed funds			$47						$—

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Long-term borrowed funds

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s long-term borrowed funds:

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Parent Company:
4.350% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due August 2025			133						133
4.300% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due December 2025			336						336
2.850% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due July 2026			499						499
5.841% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due January 2030			1,245						1,245
2.500% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due February 2030			299						299
3.250% fixed-rate senior unsecured notes, due April 2030			747						747
3.750% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031			69						69
4.300% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031			135						135
4.350% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due February 2031			61						60
5.253% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due March 2031			746						—
5.718% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due July 2032			1,244						1,243
2.638% fixed-rate subordinated debt, due September 2032			571						570
6.645% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due April 2035			745						745
5.641% fixed-rate reset subordinated debt, due May 2037			398						398
CBNA’s Global Note Program:
2.250% senior unsecured notes, due April 2025			750						750
5.284% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due January 2026(1)			—						350
3.750% senior unsecured notes, due February 2026			494						492
4.575% fixed/floating-rate senior unsecured notes, due August 2028			798						798
Additional Borrowings by CBNA and Other Subsidiaries:
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, 2.944% weighted average rate, due through 2043(2)			42						53
Secured borrowings, 5.565% weighted average rate, due through 2031(2)(3)			2,937						3,461
Other			18						18
Total long-term borrowed funds			$12,267						$12,401

(1) Notes were redeemed on January 27, 2025.

(2) Rate disclosed reflects the weighted average rate as of March 31, 2025.

(3) Collateralized by loans. See Note 6 for additional information.

At March 31, 2025, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $12.4 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $84 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($6) million. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $12.5 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $85 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($8) million. See Note 8 for further information about the Company’s hedging of certain long-term borrowed funds.

Advances, lines of credit and letters of credit from the FHLB are collateralized primarily by residential mortgages and home equity products sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level established by the FHLB. The utilized FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily for advances and letters of credit, was $4.7 billion and $4.6 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company’s available FHLB borrowing capacity was $23.0 billion and $21.1 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company can also borrow from the FRB discount window to meet short-term liquidity requirements. Collateral, including certain loans, is pledged to support this borrowing capacity. At March 31, 2025, the Company’s unused secured borrowing capacity was approximately $77.4 billion, which includes unencumbered securities, FHLB borrowing capacity, and FRB discount window capacity.

NOTE 8 - DERIVATIVES

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into derivative transactions to meet the financing and hedging needs of its customers and reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These transactions include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate options, foreign exchange contracts, residential loan commitment rate locks, interest rate future contracts, swaptions, certain commodities, forward commitments to sell TBAs, forward purchase and sale contracts, and purchase options. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. Information regarding the valuation methodology and inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments is described in Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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The following table presents derivative instruments included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

			March 31, 2025												December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Notional Amount			Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities						Notional Amount			Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts			$72,140			$284			$10						$69,077			$402			$5
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts			163,936			175			674						171,193			160			905
Foreign exchange contracts			36,876			318			326						34,749			472			411
Commodities contracts			1,133			689			634						1,136			429			379
TBA contracts			3,167			2			10						2,714			10			8
Other contracts			1,080			9			3						615			3			2
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments			206,192			1,193			1,647						210,407			1,074			1,705
Total gross derivatives			278,332			1,477			1,657						279,484			1,476			1,710
Less: Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets(1)						(411)			(411)									(391)			(391)
Less: Cash collateral applied(1)						(306)			(363)									(677)			(99)
Total net derivatives presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets						$760			$883									$408			$1,220

(1) Amounts represent the impact of enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to net settle positive and negative positions, as well as collateral paid and received.

The Company’s derivative transactions are internally divided into three sub-groups: institutional, customer facilitation and residential loan. Certain derivative transactions within these sub-groups are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, as described below:

Derivatives Designated As Hedging Instruments

The Company’s institutional derivatives qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The net interest accruals on interest rate swaps designated in a fair value or cash flow hedge relationship are treated as an adjustment to interest income or interest expense of the item being hedged. All hedging relationships are formally documented at inception, as well as risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various accounting hedges. In addition, the effectiveness of hedge relationships is monitored during the duration of the hedge period. The methods utilized to assess hedge effectiveness vary based on the hedge relationship and each relationship is monitored to ensure that management’s initial intent continues to be satisfied. Hedge accounting treatment is discontinued when the derivative is terminated or when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be, or has ceased to be, effective as a hedge. Changes in the fair value of a derivative are reflected in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.

Fair Value Hedges

In a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged asset or liability attributable to the risk being hedged are recognized in the same income statement line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when the changes in fair value occur. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has designated $4.7 billion of interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of its fixed-rate prepayable AFS securities using the portfolio layer method. This approach allows the Company to designate as the hedged item a stated amount of the assets that are not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has also designated $3.2 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively, of interest rate swaps as fair value hedges to manage interest rate risk within its nonprepayable fixed-rate AFS securities portfolio.

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The following table presents the effect of fair value hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the respective line items affected for each hedged item:

						Location and Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized
						Interest Income			Interest Expense
(dollars in millions)						Investment Securities			Long-Term Borrowed Funds
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
Gains (losses) on fair value hedges recognized on:
Hedged items						$116			($2)
Derivatives						(118)			2
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives						11			(2)
Total net interest income recognized on fair value hedges						$9			($2)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Gains (losses) on fair value hedges recognized on:
Hedged items						($135)			$3
Derivatives						139			(3)
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives						25			(4)
Total net interest income recognized on fair value hedges						$29			($4)

The following table reflects amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:    

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025									December 31, 2024
			Debt securities available for sale(1)			Long-term borrowed funds									Debt securities available for sale(1)			Long-term borrowed funds
Carrying amount of hedged assets(2)			$9,623			$—									$9,557			$—
Carrying amount of hedged liabilities			—			494									—			491
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of the hedged items			20			(6)									(97)			(8)

(1) Includes the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships under the portfolio layer method. The hedged item is a layer of the closed portfolio which is expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $6.3 billion and $6.4 billion, respectively, including associated cumulative basis adjustments of $(2) million and $(75) million, respectively. The amount of the designated hedging instruments was $4.7 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Carrying amount represents amortized cost.

Cash Flow Hedges

In a cash flow hedge the entire change in the fair value of the interest rate swap included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is initially recorded in OCI and is subsequently reclassified from AOCI into earnings in the period during which the hedged item affects earnings.

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements designed primarily to hedge a portion of its floating-rate assets and liabilities. All of these swaps are deemed highly effective cash flow hedges. From time to time, the Company may also enter into certain interest rate option agreements that utilize interest rate floors and/or caps. Option premiums paid and received are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortized over the life of the instruments. During the first quarter of 2025, the Company entered into a cash flow hedge with a notional amount of $1.5 billion to manage the variability in cash flows related to the sale of Non-Core education loans, which will settle ratably each quarter throughout 2025.

The following table presents the pre-tax net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Pre-tax net gains (losses) recognized in OCI			$284						($550)
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest income			(202)						(203)
Pre-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into interest expense			—						—

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Using the March 31, 2025 interest rate curve, the Company estimates that $612 million in pre-tax net losses related to cash flow hedge strategies will be reclassified from AOCI to earnings over the next 12 months. These losses could differ from amounts recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations or the addition of other hedges after March 31, 2025.

Derivatives Not Designated As Hedging Instruments

The Company offers derivatives to customers in connection with their risk management needs consisting primarily of interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity contracts. Market risk exposure from customer transactions is primarily managed by entering into a variety of hedging transactions with third-party dealers. Gains and losses on customer-related derivatives are reported in foreign exchange and derivatives products in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Residential mortgage loans that will be sold in the secondary market and the related loan commitments, which are considered derivatives, are accounted for at fair value. Forward contracts to sell mortgage-backed securities are utilized to hedge the fair value of the loans and related commitments. Gains and losses on the loans and related commitments, and the derivatives used to economically hedge them, are reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Residential MSRs are accounted for at fair value. Derivatives utilized to hedge the fair value of residential MSRs include interest rate futures, swaps, options, and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities. Gains and losses on residential MSRs and the related derivatives are reported in mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents the effect of economic hedges on noninterest income:

			Amounts Recognized in Noninterest Income for the
			Three Months Ended March 31,															Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Economic hedge type:
Customer interest rate contracts			$165						($494)															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging interest rate risk			(157)						503															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Customer foreign exchange contracts			98						(110)															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging foreign exchange risk			(131)						145															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Customer commodity contracts			343						35															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Derivatives hedging commodity price risk			(336)						(32)															Foreign exchange and derivative products
Residential loan commitments			6						(2)															Mortgage banking fees
Derivatives hedging residential loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value			(13)						3															Mortgage banking fees
Derivative contracts used to hedge residential MSRs			22						(38)															Mortgage banking fees
Total			($3)						$10

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NOTE 9 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents the changes in the balances, net of income taxes, of each component of AOCI:

						As of and for the Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)						Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges						Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities						Defined Benefit Plans						Total AOCI
Balance at January 1, 2024						($1,087)						($2,338)						($333)						($3,758)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications						(405)						(173)						4						(574)
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations						149						14						5						168
Net other comprehensive income (loss)						(256)						(159)						9						(406)
Balance at March 31, 2024						($1,343)						($2,497)						($324)						($4,164)
Balance at January 1, 2025						($925)						($2,369)						($301)						($3,595)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications						208						282						—						490
Amounts reclassified to the Consolidated Statements of Operations						148						13						3						164
Net other comprehensive income (loss)						356						295						3						654
Balance at March 31, 2025						($569)						($2,074)						($298)						($2,941)
Primary location in the Consolidated Statements of Operations of amounts reclassified from AOCI						Net interest income						Securities gains, net and Net interest income						Other operating expense

NOTE 10 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes the Company’s preferred stock:

									March 31, 2025												December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions, except per share data)			Liquidation value per share						Preferred Shares						Carrying Amount						Preferred Shares						Carrying Amount
Authorized ($25 par value per share)									100,000,000												100,000,000
Issued and outstanding:
Series B			$1,000						300,000						$296						300,000						$296
Series C			1,000						300,000						297						300,000						297
Series E			1,000			(1)			450,000			(2)			437						450,000						437
Series F			1,000						400,000						395						400,000						395
Series G			1,000						300,000						296						300,000						296
Series H			1,000			(1)			400,000			(3)			392						400,000						392
Total									2,150,000						$2,113						2,150,000						$2,113

(1) Equivalent to $25 per depositary share.

(2) Represented by 18,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series E Preferred Stock.

(3) Represented by 16,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series H Preferred Stock.

For further detail regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s preferred stock, see Note 17 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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Dividends

The following table summarizes the Company’s dividend activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2025												Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions, except per share data)						Dividends Declared per Share			Dividends Declared			Dividends Paid						Dividends Declared per Share			Dividends Declared			Dividends Paid
Common stock						$0.42			$186			$186						$0.42			$197			$197
Preferred stock
Series B						$19.11			$6			$6						$21.72			$7			$7
Series C						19.50			6			6						15.94			5			5
Series D						—			—			—						15.88			5			5
Series E						12.50			5			6						12.50			5			5
Series F						14.13			6			6						14.13			5			6
Series G						10.00			3			3						10.00			3			3
Series H						18.44			7			7						—			—			—
Total preferred stock									$33			$34									$30			$31

Treasury Stock

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company repurchased $200 million, or 4,483,894 shares, and $300 million, or 9,244,939 shares, respectively, of its outstanding common stock, which are held in treasury stock.

NOTE 11 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

A summary of outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements is presented below. For more information on these arrangements, see Note 19 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

(dollars in millions)			March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Commitments to extend credit			$94,106						$93,460
Letters of credit			1,875						1,845
Loans sold with recourse			91						93
Marketing rights			12						14
Risk participation agreements			5						1
Total			$96,089						$95,413

Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers in accordance with conditions contractually agreed upon in advance. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements.

Letters of Credit

Letters of credit in the table above reflect commercial, standby financial and standby performance letters of credit. Financial and performance standby letters of credit are issued by the Company for the benefit of its customers. They are used as conditional guarantees of payment to a third party in the event the customer either fails to make specific payments (financial) or fails to complete a specific project (performance). The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of counterparty nonperformance in connection with the above instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Letters of credit are generally secured, with collateral including, but not limited to, cash, accounts receivable, inventory or investment securities. Credit risk associated with letters of credit is considered in determining the appropriate amount of allowances for unfunded commitments. Standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are issued for terms of up to two years and one year, respectively.

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Other Commitments

The Company has additional off-balance sheet arrangements that are summarized below:

•Marketing Rights - During 2003, the Company entered into a 25-year agreement to acquire the naming and marketing rights of a baseball stadium in Pennsylvania.

•Loans sold with recourse - the Company is an originator and servicer of residential mortgages and routinely sells such mortgage loans in the secondary market and to GSEs. In the context of such sales, the Company makes certain representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the underlying loans and, as a result, may be contractually required to repurchase such loans or indemnify certain parties against losses for certain breaches of those representations and warranties. The Company also sells the government guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans to outside investors, for which it retains the servicing rights.

•Risk Participation Agreements - RPAs are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. The current amount of credit exposure is spread out over multiple counterparties. At March 31, 2025, the remaining terms on these RPAs ranged from less than one year to nine years.

Contingencies

The Company operates in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes it to potentially significant risks. A certain amount of litigation ordinarily results from the nature of the Company’s banking and other businesses. The Company is a party to legal proceedings, including class actions. The Company is also the subject of investigations, reviews, subpoenas, and regulatory matters arising out of its normal business operations which, in some instances, relate to concerns about fair lending, unfair and/or deceptive practices, and mortgage-related issues. In addition, the Company engages in discussions with relevant governmental and regulatory authorities on a regular and ongoing basis regarding various issues, and any issues discussed or identified may result in investigatory or other action being taken. Litigation and regulatory matters may result in settlements, damages, fines, penalties, public or private censure, increased costs, required remediation, restrictions on business activities, or other impacts on the Company.

In these disputes and proceedings, the Company contests liability and the amount of damages as appropriate. Given their complex nature, and based on the Company's experience, it may be years before some of these matters are finally resolved. Moreover, before liability can be reasonably estimated for a claim, numerous legal and factual issues may need to be examined, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal issues relevant to the proceedings in question. The Company cannot predict with certainty if, how, or when such claims will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, may be, particularly for claims that are at an early stage in their development or where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages. The Company recognizes a provision for a claim when, in the opinion of management after seeking legal advice, it is probable that a liability exists and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. In many proceedings, however, it is not possible to determine whether any loss is probable or to estimate the amount of any loss.

Based on information currently available, the advice of legal counsel and other advisers, and established reserves, management believes that the aggregate liabilities, if any, potentially arising from these proceedings will not have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 12 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company measures or monitors many of its assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is used on a recurring basis for assets and liabilities for which fair value is the required or elected measurement basis of accounting. Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Fair value measurement guidance is also applied to determine amounts reported for certain disclosures in this Note for assets and liabilities that are not required to be reported at fair value in the financial statements.

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Fair Value Option

The Company elected to account for residential mortgage LHFS and certain commercial LHFS at fair value. The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of LHFS measured at fair value:

			March 31, 2025												December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Aggregate Fair Value			Aggregate Unpaid Principal			Aggregate Fair Value Greater (Less) Than Aggregate Unpaid Principal						Aggregate Fair Value			Aggregate Unpaid Principal			Aggregate Fair Value Greater (Less) Than Aggregate Unpaid Principal
Residential mortgage loans held for sale			$922			$894			$28						$633			$625			$8
Commercial loans held for sale			215			226			(11)						192			199			(7)

For more information on the election of the fair value option for these assets see Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company utilizes a variety of valuation techniques to measure its assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. For more information on the valuation techniques utilized to measure fair value on a recurring basis, see Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at March 31, 2025:

(dollars in millions)			Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Debt securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities			$30,014			$—			$30,014			$—
Collateralized loan obligations			124			—			124			—
State and political subdivisions			1			—			1			—
U.S. Treasury and other			4,069			4,069			—			—
Total debt securities available for sale			34,208			4,069			30,139			—
Loans held for sale:
Residential loans held for sale			922			—			922			—
Commercial loans held for sale			215			—			215			—
Total loans held for sale, at fair value			1,137			—			1,137			—
Mortgage servicing rights			1,397			—			—			1,397
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts			459			—			459			—
Foreign exchange contracts			318			—			318			—
Commodities contracts			689			—			689			—
TBA contracts			2			—			2			—
Other contracts			9			—			1			8
Total derivative assets			1,477			—			1,469			8
Equity securities, at fair value(1)			178			178			—			—
Short-term investments			55			20			35			—
Total assets			$38,452			$4,267			$32,780			$1,405
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts			$684			$—			$684			$—
Foreign exchange contracts			326			—			326			—
Commodities contracts			634			—			634			—
TBA contracts			10			—			10			—
Other contracts			3			—			—			3
Total derivative liabilities			1,657			—			1,654			3
Short-term borrowed funds			47			39			8			—
Other liabilities			106			—			106			—
Total liabilities			$1,810			$39			$1,768			$3

(1) Excludes investments of $58 million included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $23 million at March 31, 2025, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.

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The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024:

(dollars in millions)			Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Debt securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities			$29,055			$—			$29,055			$—
Collateralized loan obligations			184			—			184			—
State and political subdivisions			1			—			1			—
U.S. Treasury and other			3,525			3,525			—			—
Total debt securities available for sale			32,765			3,525			29,240			—
Loans held for sale:
Residential loans held for sale			633			—			633			—
Commercial loans held for sale			192			—			192			—
Total loans held for sale, at fair value			825			—			825			—
Mortgage servicing rights			1,491			—			—			1,491
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts			562			—			562			—
Foreign exchange contracts			472			—			472			—
Commodities contracts			429			—			429			—
TBA contracts			10			—			10			—
Other contracts			3			—			—			3
Total derivative assets			1,476			—			1,473			3
Equity securities, at fair value(1)			162			162			—			—
Short-term investments			53			40			13			—
Total assets			$36,772			$3,727			$31,551			$1,494
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts			$910			$—			$910			$—
Foreign exchange contracts			411			—			411			—
Commodities contracts			379			—			379			—
TBA contracts			8			—			8			—
Other contracts			2			—			—			2
Total derivative liabilities			1,710			—			1,708			2
Short-term borrowed funds			—			—			—			—
Other liabilities			101			—			101			—
Total liabilities			$1,811			$—			$1,809			$2

(1) Excludes investments of $58 million included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $24 million at December 31, 2024, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.

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The following tables present a roll forward of the balance sheet amounts for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3:

									Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)												Mortgage Servicing Rights			Other Derivative Contracts
Beginning balance												$1,491			$1
Issuances												27			16
Sales(1)												(72)			—
Settlements(2)												(39)			(16)
Changes in fair value during the period recognized in earnings(3)												(10)			4
Ending balance												$1,397			$5

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Mortgage Servicing Rights			Other Derivative Contracts
Beginning balance			$1,552			$7
Issuances			18			13
Settlements(2)			(46)			(10)
Changes in fair value during the period recognized in earnings(3)			40			(2)
Ending balance			$1,564			$8

(1) For MSRs, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs.

(2) For MSRs, represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period. For other derivative contracts, represents the closeout of interest rate lock commitments.

(3) Represents changes in value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in mortgage banking fees and other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs utilized to measure the fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities.

As of March 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

Financial Instrument(1)

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range (Weighted Average)

Range (Weighted Average)

Mortgage servicing rights

Discounted Cash Flow

Constant prepayment rate

5.65-16.12% CPR (7.10% CPR)

5.08-16.32% CPR (6.70% CPR)

Option adjusted spread

398-1,058 bps (628 bps)

398-1,058 bps (632 bps)

Other derivative contracts

Internal Model

Pull through rate

6.67-99.93% (82.98%)

5.09-99.90% (83.06%)

MSR value

31.71-163.78 bps (117.97 bps)

23.91-171.64 bps (121.23 bps)

(1) Disclosures related to the fair value measurement of financial instruments deemed immaterial are not included.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. For more information on the valuation techniques utilized to measure fair value on a nonrecurring basis, see Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

The following table presents losses on assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recorded in earnings:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Collateral-dependent loans			($59)						($56)

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

			March 31, 2025															December 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3						Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Collateral-dependent loans			$910			$—			$910			$—						$979			$—			$979			$—

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following tables present the estimated fair value for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The carrying amounts are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the indicated captions:

			March 31, 2025
			Total									Level 1									Level 2									Level 3
(dollars in millions)			Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Debt securities held to maturity			$8,469			$7,515						$—			$—						$8,077			$7,129						$392			$386
Loans held for sale			1,683			1,683						—			—						—			—						1,683			1,683
Net loans and leases			135,621			134,844						—			—						910			910						134,711			133,934
Other assets			711			711						—			—						689			689						22			22
Financial liabilities:
Deposits			177,576			177,508						—			—						177,576			177,508						—			—
Long-term borrowed funds			12,267			12,222						—			—						12,267			12,222						—			—

			December 31, 2024
			Total									Level 1									Level 2									Level 3
(dollars in millions)			Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value			Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Debt securities held to maturity			$8,599			$7,540						$—			$—						$8,187			$7,136						$412			$404
Loans held for sale			33			33						—			—						—			—						33			33
Net loans and leases			137,142			136,293						—			—						979			979						136,163			135,314
Other assets			710			710						—			—						689			689						21			21
Financial liabilities:
Deposits			174,776			174,651						—			—						174,776			174,651						—			—
Long-term borrowed funds			12,401			12,247						—			—						12,401			12,247						—			—

NOTE 13 - NONINTEREST INCOME

A portion of the Company’s noninterest income relates to certain fee-based revenue earned from contracts with customers based on the amount of consideration expected to be received upon the transfer of control of a good or service. For a description of the components of revenue from contracts with customers and how each component is recognized for the principal products and services of the Company’s business segments, see Note 21 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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The following tables present noninterest income segregated by revenue from contracts with customers and revenue from other sources, disaggregated by business segment. Revenue from other sources primarily includes income from letter of credit and loan fees, foreign exchange and derivative products, and mortgage banking fees.

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Consumer Banking			Commercial Banking			Non-Core			Other			Consolidated
Service charges and fees			$74			$34			$—			$—			$108
Card fees			67			13			—			—			80
Capital markets fees			—			95			—			—			95
Wealth fees			81			—			—			—			81
Other banking fees			1			2			—			—			3
Total revenue from contracts with customers			$223			$144			$—			$—			$367
Total revenue from other sources(1)			74			71			—			32			177
Total noninterest income			$297			$215			$—			$32			$544

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Consumer Banking			Commercial Banking			Non-Core			Other			Consolidated
Service charges and fees			$63			$33			$—			$—			$96
Card fees			66			15			—			3			84
Capital markets fees			—			116			—			—			116
Wealth fees			68			—			—			—			68
Other banking fees			1			2			—			—			3
Total revenue from contracts with customers			$198			$166			$—			$3			$367
Total revenue from other sources(1)			60			61			—			29			150
Total noninterest income			$258			$227			$—			$32			$517

(1) Includes bank-owned life insurance income of $27 million and $24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized trailing commissions of $4 million related to previous investment sales.

NOTE 14 - OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE

The following table presents the details of other operating expense:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)			2025						2024
Marketing			$40						$35
Deposit insurance(1)			38						76
Other			79						92
Other operating expense			$157						$203

(1) Includes an industry-wide FDIC special assessment of $35 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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NOTE 15 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

			Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data)			2025						2024
Numerator (basic and diluted):
Net income			$373						$334
Less: Preferred stock dividends			33						30
Net income available to common stockholders			$340						$304
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic			438,320,757						461,358,681
Dilutive common shares: share-based awards			3,879,423						2,439,283
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted			442,200,180						463,797,964
Earnings per common share:
Basic			$0.78						$0.66
Diluted(1)			0.77						0.65

(1) Potential dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS in the periods where the effect would be antidilutive. Excluded from the computation of diluted EPS were weighted-average antidilutive shares totaling 126,523 and 1,305,850 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 16 - BUSINESS SEGMENTS

The Company is managed by its CODM, the Chief Executive Officer, on a segment basis. The Company’s three reportable business segments are Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Non-Core. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served. Each business segment has a segment head that reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, who has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment. The business segments reflect this management structure and the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer.

The CODM utilizes segment pretax profit or loss as the primary measure to allocate resources to the Company’s business segments during the annual budgeting and forecasting process. This measure is also used to assess the performance of each segment, with a focus on monitoring net interest income, noninterest income, and noninterest expense. To ensure effective oversight, the CODM participates in monthly business review meetings, where budget- and forecast-to-actual variances for pretax profit or loss and its components are analyzed. These evaluations inform the CODM’s decisions regarding the allocation of capital and resources across the business segments, ensuring alignment with the Company’s strategic objectives.

Developing and applying methodologies used to allocate items among the business segments is a dynamic process. Accordingly, financial results may be revised periodically as management systems are enhanced, methods of evaluating performance or product lines are updated, or organizational structure changes occur.

For more information on the Company’s business segments, as well as Other non-segment operations, see Note 26 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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			Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)			Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking						Non-Core						Other						Consolidated
Net interest income			$1,193						$441						($15)						($228)						$1,391
Noninterest income			297						215						—						32						544
Total revenue			1,490						656						(15)						(196)						1,935
Direct expenses(1)(2)			669						218						—						427						1,314
Indirect expenses(3)			285						109						16						(410)						—
Noninterest expense			954						327						16						17						1,314
Profit (loss) before provision (benefit) for credit losses			536						329						(31)						(213)						621
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			86						77						37						(47)						153
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)			450						252						(68)						(166)						468
Income tax expense (benefit)			114						56						(17)						(58)						95
Net income (loss)			$336						$196						($51)						($108)						$373
Total average assets			$77,534						$65,366						$6,536						$66,873						$216,309

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $31 million, $5 million and $75 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.

			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in millions)			Consumer Banking						Commercial Banking						Non-Core						Other						Consolidated
Net interest income			$1,093						$514						($37)						($128)						$1,442
Noninterest income			258						227						—						32						517
Total revenue			1,351						741						(37)						(96)						1,959
Direct expenses(1)(2)			576						213						1						568						1,358
Indirect expenses(3)			327						104						24						(455)						—
Noninterest expense			903						317						25						113						1,358
Profit (loss) before provision (benefit) for credit losses			448						424						(62)						(209)						601
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			81						81						19						(10)						171
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)			367						343						(81)						(199)						430
Income tax expense (benefit)			95						84						(21)						(62)						96
Net income (loss)			$272						$259						($60)						($137)						$334
Total average assets			$73,833						$70,100						$10,554						$66,283						$220,770

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $27 million, $7 million and $77 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are presented in the “Market Risk” section of Part I, Item 2 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Information required by this item is presented in Note 11 and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this Report, you should consider the risks described under Item 1A “Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Details of the repurchases of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2025 are included below:

Period			Total Number of Shares Repurchased(1)			Average Price Paid Per Share			Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)			Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
January 1, 2025 - January 31, 2025			3,518,940			$44.63			3,518,940			$542,938,681
February 1, 2025 - February 28, 2025			1,032			$0.01			—			$542,938,681
March 1, 2025 - March 31, 2025			963,922			$44.64			962,036			$500,000,000

(1) Includes shares repurchased to satisfy applicable tax withholding obligations in connection with an employee share-based compensation plan and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock awards.

(2) On June 28, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors increased the capacity under its common share repurchase program by an additional $656 million to $1.25 billion, which was incremental to the $594 million of capacity remaining under the prior February 2023 authorization.

Common stock share repurchases may be executed in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including under Rule 10b5-1 plans and accelerated share repurchase and other structured transactions. The timing and exact amount of future share repurchases will be subject to various factors, including the Company’s capital position, financial performance, capital impacts of strategic initiatives, market conditions, and regulatory considerations.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as in effect on the date hereof, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective July 8, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed July 9, 2024)

3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (as amended and restated on February 16, 2023) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 17, 2023)

31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

101    The following materials from the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025, formatted in inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements*

104    Cover page interactive data file in inline XBRL format, included in Exhibit 101 to this report*

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on May 1, 2025.

CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
(Registrant)
By:			/s/ Christopher J. Schnirel
			Name: Christopher J. Schnirel
			Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller
			(Principal Accounting Officer)

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