UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

Commission file number 0-17706

QNB Corp.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code (215) 538-5600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock

Title of class

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-l(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of February 28, 2025, 3,701,099 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding. As of June 30, 2024 the aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates was approximately $73,795,561 based upon the average bid and asked prices of the common stock as reported on the OTC BB.

FORM 10-K INDEX

PART I

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

In addition to historical information, this document contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project” and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may” or similar expressions. The U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor in regard to the inclusion of forward-looking statements in this document and documents incorporated by reference.

Shareholders should note that many factors, some of which are discussed elsewhere in this document and in the documents that are incorporated by reference, could affect the future financial results of QNB Corp. and its subsidiary and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

QNB Corp. (herein referred to as “QNB” or the “Company”) cautions that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, all of which change over time, and QNB assumes no duty to update forward-looking statements. Management cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, even if subsequently made available by QNB on its website or otherwise, and they advise readers that various factors, including those described above, could affect QNB’s financial performance and could cause actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected. Except as required by law, QNB does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligation, to publicly release any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

QNB was incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on June 4, 1984. QNB is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and conducts its business through its wholly-owned subsidiary, QNB Bank (the “Bank”).

Prior to December 28, 2007, the Bank was a national banking association organized in 1877 as The Quakertown National Bank, was chartered under the National Banking Act and was subject to Federal and state laws applicable to national banks. Effective December 28, 2007, the Bank became a Pennsylvania chartered commercial bank and changed its name to QNB Bank. The Bank, whose principal office is located in Quakertown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, operated twelve full-service community banking offices in Bucks, Montgomery and Lehigh counties in southeastern Pennsylvania as of December 31, 2024.

The Bank is engaged in the general commercial banking business and provides a full range of banking services to its customers. These banking services consist of, among other things, attracting deposits and using these funds in making commercial loans, residential mortgage loans, consumer loans, and purchasing investment securities. These deposits are in the form of time, demand and savings accounts. Time deposits include certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts. The Bank’s demand and savings accounts include money market accounts, interest-bearing demand accounts (including a higher yielding checking account), club accounts, traditional statement savings accounts, and a higher yielding online savings account.

At December 31, 2024, QNB had total assets of $1,870,894,000, total loans receivable of $1,216,048,000, total deposits of $1,628,541,000 and total shareholders’ equity of $103,349,000. For the year ended December 31, 2024, QNB reported net income of $11,448,000 compared to net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $9,483,000 and December 31, 2022 of $15,921,000.

At February 18, 2025, the Bank had 193 full-time employees and five part-time employees. The Bank’s employees have a customer-oriented philosophy emphasizing personal service and flexible solutions which together make achieving our customers’ goals possible. They maintain close contact with both the residents and local business people in the communities in which they serve, responding to changes in market conditions and customer requests in a timely manner.

Competition and Market Area

The banking business is highly competitive, and the profitability of QNB depends principally upon the Bank’s ability to compete in its market area. QNB faces intense competition within its market, both in making loans and attracting deposits. Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery counties have a high concentration of financial institutions, including large national and regional banks, community banks, savings institutions and credit unions. Some of QNB’s competitors offer products and services that QNB currently does not offer, such as traditional trust services and full-service insurance.

In addition, as a result of consolidation in the banking industry, some of QNB’s competitors may enjoy advantages such as greater financial resources, a wider geographic presence, more favorable pricing alternatives and lower origination and operating costs. However, QNB has been able to compete effectively with other financial institutions by emphasizing the establishment of long-term relationships and customer loyalty. A strong focus on small-business solutions, providing fast local decision-making on loans, exceptional personal customer service and technology solutions, including internet- and mobile-banking, electronic bill pay and remote deposit capture, also enable QNB to compete successfully.

Competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, credit unions and non-bank financial service providers. Factors in successfully competing for deposits include providing excellent customer service, convenient locations and hours of operation, attractive rates, low fees, and alternative delivery systems. One such delivery system is remote deposit capture for those commercial customers that are not conveniently located near one of our branches, or mobile banking for retail customers. Successful loan origination tends to depend not only on interest rate and terms of the loan but also on being responsive and flexible to the customers’ needs. While many competitors within the Bank’s primary market have substantially higher legal lending limits, QNB often has the ability, through loan participations, to meet the larger lending needs of its customers.

QNB’s success is dependent to a significant degree on economic conditions in southeastern Pennsylvania, especially Bucks, Lehigh and Montgomery counties, which it defines as its primary market. The banking industry is affected by general economic conditions, including the effects of recession, unemployment, declining real estate values, inflation, changes interest rates, trends in the national and global economies, and other factors beyond QNB’s control.

Monetary Policy and Economic Conditions

The business of financial institutions is affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the policies of various governmental regulatory agencies, including the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (the “Federal Reserve”). The Federal Reserve regulates money, credit conditions and interest rates to influence general economic conditions primarily through open market operations in U.S. government securities, changes in the discount rate on bank borrowings and changes in the reserve requirements against depository institutions’ deposits. These policies and regulations significantly affect the overall growth and distribution of loans, investments and deposits, as well as the interest rates charged on loans and the interest rates paid on deposits.

The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to have significant effects in the future. In view of the changing conditions in the economy and the financial markets in addition to the activities of monetary and fiscal authorities, the prediction of future changes in interest rates, credit availability or deposit levels is very challenging.

Supervision and Regulation

Banks and bank holding companies operate in a highly-regulated environment and are regularly examined by Federal and state regulatory authorities. Federal statutes that apply to QNB and its subsidiary include the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (“BHCA”), the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), as those statutes have been significantly amended by recent laws such as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act the “Dodd-Frank Act”), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”), and others. In general, these statutes regulate the corporate governance of the Bank and eligible business activities of QNB and impose certain restrictions and limitations on such important matters as mergers and acquisitions, intercompany transactions, loans and dividends, and capital adequacy, among others. Other corporate governance requirements are imposed on QNB by Federal securities and other laws, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, described later.

The Company is under the jurisdiction of the Securities and Exchange Commission and of state securities commissions for matters relating to the offering and sale of its securities. In addition, the Company is subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and regulations relating to periodic reporting, proxy solicitation and insider trading.

Set forth below is a brief summary of some of the significant regulatory concepts and laws that affect QNB and the Bank. To the extent that the following information describes statutory or regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by references to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions themselves. Proposals to change banking laws and regulations are frequently introduced in Congress, the state legislatures, and before the various bank regulatory agencies. QNB cannot determine the likelihood of passage or timing of any such proposals or legislation or the impact they may have on QNB and its subsidiary. A change in law, regulations or regulatory policy may have a material effect on QNB and its subsidiary.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

QNB is registered as a bank holding company and is subject to the regulations of the Federal Reserve under the BHCA. In addition, QNB Corp., as a Pennsylvania business corporation, is subject to the Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law of 1988 (the “BCL”), as amended, and to certain provisions of the Pennsylvania Banking Code of 1965, as amended (the “Banking Code”).

Bank holding companies are required to file periodic reports with, and are subject to examination by, the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve’s regulations require a bank holding company to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks. As a result, the Federal Reserve, pursuant to its “source of strength” regulations, may require QNB to commit its resources to provide adequate capital funds to the Bank during periods of financial distress or adversity.

Federal Reserve approval may be required before QNB may begin to engage in any non-banking activity and before any non-banking business may be acquired by QNB.

Regulatory Restrictions on Dividends

Dividend payments made by the Bank to the Company are subject to the Pennsylvania Banking Code, the FDIA, and the regulations of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Under the Banking Code, no dividends may be paid except from “accumulated net earnings” (generally retained earnings). The Federal Reserve and the FDIC have formal and informal policies which provide that insured banks and bank holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings, with some exceptions. Under the FDIA, the Bank is prohibited from paying any dividends, making other distributions or paying any management fees if, after such payment, it would fail to satisfy its minimum capital requirements. See also “Supervision and Regulation – Bank Regulation”.

In addition to the dividend restrictions described above, the banking regulators have the authority to prohibit or to limit the payment of dividends by the Bank if, in the banking regulator’s opinion, payment of a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice in light of the financial condition of the Bank.

Under Pennsylvania law, QNB may not pay a dividend, if, after giving effect thereto, it would be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business and, after giving effect to the dividend, the total assets of QNB would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed, if QNB were to be dissolved at the time of distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of shareholders whose rights are superior to those receiving the dividend.

It is also the policy of the Federal Reserve that a bank holding company generally only pay dividends out of net income over the past year and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with a bank holding company’s capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition. In the current financial and economic environment, the Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy and has discouraged dividend pay-out ratios at the 100% level unless both asset quality and capital are very strong. A bank holding company also should not maintain a dividend level that places undue pressure on the capital of such institution’s subsidiaries, or that may undermine the bank holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength for such subsidiaries.

The minimum capital requirements implemented by Basel III, and described below under “Capital Adequacy,” also introduced a capital conservation buffer, comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital, above a banking institution’s minimum risk-based capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets in order to avoid limitations on certain distributions, including dividend payments. Under the restrictions applicable to the Bank, to remain “well capitalized,” the Bank had approximately $54,062,000 available for payment of dividends to the Company at December 31, 2024.

Capital Adequacy

In July 2013, the Federal bank regulatory agencies adopted revisions to the agencies’ capital adequacy guidelines and prompt corrective action rules, which were designed to enhance such requirements and implement the revised standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, commonly referred to as Basel III. The rules generally implemented higher minimum capital requirements, added a new common equity Tier 1 capital requirement, and established criteria that instruments must meet to be considered common equity Tier 1 capital, additional Tier 1 capital or Tier 2 capital. Tier 1 capital consists principally of common shareholders’ equity, plus retained earnings, less certain intangible assets. Tier 2 capital includes the allowance for loan and lease losses (up to 1.25 percent of risk-weighted assets), qualifying preferred stock, subordinated debt, and qualifying Tier 2 minority interests. The current minimum capital requirements are a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, and a total capital ratio of 8.0%. In addition, in order to avoid limitations on certain capital distributions (including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers), as of January 1, 2019, a banking organization must hold a capital conservation buffer comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets. At December 31, 2024, QNB’s Tier 1 capital, total capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2 combined) and common equity Tier 1 equity ratios were 12.02%, 15.56%, and 12.02%, respectively.

In addition to the risk-based capital guidelines, the Federal Reserve requires a bank holding company to maintain a minimum leverage ratio. This requires a minimum level of Tier 1 capital (as determined under the risk-based capital rules) to average total consolidated assets of 4% for those bank holding companies that have the highest regulatory examination ratings and are not contemplating or experiencing significant growth or expansion. The Federal Reserve expects all other bank holding companies to maintain a ratio of at least 1% to 2% above the stated minimum. At December 31, 2024, QNB’s leverage ratio was 8.70%.

During 2018, the FRB raised the threshold of its "Small Bank Holding Company" exemption to the application of consolidated capital requirements for qualifying small bank holding companies from $1 billion to $3 billion of consolidated assets. Consequently, qualifying bank holding companies having less than $3 billion of consolidated assets are not subject to the consolidated capital requirements unless otherwise directed by the FRB.

Under the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act enacted in May 2018, federal banking agencies adopted the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework available to depository institutions having less than $10 billion in total assets and meeting certain other qualifying criteria. The CBLR rules provide that qualifying community banking organizations that adopt the CBLR framework and that maintain a CBLR in excess of 9% will be considered to have met the generally applicable leverage and risk-based capital requirements under the banking agencies’ capital rules and the capital ratio requirements necessary to be considered “well capitalized.” QNB has not elected to use the CBLR framework at this time.

Pursuant to the prompt corrective action provisions of the FDIA, the Federal banking agencies have specified, by regulation, the levels at which an insured institution is considered well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, or critically undercapitalized. Under these regulations, an institution is considered well capitalized if it satisfies each of the following requirements:

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank qualified as well capitalized under these regulatory standards. See Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report for additional information.

Bank Regulation

As a Pennsylvania-chartered insured commercial bank, the Bank is subject to extensive regulation and examination by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities (the “Department”) and by the FDIC, which insures its deposits to the maximum extent permitted by law.

The Federal and state laws and regulations applicable to banks regulate, among other things, the scope of their business, their investments, the reserves required to be kept against deposits, the timing of the availability of deposited funds, the nature and amount of collateral for certain loans, the activities of a bank with respect to mergers and consolidations, and the establishment of branches. The

laws and regulations governing the Bank generally have been promulgated to protect depositors and not for the purpose of protecting QNB’s shareholders. This regulatory structure also gives the Federal and state banking agencies extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Any change in such regulation, whether by the Department, the FDIC or the United States Congress, could have a material impact on the Company, the Bank and their operations.

As a subsidiary bank of a bank holding company, the Bank is subject to certain restrictions imposed by the Federal Reserve Act on extensions of credit to QNB, on investments in the stock or other securities of QNB, and on taking such stock or securities as collateral for loans.

FDIC Insurance Assessments

The Bank’s deposits are insured to the applicable limits as determined by the FDIC, which is currently $250,000 per depositor. Under the FDIC's risk-based assessment system, deposit insurance assessments are based on each insured institution's total assets less tangible equity, thereby basing deposit insurance assessments on an institution’s total liabilities, not only insured deposits. Small banks (generally, those with less than $10 billion in assets) are assigned an individual rate based on a formula using financial data and CAMELS (capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity) ratings. A bank’s assessment is calculated by multiplying its individual assessment rate by its assessment base (average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity), determined quarterly.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Bank recorded $1,156,000, $1,058,000, and $768,000, respectively, in FDIC deposit insurance premium expense.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (“FHLB”), which is one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. Each Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a reserve or central bank for members within its assigned region. It is funded primarily from funds deposited by member institutions and proceeds from the sale of consolidated obligations of the Federal Home Loan Bank System. It makes loans to members (i.e. advances) in accordance with policies and procedures established by the board of directors of the Federal Home Loan Bank. At December 31, 2024 the Bank had $25,208,000 overnight FHLB advances outstanding $10,000,000 in short-tern borrowings and $30,000,000 in long-term debt.

The Bank is required to purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB as a condition of membership in an amount equal to 0.10% of its assets. In addition, each member is required to purchase and maintain activity-based stock of 4% of outstanding advances from the FHLB. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had $3,510,000 in stock of the FHLB.

Community Reinvestment Act

Under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) as amended, the FDIC is required to assess all financial institutions that it regulates to determine whether these institutions are meeting the credit needs of the communities that they serve. The CRA focuses specifically on low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.

An institution’s record is considered during the evaluation of any application made by such institutions for, among other things:

The CRA also requires that the regulatory agency make publicly available the evaluation of the Bank’s record of meeting the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. This evaluation includes a descriptive rating of either outstanding, satisfactory, needs to improve, or substantial noncompliance, and a statement describing the basis for the rating. The Bank’s most recent CRA rating was “Satisfactory”.

In October 2023, the federal banking regulators issued a final rule, effective April 1, 2024, to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised rule substantially alters the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA. Among other things, the revised rule evaluates lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, apply a metrics-based benchmarking approach to assessment, and clarifies eligible CRA activities. Prior to the proposed effective date of the revised CRA rule, a federal District Court enjoined enforcement of the rule as it relates to certain

industry trade groups and their members, including the Bank, pending further litigation on the merits. The injunction remains in place. Accordingly, it is not possible at present to determine the timing of the applicability of the revised CRA rule at the Bank.

USA Patriot Act

The USA Patriot Act strengthens the anti-money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act. The Act requires financial institutions to establish certain procedures to be able to identify and verify the identity of its customers. Specifically, the Bank must have procedures in place to:

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is intended to bolster public confidence in the nation’s capital markets by imposing new duties and penalties for non-compliance on public companies and their executives, directors, auditors, attorneys and securities analysts. Some of the more significant aspects of the Act as it relates to QNB include:

The Act also imposes requirements for corporate governance, auditor independence, accounting standards, audit committee member independence and increased authority, executive compensation, insider loans and whistleblower protection. As a result of the Act, QNB adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to its CEO, CFO and Controller, which meets the requirements of the Act, to supplement its long-standing Code of Ethics, which applies to all directors and employees.

QNB’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics can be found on the Bank’s website at QNBBank.com.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”)

The Dodd-Frank Act was enacted on July 21, 2010. This law made significant changes to the bank regulatory structure and affects the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies.

The Dodd-Frank Act created a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) with broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. Banks and savings institutions with $10 billion or less in assets such as the Bank will continue to be examined for compliance with the consumer laws by their primary bank regulators. The Dodd-Frank Act also weakened the Federal preemption rules that had been applicable for national banks and Federal savings associations and gave state attorneys general the ability to enforce Federal consumer protection laws.

Many of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act do not apply to the Bank, as it does not engage in many of the specific activities sought to be regulated by the Dodd-Frank Act. Many of the provisions, however, such as increased capital requirements and changes to FDIC insurance premiums already implemented, affected all banking entities. In addition, the financial crisis of 2008 and the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act in response to that crisis has resulted in an era of increased regulatory oversight over all financial entities. The ultimate changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, impose upon us more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage ratio requirements or otherwise adversely affect our business. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.

Possible Future Legislation

Congress is often considering some financial industry legislation, and the Federal banking agencies routinely propose new regulations. The Company cannot predict the future effect any new legislation, or new rules adopted by Federal or state banking agencies, will have on the business of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company expects that there will be legislative and regulatory actions that may materially affect the banking industry in the foreseeable future.

Additional Information

QNB’s principal executive offices are located at 320 West Broad Street, Quakertown, Pennsylvania. Its telephone number is (215) 538-5600.

QNB also makes its periodic and current reports available, including this annual report for Form 10-K, free of charge, on its website, QNBBank.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the SEC. Information available on the website is not a part of, and should not be incorporated into, this annual report on Form 10-K. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, including QNB, that file electronically with the SEC which can be accessed at SEC.gov.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following discusses risks that management believes are specific to our business and could have a negative impact on QNB’s financial performance. When analyzing an investment in QNB, the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report, should be carefully considered. This list should not be viewed as comprehensive and may not include all risks that may affect the financial performance of QNB.

Our net interest income, net income and results of operations are sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates.

QNB’s profitability is largely a function of the spread between the interest rates earned on earning assets and the interest rates paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Like most financial institutions, QNB’s net interest income and margin will be affected by general economic conditions and other factors, including fiscal and monetary policies of the Federal government, that influence market interest rates and QNB’s ability to respond to changes in such rates. At any given time, QNB’s assets and liabilities may be such that they are affected differently by a change in interest rates. As a result, an increase or decrease in rates, the length of loan terms or the mix of adjustable- and fixed-rate loans or investment securities in QNB’s portfolio could have a positive or negative effect on its net income, capital and liquidity. Although management believes it has implemented strategies and guidelines to reduce the potential effects of adverse changes in interest rates on results of operations, any substantial and prolonged change in market interest rates could affect operating results negatively.

We are subject to credit risk in connection with our lending activities, and our financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected by economic conditions and other factors that could adversely affect our customers.

As a lender, QNB is exposed to the risk that its borrowers may be unable to repay their loans and that the current market value of any collateral securing the payment of their loans may not be sufficient to assure repayment in full. Credit losses are inherent in the lending business and could have a material adverse effect on the operating results of QNB. Adverse changes in the economy or business conditions, either nationally or in QNB’s market areas, could increase credit-related losses and expenses and/or limit growth. Substantially all of QNB’s loans are to businesses and individuals in its limited geographic area and any economic decline in this market could impact QNB adversely. QNB makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of its loan portfolio and provides an allowance for loan losses based on a number of factors. If these assumptions are incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses and may cause QNB to increase the allowance in the future by increasing the provision for loan losses, thereby having an adverse effect on operating results. QNB has adopted underwriting and credit monitoring procedures and credit policies that management believes are appropriate to control these risks; however, such policies and procedures may not prevent unexpected losses that could have a material adverse effect on QNB’s financial condition or results of operations.

A deterioration in regional or national economic conditions may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

QNB primarily provides banking services to customers located in the Bucks, Lehigh and Montgomery Counties in Pennsylvania. Adverse effects of a regional economic downturn could affect QNB’s ability to attract deposits and qualified loans. Economic factors impacting the local economy with this region, such as a decline in real estate values, unemployment, natural disasters, or the effects of armed conflict in other parts of the world, including present armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Gaza Strip, may have a negative impact on credit-worthiness of customers, the value of collateral, and customers’ ability to repay loans, which would result in write-downs, increases in non-performing loans, and a decline in QNB’s financial performance measurements. Unlike larger banks that are more geographically diversified, we provide banking and financial services locally and therefore are more affected by adverse local economic conditions.

Similarly, potential adverse effects of any national economic downturn or concerns with the stability of the financial markets could lead to lack of consumer confidence, increased market volatility, and a general reduction in business activity. Such events may result in increased regulation of the financial services industry and increased compliance costs; greater difficulty in assessing the creditworthiness of customers and increased credit risk; greater difficulty in originating loans that meet our underwriting criteria; liquidity issues to the extent that it becomes more difficult to borrow from third parties, including other financial institutions; and limitations on growth.

We face significant competition from other banks and financial institutions in our market area, many of which are larger in terms of asset size and market capitalization.

The financial services industry is highly competitive, with competition for attracting and retaining deposits and making loans coming from other banks and savings institutions, credit unions, mutual fund companies, insurance companies and other non-bank businesses. Many of QNB’s competitors are much larger in terms of total assets and market capitalization, have a higher lending limit, have greater access to capital and funding, and offer a broader array of financial products and services. In light of this, QNB’s ability to continue to compete effectively is dependent upon its ability to maintain and build relationships by delivering top quality service. Competition within the financial services industry also impacts QNB’s ability to attract and retain low-cost deposits which could impact QNB’s liquidity. Lowering loan rates and increasing deposit rates compresses the interest rate margin and profitability.

At December 31, 2024, our lending limit per borrower was approximately $28,809,000. Accordingly, the size of loans that we may offer to potential borrowers (without participation by other lenders) is less than the size of loans that many of our competitors with larger capitalization are able to offer. Our legal lending limit also impacts the efficiency of our lending operation because it tends to lower our average loan size, which means we have to generate a higher number of transactions to achieve the same portfolio volume. We may engage in loan participations with other banks for loans in excess of our legal lending limit. However, there can be no assurance that such participations will be available or on terms which are favorable to us and our customers.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by impairment charges relating to our debt securities.

QNB purchases U.S. Government and U.S. Government agency debt securities, U.S. Government agency issued mortgage-backed securities or collateralized mortgage obligation securities, obligations of states and municipalities and corporate debt securities. QNB is exposed to the risk that the issuers of these debt securities may experience significant deterioration in credit quality which could impact the market value of such issuer’s securities. QNB periodically evaluates its debt securities to determine if market value declines indicate impairment. Once a decline is determined to be impairment, the value of the security is reduced and a corresponding charge to earnings is recognized for the credit related portion of the impairment.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by fair value declines in our investments in equity securities.

The Company’s investment in marketable equity securities during 2024 were primarily consists of investments in large cap stock companies. Changes in fair value were recorded in unrealized gain/(losses) in non-interest income. These equity securities were sold in 2024.

At December 31, 2024, the Bank had $3,510,000 in capital stock of the FHLB and $12,000 in capital stock of ACBB. These equity securities are restricted in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other tradable equity securities, their fair value is equal to amortized cost, and no impairment write-downs have been recorded on these securities.

The Bank has a $914,000 non-controlling investment in a discrete class of non-voting limited liability company membership interests

issued by National Energy Improvement Fund, LLC (“NEIF”), a Pennsylvania limited liability company licensed in Pennsylvania as a

consumer discount company. The proceeds of the investment will be used by NEIF to fund a State-sponsored consumer loan program,

the KEEP Home Energy Loan Program, designed to assist Pennsylvania homeowners in reducing their energy costs.
 

The Bank owns 3,251 shares of Visa Class B-2 stock post conversion of its original Class B shares, which was necessary to participate in Visa services in support of the Bank’s credit card, debit card, and related payment programs (permissible activities under banking regulations) as a member institution. Following the resolution of Visa’s covered litigation, shares of Visa’s Class B-2 stock will be converted to Visa Class A shares using a conversion factor (1.5430 as of September 26, 2024), which is periodically adjusted to reflect VISA’s ongoing litigation costs. There is a very limited market for this stock, as only current owners of Class B-2 shares are permitted to transact in Class B-2. Due to the lack of orderly trades and public information of such trades, Visa Class B-2 does not have a readily determinable fair value.

The Bank owns 100 shares of preferred stock of SHCPFIC. These shares are not transferable without the consent of SHCPFIC and does not have a readily determinable fair value. These restricted investments are carried at cost and evaluated for impairment periodically. As of December 31, 2024, there was no impairment associated with these securities.

Our assets at December 31, 2024 included a deferred tax asset and we may not be able to realize the full benefit of that asset.

As of December 31, 2024, QNB had a net deferred tax asset of $18,325,000. Our ability to realize these tax benefits ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character (ordinary income or capital gains) within the applicable carryback and carryforward periods provided under the tax law. Estimating whether the deferred tax asset will be realized requires us to exercise significant judgment and is inherently uncertain because it requires the prediction of future occurrences. The deferred tax asset may be reduced in the future if estimates of future income, our tax planning strategies, or tax rate changes resulting from Federal tax reform do not support the amount of the deferred tax asset. If it is determined in the future that a valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset is necessary, we may incur a charge to earnings and a reduction to regulatory capital for the amount included in any such allowance.

A disruption in components of our business infrastructure resulting from financial or technological difficulties of our third- party vendors on which we rely could adversely affect our business.

Third parties provide key components of our business infrastructure, such as Internet connections, software platforms and network access. Any disruption in Internet, network access or other voice or data communication services provided by these third parties or any failure of these third parties to handle current or higher volumes of use could adversely affect the ability to deliver products and services to clients and otherwise to conduct business. Disruptions or failures in the business infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and customers, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems, or devices that our customers use to access our products and services, could damage our reputation, cause us to incur additional expenses, result in losses, or subject us to regulatory sanctions or additional regulatory scrutiny, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Our failure to properly or timely utilize effective technologies to deliver our products and services, or a systems failure or breach of network security with respect to our information systems could adversely affect our business.

The market for financial services is increasingly affected by advances in technology, including developments in telecommunications, data processing, computers, automation, Internet-based banking and mobile banking. Our ability to compete successfully in our markets may depend on the extent to which we are able to exploit such technological changes. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to properly or timely anticipate or implement such technologies or properly train our staff to use such technologies. Any failure to adapt to new technologies could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

In addition, we rely heavily on our information systems to conduct business. Maintaining and protecting those systems is difficult and expensive, as is dealing with any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems, whether due to acts or omissions by us or by a third party and whether intentional or not. Any such failure, interruption or breach could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management or our information systems. The policies, procedures and technical safeguards we have in place to prevent or limit the effect of any failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems may be insufficient to prevent or remedy the effects of any such event. Moreover, as cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify or enhance our protective measures relating to information security. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions or security breaches of our information systems could damage our reputation, cause us to incur additional expenses, result in losses, or subject us to regulatory sanctions or additional regulatory scrutiny, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

Changes in accounting standards applicable to us could materially impact how we report our financial condition and results of operations.

Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time the FASB changes the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements.

These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in our restating prior period financial statements. Management believes the current financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject to examination and supervision by bank regulatory agencies, which could have an adverse impact on our operations or increase the cost of our operations.

We operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject to extensive examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the FDIC, and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities. The bank regulatory agencies exercise broad discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities. Federal and state banking laws and regulations are designed primarily to protect depositors, the deposit funds, and consumers, and not necessarily shareholders of a financial institution. Banking regulations or the activities of bank regulatory agencies may, for example, limit a financial institution’s growth and potential shareholder returns by restricting certain activities such as the payment of dividends, expansion of branch offices, and acquisition activities.

The significant laws and regulations that govern our activities are described under “Item 1 - Description of Business” in this Form 10-K. These laws and regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, and monetary laws, regulations, standards, policies, and interpretations control the manner in which financial institutions conduct business. Such laws, regulations, standards, policies, and interpretations are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. The potential exists for additional federal or state laws or regulations, or new policies or interpretations by regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over our activities, to affect many aspects of our operations, including capital requirements, lending and funding practices, and liquidity standards. Additional laws, regulations or