UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

Commission File Number: 001-39445

MSP Recovery, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (305) 614-2222

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant based on the closing price of $11.50 for the Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“Class A Common Stock”), on the Nasdaq Stock Market on June 30, 2024, was $7,239,020.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of April 10, 2025 was 4,920,520 shares of Class A Common Stock and 3,323,146 shares of Class V Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“Class V Common Stock” and, together with the Class A Common Stock, “Common Stock”), outstanding.

Explanatory Note Regarding Important Accounting Matters and Recent Events

Going Concern

As an early-stage growth company, the Company has incurred substantial net losses since inception. As of December 31, 2024, we had $12.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows since inception and has an accumulated deficit of $446.1 million as of December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company used approximately $16.1 million of cash in operations. The Company’s liquidity will depend on the ability to generate substantial Claims recovery income and Claims recovery services income in the near future, the timing of which is uncertain, as well as its ability to secure funding from capital sources. The Company’s principal liquidity needs have been working capital, debt service, and Claims financing obligations.

The Company anticipates sources of liquidity to include up to $9.75 million in bridge loan funding to the Company under the existing Operational Collection Floor facility (in addition to the $16.0 million previously funded under the facility) in the amounts of: (i) $1.75 million for March 2025, which was funded on February 28, 2025; (ii) $1.5 million for April 2025, which was funded on April 4, 2025; (iii) $1.5 million for May 2025, to be funded on or about April 30, 2025; (iv) up to $2.0 million to fund the legal, accounting, and administrative expenses associated with the reorganization, subject to certain terms and customary conditions acceptable to Hazel, and minimum license fees of (v) $1.55 million for June 2025; and (vi) $1.55 million for July 2025, as well as the Yorkville SEPA as disclosed in more detail in Note 9, Claims Financing Obligations and Notes Payable, and beyond July 2025, the MSP Principals’ commitment to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital requirements of the Company. The Company has taken several actions to address liquidity concerns, including actions enumerated in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Going Concern. However, as discussed further herein, the Company has concluded management’s plans were not sufficient to alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company has concluded that, despite the aforementioned financing arrangements, there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Unless we are successful in raising additional funds through the offering of debt or equity securities, we have concluded it is probable we will be unable to continue to operate as a going concern beyond the next twelve months. The Company has received an audit report from its independent registered public accounting firm with an emphasis of matter paragraph as to going concern in connection with the Company’s audited annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, such events resulted in an event of default in the aforementioned debt agreement, which would have resulted in the debt becoming immediately due; however, the Company has received waivers from (i) Virage and VRM and (ii) HPH and Hazel as it pertains to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Impairment of Intangible Assets

During the Company’s fourth quarter review of its CCRAs, the Company identified potential impairment indicators, such as recurring operating losses and a lack of substantial revenue generated from our Claims portfolio to date, which it considered in its evaluation of its definite-lived intangible assets. As a result, the Company performed a recoverability analysis on the definite-lived CCRA intangible assets in the fourth quarter of 2024. The recoverability analysis primarily included unobservable inputs, including internally developed assumptions about the estimated market share of insurance carriers that may not have paid claims due to Assignors, undiscounted cash flows of potential estimated recoveries from those carriers, the corresponding direct costs associated with those estimated recoveries, and the Company’s ability to successfully litigate or negotiate settlements.

An asset group is impaired if the estimated undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset group’s carrying value. Impairment is measured by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company performed a probability-weighted undiscounted net cash flow analyses, taking into account various scenarios of expected cash flows, some of which rendered positive results, while others rendered negative results. Given that the probability-weighted average cash flows of all scenarios were below the carrying value, the Company performed a fair value assessment to measure impairment loss.

The fair value assessment of the intangible assets was determined using the income approach. The significant inputs and assumptions used in the estimate of fair value were primarily Level 3 inputs, and include internally developed assumptions used in the undiscounted analysis, as well as the determination of an appropriate discount rate. The Company’s estimation of the fair value of its CCRA intangible assets resulted in a non-cash impairment charge amount of $752.7 million recorded during the fourth quarter of 2024 in Impairment of intangible assets in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. The estimation of the fair value requires significant management judgment with respect to the estimates discussed above. The estimates of the fair value are based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment. Small changes in the significant inputs and assumptions would increase or decrease estimated discounted future operating cash flows and could increase or decrease an impairment charge by a material amount. If actual results or future expectations are not consistent with the assumptions used in our estimate of fair value, it may result in the recording of additional impairment charges in the future which could be material.

Restructuring Plan

As described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 10, 2025, on April 4, 2025, Virage Recovery Master, LP (“Virage”); Virage Capital Management, LP; Hazel Partners Holdings, LLC (“HPH”); Hazel Holdings I, LLC (and together with HPH, “Hazel”); La Ley con John H. Ruiz P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm; MSP Recovery, LLC; MSP Law Firm PLLC; MSP

Recovery, Inc. (the “Company”), John H. Ruiz, and Frank C. Quesada (collectively, the “Parties”) entered into a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) agreeing to certain terms and transactions that are designed to reduce costs of the Company through a servicer, deleverage the Company by converting certain debt of certain creditors into equity, provide access to $9.75 million of bridge funding to the Company (of which $6.5 million remains available through July 2025 pursuant to the Term Sheet, $2.75 million of which remains available under the Operational Collection Floor at the sole discretion of HPH) and up to $25 million of working capital for New Servicer (as defined below), and focus the Company’s operations, through the New Servicer, on the core business model of pursuing recoveries under the MSP Laws so that it can achieve its long-term recovery goals. The Company’s anticipated sources of funding include the Working Capital Credit Facility, potential distributions under our Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, Ltd. (the “Yorkville SEPA”), claims recovery proceeds, subject to debt obligations on certain of the claims, and beyond July 2025, the MSP Principals’ commitment to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital funding for the Company.

These proposed transactions are subject to, among other things, further negotiation and the execution of definitive agreements, regulatory approvals, certain third-party consents and approvals, and shareholder approvals if required by the Nasdaq Stock Market. The obligation of Hazel and its affiliates to enter into definitive documents is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent, at their sole discretion, including, but not limited to, satisfactory finalization of due diligence and all required internal approvals, receipt of certain third-party consents required, and finalization of documentation. Consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Term Sheet are also subject to additional fundings by other parties and certain debt concessions by other stakeholders. As a result, there can be no guarantee that the transactions contemplated by the Term Sheet will be consummated.

The proposed transactions include, but are not limited to, the following transactions:

The Company shall establish a new subsidiary (“New Servicer”) to provide and control recovery efforts, by way of litigation, demand letters, settlements, or other means, in connection with existing claim recovery rights (to the extent assignable), and those acquired in the future, held in special purpose vehicles (“SPV”), wholly owned by New Servicer, to hold any new claims acquired. The Company will license its intellectual property to the New Servicer in exchange for a license fee of 17.5% of New Servicer’s excess cash flow, with a minimum fee of $1.55 million paid on May 30, 2025, and June 30, 2025. New Servicer will be funded by an affiliate of Hazel (hereinafter, “Funder”), up to $25 million in funding, as set forth below, with a right of first refusal for additional funding needs. New Servicer will be independently managed and be separately governed by an independent board of directors, including a chief executive officer chosen by Funder and consented to by the Company, one director chosen by the Company, and one independent director chosen by Funder and approved by the Company. Funder’s governance rights shall terminate once all Hazel loans have been repaid in full, and Funder’s Recovery Rights Interest (as defined below) in the New Servicer is less than 10%. Virage shall have observer rights to the New Servicer board of directors until the amounts owed to Virage pursuant to the Master Transaction Agreement dated March 9, 2022, as amended (the “MTA”), which was approximately $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024 (the “VRM Full Return”) has been repaid and Virage’s equity interest in the Company is less than 10%.

Funder has agreed to extend a line of credit to New Servicer of up to $25 million, funded in tranches of up to $1.75 million per month, subject to the New Servicer meeting certain milestones (which are currently being negotiated and to be agreed in definitive documentation), beginning September 2025, with a maturity date of June 30, 2027. New Servicer funding will accrue interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5% per annum for one year, and SOFR plus 10% thereafter. Funder will establish a first lien on the New Servicer; the Company will not guaranty the loan to fund New Servicer.

In addition, Funder or Hazel is entitled to receive to up to 35% of New Servicer’s excess cash flow (the “Recovery Rights Interest”). At its option, Funder may convert, in whole or part, its Recovery Rights Interest for up to 30% of the then outstanding shares of Company’s equity, measured as of the Closing and subject to dilution for stock issuance thereafter.

Moreover, Hazel agreed to provide up to $9.75 million in bridge loan funding to the Company under the existing Operational Collection Floor facility (in addition to the $16.0 million previously funded under the facility) in the amounts of: (i) $1.75 million for March 2025, which was funded on February 28, 2025; (ii) $1.5 million for April 2025, which was funded on April 4, 2025; (iii) $1.5 million for May 2025, to be funded on or about April 30, 2025; (iv) up to $2.0 million to fund the legal, accounting, and administrative expenses associated with the reorganization, subject to certain terms and customary conditions acceptable to Hazel, and minimum license fees of (v) $1.55 million for June 2025; and (vii) $1.55 million for July 2025. Funding is conditional, in part, on an increase in the pledge of collateral and personal guaranty by $9.75 million by Messrs. Ruiz and Quesada (the “MSP Principals”). Such minimum license fee payment will be paid from the Bridge Loan.

Beyond July 2025, the MSP Principals have committed to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital requirements of the Company, in addition to other previous sources of funding, including cash proceeds from the sale of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA, and the proceeds from claims recoveries, subject to lien repayment on certain claims. In addition, the Company’s annual costs, after currently planned cost reductions, are estimated to be reduced by $5.6 million per annum due to New Servicer operations and shall be funded by the Funder (through New Servicer).

In addition, the Term Sheet requires (and is conditioned upon) La Ley con John H. Ruiz, P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm and MSP Law Firm, PLLC, collectively, raising $25 million for operational funding over two years, subject to similar milestones (to be agreed upon) as per the New Servicer funding, and to be entered into at completion of the proposed transaction.

In exchange for a 43% equity interest in the Company (inclusive of shares currently held and those shares acquired through warrant exercises pursuant to the Virage Term Sheet discussed below) Virage has agreed to waive all claims and release all liens against the Company relating to the VRM Full Return (approximately $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024), and the Parties agree that the VRM Full Return will be paid only from: (i) a junior lien against Subrogation Holdings proceeds, (ii) claims currently owned by Virage, (iii) liens over two tranches of claims currently owned by Hazel (which Hazel shall release as part of the reorganization transaction) and (iv) a non-recourse second lien up to $100 million over 50% of the proceeds from the New Servicer and associated SPVs, to the extent that the VRM Full Return has not been repaid.

In addition, the MSP Principals have agreed to convert 100% of the Company’s debt obligation to them, totaling approximately $144 million, into shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, the full and final amount of the debt-to-equity conversion is subject to tax analysis and approval of the MSP Principals and the Company’s Board of Directors.

Hazel’s existing loans to Subrogation Holdings and the amount of Company’s guaranty (currently approximately $100 million) remain unchanged except that such lien shall now exclude the Company’s intellectual property. Hazel agreed, subject to obtaining third-party consents, to extend the maturity date on all outstanding obligations to November 30, 2026. To secure the repayment of the existing Hazel loans to the extent such loans have not been repaid in full, the Company shall, for a principal amount of up to $235 million with an interest rate of SOFR plus 10% per annum: (i) pledge to Hazel 50.1% of the New Servicer and associated SPV equity interests; and (ii) grant a lien over 50% of the proceeds from New Servicer and associated SPVs, once the New Servicer funding has been repaid. In addition, to the extent the VRM Full Return has not been repaid, Virage has second lien of up to $100 million over 50% of the proceeds from New Servicer and associated SPVs.

On January 13, 2025, the Board delegated to an independent committee of the Board of Directors (the “Independent Committee”) the power and authority to, among other things, determine on behalf of the Board and the Company whether, to the extent any conflicts or potential conflicts exist or arise in the future among the Company and Messrs. Ruiz and Quesada, certain Restructuring and Proposals are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders. The Independent Committee reviewed the Term Sheet and engaged legal counsel and financial advisors that are familiar with the Company and restructuring transactions to determine if the Term Sheet is advisable and fair, and in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. Although the Independent Committee identified material conflicts, those conflicts involve conditions precedent to the Term Sheet, and are resolvable to the satisfaction of the Independent Committee in furtherance of the Term Sheet and in the best interest of the Company; as such, the Independent Committee determined that it is advisable and in the best interests of the Company to approve the signing of the Term Sheet and subsequent entry into agreements consistent with the terms set forth therein.

Pursuant to the Term Sheet, the parties are working to complete the definitive agreements by April 30, 2025.

2024 Reverse Split

As described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 18, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation that became effective at 11:59 PM EDT on November 15, 2024 to effect a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of the Company’s Common Stock (the “2024 Reverse Split”). The stock began trading post split on November 18, 2024. As a result of the 2024 Reverse Split, every 25 shares of the Company’s Common Stock were converted into one share of the Company’s Common Stock. Fractional shares resulting from the 2024 Reverse Split were rounded up to the nearest whole share. The 2024 Reverse Split automatically and proportionately adjusted, based on the 1-for-25 split ratio, all issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock, as well as the terms of warrants and other derivative securities outstanding at the time of the effectiveness of the 2024 Reverse Split.

On October 12, 2023, we amended our Charter with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-25 reverse stock split (the “2023 Reverse Split”) of the Company’s common stock, effective October 13, 2023.

Unless otherwise stated, all share and per shares numbers (except par value) in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been adjusted to reflect the 2024 Reverse Split and 2023 Reverse Split on a retroactive basis.

Symbol Change

Effective December 9, 2024, the Company rebranded all lines of business under the MSP Recovery brand, and the Company’s Class A Common Stock, New Warrants, and Public Warrants begin trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbols “MSPR,” “MSPRW,” and “MSPRZ,” respectively.

Table of Contents

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company,” refer to MSP Recovery, Inc. As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, the terms below are defined as follows:

“Algorithm” refers to a set of instructions that perform a particular action. Our team of data scientists and medical professionals create proprietary instruction sets, or “Algorithms,” to identify recovery opportunities within the data sets of our Assignors’ Claims. Our proprietary algorithms incorporate various data points within the data sets of our Assignors’ Claims, which may include, but are not limited to, medical coding classification systems such as diagnosis codes (e.g., ICD-8/ICD-9/ICD-10 codes), procedure codes (e.g., CPT codes), and drug codes (e.g., NDC codes); non-medical data such as demographics and date ranges; and data from public sources such as crash reports, offense incident reports, and other reports that provide details as to an occurrence. These Algorithms are then applied to our Assignors’ aggregated Claims data, filtering through the billions of lines of data from our Assignors to identify recoverable opportunities consistent with a given Algorithm’s criteria. Identified potential recoveries are then further quality reviewed by our medical team;

“Amended & Restated Bylaws” means the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company;

“Annual Report” means this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2024.

“Assignor” means a healthcare payer, provider, or other entity that irrevocably assigned Claims to the Company or a subsidiary thereof;

“ASC” means Accounting Standards Codification;

“Billed Amount” (a/k/a the charged amount or retail price) is the full commercial value of services billed by the provider, or the full charge that the provider would ordinarily bill for the service provided. The Billed Amount for a specific procedure code is based on the provider and may vary from location to location. Where a Billed Amount is not provided in the data received from the Assignor, the Company may use paid amount or paid adjusted values, where available, to extrapolate a Billed Amount value. Where we have to extrapolate a Billed Amount to establish damages, the calculated amount may be contested by opposing parties.

“BKI” means Brickell Key Investments, LP, a Delaware limited partnership;

“Board of Directors” or “Board” means the board of directors of the Company;

“Business Combination” means the transactions consummated on May 23, 2022 pursuant to the MIPA (as defined herein);

“CCRA” means Claims Cost Recovery Agreement, those agreements pursuant to which Claims are irrevocably assigned to the Company or affiliated entities;

“CF” means Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P., a New York based investment bank;

“Charter” means the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated May 23, 2022, as amended;

“Claim” means the right, title to, and/or interest in, any and all claims or potential claims, including all related reimbursement and recovery rights, which the Company has, may have had, or may have in the future assigned to it (whether or not asserted), including all rights to causes of action and remedies against any third-party, whether a primary payer or responsible party, at law or in equity. The term “Claim” includes but is not limited to: (i) claims arising under consumer protection statutes and laws; (ii) claims arising under the Medicare and Medicare Advantage secondary payer statutes, whether based in contract, tort, statutory right, or otherwise, in connection with the payment to provide healthcare services or supplies; (iii) claims arising under any state statutes and common laws irrespective of the rights that are conferred to the Company through assignment or otherwise; and (iv) all right, title, and interest to any recovery rights that may exist for any potential cause of action where a responsible party or primary payer is liable, even where it has not been established because liability is not yet proven as of the date that the Claim is identified or discovered, together with all receivables, general intangibles, payment intangibles, and other rights to payment now existing or hereafter arising and all products and proceeds of the foregoing;

“Class A Common Stock” means the shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as described in more detail in Note 1, Description of the Business, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“Class B Unit” means the non-voting economic Class B Units of Opco, as described in more detail in Note 3, Material Agreements, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“Class V Common Stock” means the shares of the Company’s Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as described in more detail in Note 1, Description of the Business, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“Closing” means the closing of the Business Combination, as defined herein;

“Closing Date” means May 23, 2022, the closing date of the Business Combination, as defined herein;

“Common Stock” means shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock;

“Company” means MSP Recovery, Inc., a Delaware corporation;

“CPIA Warrant” means that warrant agreement dated September 30, 2022, whereby the Company granted to BKI the right to purchase 106,667 shares of Class A Common Stock for the purchase price of $0.0625 per share, as described in more detail in Note 9, Claims Financing Obligations and Notes Payable, to the consolidated financial statements.

“DGCL” means the Delaware General Corporation Law, as may be amended from time to time;

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

“Existing Warrant Agreement” means the Warrant Agreement dated as of August 13, 2020, by and between the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company;

“Founder Shares” means the shares of the Class B Common Stock and the shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon the automatic conversion of the Class B Common Stock at the time of the Business Combination as provided in the existing Charter;

“GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, as applied on a consistent basis;

“HMO” means health maintenance organization;

“Hazel” means Hazel Holdings I LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, together with its affiliates;

“HPH” means Hazel Partners Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company;

“IPO” means the August 14, 2020 initial public offering by Lionheart Acquisition Company II, Inc.;

“Incentive Plan” means the MSP Recovery Omnibus Incentive Plan effective May 18, 2022, a copy of which is filed as an Exhibit 10.16 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement filed on November 30, 2022;

“Initial Stockholders” means holders of the Founder Shares prior to the Business Combination;

“IPA” means Independent Physician Association;

“Law Firm” means La Ley con John H. Ruiz P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm and MSP Law Firm PLLC; which are owned by the Company’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, John H. Ruiz

“LCAP” means Lionheart Acquisition Corporation II, the Company prior to the Closing;

“LCAP Board” means the board of directors of the Company prior to the Closing;

“Legacy MSP” means MSP Recovery as it was organized in 2014 as a Medicaid and Medicare Secondary Pay Act recovery specialist;

“LLC Agreement” means the first amended and restated limited liability company agreement of Opco (as defined below);

“MAO” means Medicare Advantage organization;

“Members” means members of the MSP Purchased Companies, as defined in the MIPA (as defined below);

“Members’ Representative” means John H. Ruiz, solely in his capacity as the representative of the Members;

“MIPA” means the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2021 (as it may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time in accordance with its terms);

“MSO” means management service organization;

“MSP Act” means Medicare Secondary Payer Act;

“MSP Laws” means the MSP Act and associated federal regulations;

“MSP Principals” means the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, John H. Ruiz, and the Director and Chief Legal Officer, Frank C. Quesada;

“MSP Recovery” means MSP Recovery, LLC, a Florida limited liability company;

“Near Real-Time” pertains to the timeliness of data or information that has been delayed by the time required for electronic communication and automatic data processing, implying that there are typically no significant delays;

“Net Proceeds” is defined as the gross amount recovered on an assigned Claim, minus any costs directly traceable to such assigned Claim(s) for which recovery was made;

“New Warrants” means 1,028,000,000 warrants, each exercisable to purchase 1/625 of one share, post 2024 Reverse Split, of Class A Common Stock (but only exercisable in lots of 625 to purchase whole shares), which were issued as a dividend to the holders of record of Class A Common Stock as of the close of business on the date of Closing;

“Nomura” means Nomura Securities International, Inc.;

“Nomura Note” refers to the promissory note issued to Nomura on May 27, 2022, as amended and restated from time to time;

“Opco” means Lionheart II Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company;

“OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction” means that certain agreement between the Company and CF dated May 16, 2022 in which CF agreed to (a) transfer to the Company for cancellation any warrants to purchase shares received as a result of being the stockholder of record of a share as of the Closing Date, pursuant to the previously announced and declared LCAP dividend, and (b) waive any redemption right that would require the redemption of the Subject Shares (as defined below) in exchange for a pro rata amount of the funds held in LCAP’s trust account;

“Paid Amount” (a/k/a Medicare Paid Rate or wholesale price) means the amount paid to the provider from the health plan or insurer. This amount varies based on the party making payment. For example, Medicare typically pays a lower fee for service rate than commercial insurers. The Paid Amount is derived from the Claims data we receive from our Assignors. In the limited instances where the data received lacks a paid value, our team calculates the Paid Amount with a formula. The formula used provides rates for outpatient services and is derived from the customary rate at the 95th percentile as it appears from standard industry commercial rates or, where that data is unavailable, the billed amount if present in the data. These amounts are then adjusted to account for the customary Medicare adjustment to arrive at the calculated Paid Amount. Management believes that this formula provides a conservative estimate for the Medicare paid amount rate, based on industry studies which show the range of differences between private insurers and Medicare rates for outpatient services. We periodically update this formula to enhance the calculated paid amount where that information is not provided in the data received from our Assignors. Management believes this measure provides a useful baseline for potential recoveries, but it is not a measure of the total amount that may be recovered in respect of potentially recoverable Claims, which in turn may be influenced by any applicable potential statutory recoveries such as double damages or fines, as described below. This calculation accounts for an approximate 6.85% increase in the total Paid Amount. Where we have to extrapolate a Paid Amount to establish damages, the calculated amount may be contested by opposing parties;

“Palantir” means Palantir Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

“Public Shares” means shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under symbol MSPR;

“Public Stockholders” means the holders of the Public Shares, including the Sponsor (as defined below) and the Company’s management team to the extent the Sponsor and/or members of the Company’s management team purchase Public Shares; provided, that the Sponsor’s and each member of the management team’s status as a “Public Stockholder” will only exist with respect to such Public Shares;

“Public Warrants” means warrants, each exercisable to purchase 1/625 of one share, post 2024 Reverse Split, of Class A Common Stock (but only exercisable in lots of 625 to purchase whole shares), in accordance with its terms, as described in more detail in Note 1, Description of the Business, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“PVPRC” means the cumulative Paid Amount value of potentially recoverable Claims. We analyze our Claims portfolio and identify potentially recoverable Claims using Algorithms that comb through historical paid Claims data and search for potential recoveries. PVPRC is a measure of the Paid Amount in respect of those potentially recoverable Claims. In the limited instances where the data received from our Assignors lacks a paid value, the adjustment formula described in the definition of Paid Amount is applied and increases PVPRC by approximately 6.32%;

“Recovery Proceeds” means, with respect to any Claim, any and all gross proceeds recovered, including compensation, interest, penalties, and fees which may be paid or payable with respect to such Claim (including any and all cash, securities, instruments or other property which may be paid or issued by defendants or third parties in litigation proceedings in satisfaction of such Claim);

“Restricted Stockholders” means Nomura, the Members, the Sponsor, and certain directors and officers of the Company;

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission;

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

“Series” means Delaware series limited liability companies, formed pursuant to the Delaware law, that are used by the Company to own and segregate assets, including CCRAs;

“Series MRCS” means Series MRCS, a series of MDA, Series LLC, a Delaware series limited liability company;

“Sponsor” means Lionheart Equities, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company;

“Subrogation Holdings” means Subrogation Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company;

“Trust Account” means the trust account established by the Company for the benefit of its stockholders with Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company;

“Up-C Unit” means each pair consisting of one share of Class V Common Stock and one Class B Unit, as described in more detail in Note 1, Description of the Business, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“Virage” means Virage Capital Management LP, a Texas limited partnership;

“Voting Rights Threshold Date” means the date on which the voting power of John H. Ruiz and his affiliates represent less than 50% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the Company generally entitled to vote;

“VRM” means Virage Recovery Master LP, a Delaware limited partnership and affiliate of Virage;

“VRM Full Return” has the meaning as set forth in Note 3, Material Agreements, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“VRM MSP” means VRM MSP Recovery Partners LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and joint investment vehicle of VRM and Series MRCS;

“VRM Warrants” refers to those warrant agreements issued pursuant the Virage MTA Amendment (as defined herein), including an initial warrant (the “Initial Virage Warrant”) and monthly warrants (the “Monthly Virage Warrants”), to purchase Class A Common Stock at $0.0001 per share, which expire two years from the date of issuance.

The Initial Virage Warrant, as amended, was issued effective January 1, 2024 in an amount equal to the quotient of 1% of each calendar month end balance of the Unpaid Base Amount (calculated on a cumulative basis) and the VWAP of a share of Class A Common Stock for the five-day period prior to the issuance, beginning with May 24, 2023 and ending December 31, 2023, thus entitling Virage to purchase 1,131,934 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.0025 per share, with an expiration date of January 1, 2026.

The Monthly Virage Warrants may be issued each calendar month, beginning with January 31, 2024 until the obligations to Virage are paid in full, in an amount equal to the quotient of 1.0% of each calendar month-end balance (which month-end balance shall be increased daily up to 20% per annum based on a formula set forth in the Virage MTA Amendment) of the amount owing to Virage as of each preceding calendar month end and the VWAP of a share of our Class A Common Stock. Until our obligations to Virage are paid in full, the Company has the option every month to pay Virage in one or a combination of: (a) cash, in an amount equal to 1.0% of each calendar month-end balance (which month-end balance shall be increased daily up to 20% per annum based on a formula set forth in the Virage MTA Amendment) of the amount owing to Virage as of each preceding calendar month end and/or (b) the issuance of subsequent Monthly Virage Warrants.

“VWAP” is defined as the daily volume-weighted average price of the shares of common stock for such trading day on the Nasdaq Stock Market during regular trading hours as reported by Bloomberg L.P.;

“Working Capital Credit Facility” means the credit agreement as described in more detail in Note 9, Claims Financing Obligations and Notes Payable, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report;

“Yorkville” means YA II PN, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership fund managed by Yorkville Advisors Global, LP;

“Yorkville Convertible Notes” means those certain convertible notes issued to Yorkville, as described in more detail in Note 9, Claims Financing Obligations and Notes Payable to the consolidated financial statements; and

“Yorkville SEPA” means that certain Standby Equity Purchase Agreement by and among the Company and Yorkville, dated November 14, 2023, as amended from time to time.

Unless specified otherwise, amounts in this Annual Report are presented in U.S. dollars.

Defined terms in the financial statements contained in this Annual Report have the meanings ascribed to them in the financial statements.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain of the statements contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements may generally be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “may,” “should,” and “will” or, in each case, their negative, or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. As a result, these statements are not guarantees of future performance or results, and actual events may differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Although we believe that our expectations are based on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of our knowledge of our industry, business, and operations, we cannot guarantee that actual results will not differ materially from our expectations. In evaluating such forward-looking statements, you should specifically consider various factors, including the risks outlined under “Risk Factors.” Any forward-looking statement made herein by the Company speaks only as of the date made. The discussion of risks and uncertainties set forth in this Annual Report is not necessarily a complete or exhaustive list of all risks facing the Company at any particular point in time. New risks and uncertainties come up from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict or identify all such events or to assess either the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any individual risk factor, combination of factors, or new or altered factors, may cause results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. The Company has no obligation, and does not intend to, update any forward-looking statements after the date hereof for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future, except as required by federal securities laws. Factors that could cause these differences include, but are not limited to, the Company’s substantial indebtedness and other obligations, including, but not limited to, the VRM Full Return, the Working Capital Credit Facility, the Nomura Note, the Yorkville Convertible Notes, the Company’s insufficient liquidity to satisfy these and other obligations, the Company’s ability to capitalize on its assignment agreements and recover monies that were paid by the Assignors; the inherent uncertainty surrounding settlement negotiations and/or litigation, including with respect to both the amount and timing of any such results; the validity of the assignments of Claims to the Company; the ability to successfully expand the scope of our Claims or obtain new data and Claims from the Company’s existing Assignor base or otherwise; the Company’s ability to innovate and develop new solutions, and whether those solutions will be adopted by the Company’s existing and potential Assignors; negative publicity concerning healthcare data analytics and payment accuracy; compliance with the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market; and those other factors listed under “Risk Factors” below and elsewhere in this Annual Report and other reports filed by the Company with the SEC.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Industry Overview

Our business is directly related to the healthcare industry and is affected by healthcare spending and complexity in the healthcare data industry. The market for healthcare data and healthcare claims recovery solutions is large and growing. We estimate that our total potentially serviceable market is over $161.5 billion annually. Our primary focus is on the Medicare and Medicaid market segments. Medicare is the third largest government program, with estimated annual expenditures during 2023 of approximately $1,029.8 billion for approximately 68.0 million enrollees. Medicaid has a combined estimated annual expenditure during 2023 of approximately $871.7 billion for approximately 88.5 million enrollees. Of the billions spent yearly by Medicare on medical expenses for its beneficiaries, we estimate that at least 10% of this was improperly paid by private Medicare plans.

Our potentially serviceable market, and therefore revenue potential, is impacted by the expansion or contraction of healthcare coverage and spending, which directly affects the number of Claims available. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has stated that the U.S. National Health Expenditure (“NHE”) grew 7.5% to $4.9 trillion in 2023, and accounted for 17.6% of GDP of which Medicare and Medicaid expenditures accounted for $1.9 trillion. CMS has projected that health spending will continue to grow at an average rate of 5.6% a year between 2023 and 2032. The Office of the Actuary of CMS estimates that the NHE equal 19.7% of the GDP by 2032, and is projected to grow 1.4% faster than the GDP between 2023 and 2032. We also believe reimbursement models may become more complex as healthcare payers accommodate new markets and lines of business and as advancements in medical care increase the number of testing and treatment options available. As reimbursement models grow more complex and healthcare coverage increases, the complexity and number of Claims may also increase, which could impact the demand for our solutions. Such changes could have a further impact on our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024, approximately 95.9% of our expected recoveries arise from Claims being brought under the MSP Act. While we believe the MSP Act has bipartisan support, changes to the laws on which we base our recoveries, particularly the MSP Act, can adversely affect our business. Our ability to generate future revenue is therefore significantly dependent on factors outside of our control.

Business Overview

MSP Recovery is a leading healthcare reimbursement recovery and data analytics company, providing historical and Near Real-Time solutions for payers, providers, and patients. We are disrupting the antiquated healthcare reimbursement system by discovering losses and recovering improper payments for Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial health insurers, and innovating technologies and comprehensive services for multiple industries, including healthcare and legal.

Medicare and Medicaid are payers of last resort. Too often, they end up being the first and only payers, because the responsible payer is not identified or billed. As Medicare and Medicaid pay a far lower rate than what other insurers are often billed, this costs the healthcare system (and the supporting taxpayers) tens of billions of dollars a year attributable to improper billing and lost recoveries. By discovering, quantifying, and settling the billed-to-paid gap on a large-scale basis, the Company is positioned to generate meaningful annual recovery revenue at high profit margins.

Our access to large volumes of data, our sophisticated data analytics platform, and advanced technology provide a unique opportunity to discover and recover improper healthcare Claims payments. We have developed Algorithms to identify waste, fraud, and abuse in the Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial health insurance sectors. Our team of experienced data scientists and medical professionals analyze historical medical Claims data to identify recoverable opportunities. Once potential recoveries are reviewed by our team, they are aggregated and pursued. Through statutory law and case law, we believe we have an established basis for future recoveries.

We differ from our competitors as we receive our recovery rights through irrevocable assignments of Claims from our Assignors. As assignees, we assume risk that our competitors do not. Rather than provide services under a third-party vendor services contract, we receive the rights to certain recovery proceeds from our Assignors’ Claims. As we, or our affiliated entities, are assigned recovery rights associated with Claims, we are the plaintiff in any action filed and therefore exercise control over the direction of the litigation. By receiving Claims through assignment, we can pursue additional recoveries under numerous legal theories that our competitors cannot. Although we own the assigned Claims, for a significant portion of assigned Claims, our ability to pursue recoveries depends on our ongoing access to data associated with those Claims through data access rights granted to us. The termination of said data access rights would substantially impair our ability to generate recoveries on those Claims.

We are entitled to a portion of any recovery rights associated with approximately $1,591 billion in Billed Amount (and approximately $380 billion in Paid Amount), which contains approximately $87.7 billion in Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, as of December 31, 2024. We believe it would take any competitor a significant time to amass the portfolio of Claims rights currently owned by us due to, among things, the volume of our Claims data retained and strength of our data analytics, which we believe are key to attracting counterparties willing to assign Claims to us.

Our data recovery system operates across a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) compliant IT platform incorporating the latest in business intelligence and data technology. Due to the sensitive nature of the data we receive from

our Assignors, we ensure that our data systems comply with the security and privacy mandated by federal law. In 2023, the Company engaged a HITRUST Authorized External Assessor and AICPA member firm, which completed independent assessments of MSP Recovery’s system. These independent assessments verified that we met the healthcare industry’s highest standards in protecting healthcare information and mitigating this risk, including compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule. On October 13, 2023, HITRUST certified that the platforms, facilities, and supporting infrastructure of our organization meet the HITRUST CSF® v11 Implemented, 1-year (i1) certification criteria. For our cloud computing services, we currently use Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) which is also HITRUST certified. On June 14, 2024, an Independent Service Auditor provided MSP Recovery a report opining that our data recovery system’s commitments and system requirements meet or exceed the stringent SOC 2 Type II applicable trust services criteria.

Recovery Business Model

Discover Losses/Recover Reimbursements

We receive irrevocable assignments of health Claims recovery rights through CCRA from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, MAOs, MSOs, HMOs, hospitals, and other at-risk entities. We utilize our proprietary internal data analytics platform to review healthcare Claims and identify Claims with probable recovery paths.

Once Claims are assigned, our data analysts run proprietary Algorithms to identify potential recoveries. Results are then quality checked by our internal medical team. We contract with the Law Firm and other law firms across the country to pursue recoveries through the legal system. Where appropriate, the Law Firm contacts primary payers to demand payment of amounts owed. Prior to litigation, there may be an incentive for the primary insurer to settle as, pursuant to the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, an action for damages in the case of a primary plan which fails to provide for primary payment (or appropriate reimbursement) shall be in an amount double the amount otherwise provided.

We engage with each Assignor independently. We are generally entitled to 100% of recoveries pursuant to our CCRAs; from those recoveries, we are typically obligated to pay 50% of Net Proceeds to the Assignor. In certain cases, we have purchased the Assignor’s rights to recovery proceeds in advance of any collection, thus entitling the Company to retain 100% of the Net Proceeds. In some instances, we may purchase outright an Assignor’s recovery rights; in this instance, we are entitled to the entire recovery. In some cases, we have entered into arrangements to transfer CCRAs or rights to proceeds from CCRAs to other parties. Such sales include variable consideration in the form of payments that will be made only upon achievement of certain recoveries or based on a percentage of actual recoveries. In other cases, the Company has pledged proceeds which are due to the Company to repay certain obligations, such as the Purchase Money Loan, the Working Capital Credit Facility, and the MTA. We have yet to generate substantial revenue from the recovery model.

Claims Recovery Services

We may also recognize Claims recovery service revenue from our services to clients, assisting entities with the pursuit of Claims recovery rights by identifying recoverable Claims and providing data matching and legal services. Under our Claims recovery services model, we do not own the rights to Claims but provide our services for a fee based on budgeted expenses for the month with an adjustment for the variance between budget and actual expense from the prior month. The fees received pursuant to a Claims recovery service agreement are related to expenses incurred and are not tied to the Billed Amount or potential recovery amounts. Although we believe our future business to be highly tied to the recovery model and Chase to Pay, we may enter into these contracts as the market dictates. The Company did not recognize any Claims recovery service income during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Industry Solutions

The MSP Ecosystem

MSP Recovery has developed a comprehensive ecosystem to enhance healthcare reimbursement processes, integrating advanced data analytics, Near Real-Time insights, and technological tools to provide connectivity between property and casualty insurers, health plans, providers, patients, and stakeholders. This integrated ecosystem analyzes dates from a variety of sources to identify responsible parties, assist providers in receiving reasonable and customary rates for accident-related treatment, shorten the collection time frame, and increase revenue visibility and predictability for its users.

Chase to Pay

The Chase to Pay platform was designed to significantly improve payment accuracy in our fragmented healthcare system. Chase to Pay is a near real-time analytics driven platform that identifies the proper primary insurer at or near the point of care, helping to determine primary and secondary payers. Chase to Pay is intended to integrate with medical utilization platforms used by providers during patient care and treatment. Rather than allow a wrongful payment whereby the secondary payer needs to chase down the primary payer to collect a reimbursement, Chase to Pay helps to prevent wrongful payments in the first place, and ensures that the correct payer pays. Furthermore, as primary payers typically pay a negotiated or commercially reasonable rate, rather than the deeply discounted Medicare rate; the Company is entitled to pursue the full amount that primary payer would have been responsible to pay, had they paid in the first instance.

As Chase to Pay was designed to work at or near the point of care, it is expected to substantially improve the propriety of payments and decrease the legal costs of recovery. As a result, when implemented, Chase to Pay is expected to improve the net recovery margin as the recovery multiple grows and variable legal costs to recover decline. As a result of having already received data from property &

casualty insurance carriers we've settled with for historical claims, and based on the agreement with said carriers to receive data for one year from the date of the settlement, the Chase to Pay platform can be utilized to pursue additional recoveries by matching the insurance carrier with Claims data received from our Assignors.

Although we have not yet generated revenue from this platform, some Assignors send data to the Company on a monthly or quarterly basis. The Company is working to increase the number of Assignors that provide daily data outputs. We are currently in the process of determining the pricing and form of these arrangements.

MSP/Palantir Clearinghouse Platform

The clearinghouse platform, created in collaboration with Palantir, was developed to identify, quantify, and resolve outstanding liens. By law, Medicare and MA Plans are payers of last resort, making no-fault insurers the primary payers, responsible to exhaust their policy limits to pay for accident-related claims before Medicare bears any responsibility. Healthcare providers often submit Claims for the payment of medical services rendered after an accident to the patient’s health insurer, either seeking “conditional payments,” pending reimbursement by a primary payer, or entirely unaware that a primary payer has payment obligations. Medicare is unable to effectively verify if and how much is owed for any particular claimant if they are not aware that there is a Primary Payer involved.

Federal law requires primary payers to maintain and report the “key identifiers” for all claimants (such as their name, Social Security number, address, etc.) used to determine a claimant’s Medicare status before settling any injury claim. These steps are required to ensure that Medicare is alerted to primary payer obligations in order to seek reimbursement. Primary payers routinely fail to fulfill these two duties, resulting in improper Medicare payments, rather than payments made by responsible parties, as required by law. The Company has proven that, in some instances, primary payers have a reporting rate as low as 2%, thus those certain primary payers have failed to comply with the law 98% of the time.

We expect that the clearinghouse platform is a potential solution to this systemic problem, integrating advanced artificial intelligence (“AI”) tools, natural language processing (“NLP”), and machine learning (“ML”) to create a robust data analytics system capable of capturing and managing extensive healthcare data from multiple sources.

Key Features and Benefits:

Through the clearinghouse platform, the Company aims to transform the healthcare reimbursement system by leveraging advanced technologies to improve data connectivity and enhance operational efficiency, leading to improved patient outcomes. Revenue generated from the clearinghouse platform has not been significant.

EHR Platform

MSP Recovery has developed a technologically advanced Electronic Health Record (“EHR”) platform (“EHR Platform”) enabling patients and their authorized third-party representatives to collect, distribute, and export their EHR securely, facilitating informed decision-making and improved health outcomes. The EHR Platform streamlines the retrieval and analysis of medical data. It also provides comprehensive insights for healthcare providers, enhancing efficiency, and monitoring outcomes and key performance indicators. The EHR Platform went live in the second quarter of 2024 and revenue generated from it has not been significant.

Medicare and the MSP Laws

The Medicare Secondary Payer Act

Under the MSP Act, when another entity has the responsibility for paying before Medicare, the Medicare program does not have primary payment responsibility for its insureds. When Medicare (or an MAO) makes a payment for medical services that are the responsibility of a separate primary plan under the MSP Act, those payments are conditional. Conditional payments are made by Medicare (or an MAO) as an accommodation for its beneficiaries, but are secondary and subject to reimbursement in all situations where a primary payer was obligated to pay in the first instance.

Subsequent to the initial passage of the MSP Act, Congress provided a private cause of action, authorizing private parties to recover unreimbursed payments in cases where a primary plan fails to pay or provide appropriate reimbursement in accordance with MSP Laws. We employ the MSP Laws, among others, including the double damages provision, to hold primary payers accountable.

Medicare Advantage Plans

In 1997, Congress enacted the Medicare Part C program to allow Medicare beneficiaries to receive Medicare Part A and B benefits through privately-run managed care plans. Under the Medicare Advantage program, a private insurance company contracts with CMS to provide Medicare Parts A and B benefits on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in a Medicare Advantage Plan (“MA Plan”). Under such a contract, the MAO receives a fixed amount per enrollee (the “Capitation”) and must provide at least the same level of benefits that enrollees would receive under the fee-for-service option. The Capitation structure incentivizes MAOs to provide Medicare benefits more efficiently than under the fee-for-service model due to the competition among MAOs for enrollees as well as the savings recovered from primary payers resulting in additional benefits to enrollees.

An MAO’s payment obligation under Part C is coextensive with that of the Secretary under Parts A and B. Part C includes a reference to the MSP Act and renders an MAO a “secondary payer” under the Act. In addition, the CMS regulations provide that an MAO will exercise the same rights to recovery from a primary plan, entity, or individual that the HHS Secretary exercises under the MSP regulations. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has accordingly recognized parity between MAOs and Medicare, as “Congress empowered (and perhaps obligated) MAOs to make secondary payments under the same circumstances as the Secretary.” MAOs, however, are merely the first layer of the Medicare Advantage program. Due to the customary practices within the MAO industry, the financial injury caused by a primary plan’s failure to reimburse conditional payments is often felt primarily by First Tier and Downstream Entities.

First-Tier and Downstream Entities

Federal regulations recognize Medicare first-tier and downstream entities as active participants in the provision of benefits under Medicare Part C. First-tier entities are defined as “any party that enters into an acceptable written arrangement with an MA organization or contract applicant to provide administrative services or health care services for a Medicare eligible individual.” Downstream entities are those entities that enter into a similar written arrangement at a level below that of a first-tier entity. Such written arrangements continue down to the level of the ultimate provider of both health and administrative services. These contracts are both encouraged and regulated by CMS, which requires first-tier and downstream entities to furnish healthcare services in a manner consistent with the dictates of the Medicare program and an MA plan’s obligations thereunder. In this way, first-tier and downstream entities are the parties responsible for managing and providing healthcare services to Medicare beneficiaries under the Medicare Advantage program.

First-tier entities include MSOs and IPAs. An IPA is a business entity organized and owned by a network of independent physician practices for the purpose of reducing overhead and optimizing efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of health care to Medicare beneficiaries. Put simply, IPAs are healthcare providers who often bear the full financial risk of managing their patients’ care. An MSO is a group that owns or manages multiple physician practices for the same purpose. The core business of IPAs and MSOs within the Medicare Part C infrastructure is to manage the care of patients, leverage their delivery systems, and focus on preventive health in order to create value and cost savings.

MAOs customarily pass their risk of loss onto MSOs and IPAs, who assume the role as a point of service provider and manager of a beneficiary’s care. Under these arrangements, MAOs deduct a percentage of the CMS capitation rate for its administrative costs and pays the balance to the IPA or MSO. In exchange, the provider (IPA or MSO) assumes the full financial risk for the care of the MAO’s enrollee. As such, “at-risk” IPAs and MSOs are charged with producing competition, innovation, progress, and savings in the Medicare Part C environment. In accepting the full financial risk of a Medicare beneficiary’s health care, an IPA or MSO assumes the MAO’s position within the Medicare Part C framework.

When a Medicare Advantage enrollee is injured in an accident, an IPA or MSO can meet its obligation to that enrollee in one of two ways. First, it can render the requisite care to the enrollee directly through its network of physicians, providers, or medical centers. Under this scenario, the MSO or IPA suffers the full cost of providing items and services to the Medicare beneficiary.

Alternatively, if the enrollee is treated in an emergency room or other facility outside of the MSO or IPA’s provider system, then the MSO or IPA may make conditional payments for the cost of that treatment because it is financially responsible for the enrollee’s care. Under this second scenario, the contracting MAO pays the outside provider (i.e., the emergency room) and then charges the full amount of that payment to the MSO or IPA who bears the risk of loss. In other words, the MSO or IPA must reimburse the MAO for the full amount of its payment to the outside provider (or that payment is applied as a set-off against capitated funds that the MSO or IPA would otherwise receive).

If an MAO makes a secondary payment which is later appropriately reimbursed by a primary payer, then the MAO will not charge and collect that same amount from the MSO or IPA responsible for that particular enrollee. On the other hand, if the primary payer violates the MSP Act, first-tier and downstream entities are damaged as a result. When an MSO or IPA is damaged by a primary payer, that entity may likewise turn to the MSP Act’s broadly worded private cause of action to recovery from the primary payer.

Double Damages

Under existing statutory and case law, the private cause of action under the MSP Act permits an award of double damages when a primary plan fails to provide for primary payment or appropriate reimbursement. We are entitled to pursue medical expenses paid by our Assignors that should have been paid by Primary Plans (as defined by federal law). Under the MSP Act, we are entitled to pursue double the amount that a provider charged. The private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A), works in concert with 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4), which expressly provides MAOs with the right to “charge or authorize the provider of such services to charge, in accordance with the charges allowed under a law, plan, or policy, described in such section the insurance carrier, employer, or other entity which under such law, plan, or policy is to pay for the provision of such services…” Moreover, the MSP regulations in Part 411 also support the fact that a provider may bill its full charges for services to primary payers. The statute provides the Company the ability to seek double the charged or otherwise Billed Amounts from primary plans. The payment disparity between the Paid Amount and the Billed Amount creates a free rider scenario where the primary payer is in a better financial position if it does not comply with the law. In other words, if a primary payer’s liability is capped at double the Paid Amount (an amount less than what the primary payer would have paid) then the entire purpose of the MSP Act—to make Medicare secondary—is defeated. That is why Congress set the damage amount at the amount billed by the provider; to incentivize compliance with the MSP Act.

Interest Multiple

In addition to the Billed Amount, the Company is entitled to pursue interest pursuant to Section 1862(b)(2)(B)(i) of the Social Security Act and 42 C.F.R. § 411.24(m), which provides express authority to assess interest on Medicare Secondary Payer debts. Therefore, when recovery is pursued through litigation, we seek to recover double the amount owed for our Assignor’s accident-related medical expenses, plus accrued statutory interest due pursuant to the MSP Laws.

Pursuant to federal and state laws, we believe the Company has an established basis for future recoveries, often in excess of the Paid Amount. By discovering, quantifying, and settling the gap between Paid Amount and Billed Amount on a large scale, we believe we are positioned to generate meaningful profit margins. Pursuant to the “right-to-charge” provision in the MSP Laws, an MAO may charge, or authorize providers to charge, insurance carriers for usual, customary, and reasonable charges permitted by the law, plan, or policy, such as the Billed Amount. As such laws, plans, and policies provide for payment of the providers’ actual charges (the Billed Amount), rather than the reduced Medicare payments, we pursue recovery of the Billed Amount and in certain cases, as provided by law, double the Billed Amount for medical services and treatments. For additional information, see “Development of Medicare and the MSP Law” below.

Mandatory Reporting

The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (“MMSEA”) added mandatory reporting requirements with respect to Medicare beneficiaries who have coverage under group health plan arrangements as well as for Medicare beneficiaries who receive settlements, judgments, awards, or other payment from liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, or workers’ compensation. Failure to comply with MMSEA may result in a civil money penalty of $1,000 for each day of non-compliance for each individual for which the information should have been submitted. This civil money penalty is in addition to any other penalties prescribed by law and in addition to any Medicare secondary payer Claim under this title with respect to an individual. Although we are not entitled to pursue MMSEA penalties on our own behalf, we have filed qui tam lawsuits on behalf of the federal government to enforce this federal law.

Competitive Strengths

Irrevocable Assignments

We differ from competitors as we receive irrevocable assignments of recovery rights associated with certain healthcare related Claims. When we are assigned these rights, we obtain ownership in those rights that typical subrogation vendors do not. Rather than provide services under third-party vendor services contracts, we receive recovery rights to our Assignors’ Claims, and therefore step into the Assignor’s shoes. As assignees, we are the plaintiff in any action filed in connection with such Claims, we maintain control over the direction of the litigation, and we can pursue additional recoveries under numerous legal theories that our competitors cannot.

Scale of Current Portfolio

Our current portfolio has scaled significantly. As of December 31, 2024, we have been assigned recovery rights on Claims valued at approximately $1,591 billion in Billed Amount (and approximately $380 billion in Paid Amount), of which approximately $87.7 billion is PVPRC.

We are typically entitled to 100% of recoveries pursuant to our CCRAs. From those recoveries, we are typically contractually obligated to pay 50% of recoveries to the Assignor, plus attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuit of the recoveries. In certain cases, we have purchased the Assignor’s rights to recovery proceeds in advance of any collection, entitling the Company to retain 100% of the recovery proceeds, net of attorneys’ fees and costs. As of December 31, 2024, we were entitled to approximately 56.8% in the aggregate of the approximately $87.7 billion in PVPRC. Our recoveries would constitute a portion of the approximately $87.7 billion in PVPRC that may be recovered, after giving effect to our expenses, including any contingent fee payment payable to the Law Firm. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Industry.” This approximately $87.7 billion in PVPRC was identified using our Algorithms which comb through historical paid Claims data and to identify potential recoveries. As of December 31, 2024,

the approximately $87.7 billion in PVPRC and approximately $380 billion in Paid Amount included approximately $5.2 billion and approximately $24.4 billion in capitated payments, respectively. Such capitated amounts are typically based on a fixed amount per enrollee in a plan rather than amounts paid on a fee-for-service basis and, in calculating the equivalent of Paid Amount for purposes of measuring potential recoveries, in cases where payments were based on capitated amounts, MSP Recovery reviews capitated encounter data typically found in Medicare Part B payments. The Company has successfully recovered full amounts on these capitated payments in some prior settlements.

The timeline for Claims being identified as potentially recoverable Claims to actual Claims recovery revenue can vary greatly depending on the complexity of the recovery strategy and litigation, as well as the status of each Claim in the recovery process. The Company monitors the penetration status of the Claims portfolio, which categorizes the status of cases based on their progression through the recovery process in the following categories: in development, recovery process initiated, data collected and matched, resolution discussions in process, and other cases. Potentially recoverable Claims can take years to reach resolution based on a variety of factors.

Our Proprietary Data Analytics System

We believe our access to large volumes of data, sophisticated data analytics, and proprietary leading technology platforms provide a unique opportunity to discover and recover Claims. Our Algorithms comb through historical paid Claims data to identify potential recovery opportunities. As of December 31, 2024, we estimate a PVPRC of $87.7 billion. Through data mining, we continue to identify new recovery opportunities.

Our Founders Have Extensive Legal Experience

Experienced management gives us a competitive advantage. Our founder, John H. Ruiz, is recognized as one of America’s pre-eminent trial lawyers, named “2019’s DBR Florida Trailblazer” for groundbreaking work in integrating data analytics into the practice of law and for the impact it is having on healthcare recoveries. Over the course of a distinguished 33-year legal career, Mr. Ruiz has gained national recognition in class action, mass tort litigation, multi-district litigation (“MDL”) consolidated cases, medical malpractice, products liability, personal injury, real estate, and aviation disaster cases.

Our Chief Legal Officer, Frank C. Quesada, has extensive experience in healthcare litigation, including numerous legal wins in state and federal court, at the trial and appellate levels.

Due to our team’s extensive knowledge of the MSP Laws, and decades of experience in data analytics within the medical industry, we believe we are well positioned to recover monies owed to our Assignors under the MSP Laws, as well as other state and federal laws. We use our proprietary software and a highly trained staff including IT personnel, accountants, statisticians, physicians, data analysts and attorneys to maximize the recovery of Claims already paid.

Growth Strategies

Expansion of Assignor Claims. CMS has projected that health spending will continue to grow at an average rate of 5.6% a year between 2023 and 2032. We anticipate that this trend will be reflected in our own growth. We plan to expand our Assignor base by implementing new strategies to secure new Assignors and continue receiving assignments of Claims from our existing Assignors. These strategies will include a platform to educate potential Assignors about our company, making strategic business partnerships, potential mergers, acquisitions of personnel, as well as other marketing strategies.

Monetizing Existing Software Applications. We intend to offer certain of our software applications, including our Chase to Pay, the clearinghouse platform, and the EHR Platform, as separate products.

Development of our Proprietary Data Analytics System. We continue to develop our proprietary system and anticipate shifting to artificial intelligence and machine learning to better enhance our recovery potential. Our data analytics system will power proprietary tools such as Chase to Pay and the clearinghouse platform, thus enabling the Company to more efficiently recover on Claims, and enable us to attract more Assignors.

Our Services

Claims Recovery

As part of our Claims recovery business, we pursue a number of types of recoveries, including:

Contractual Cases

When Medicare or an MAO, as a secondary payer, makes a payment on behalf of a beneficiary for injuries related to the use, maintenance, or operation of a vehicle, that payment may be recoverable from a no-fault insurer, as a primary payer. No-fault coverage does not require an assessment of liability, and thus, when a covered medical expense is incurred, the insurer must accept primary payer responsibility. The no-fault insurer’s failure to pay or reimburse Medicare and MAOs may constitute a breach of the beneficiary’s no-fault coverage, and a violation of the MSP Laws.

Settlement Cases

The MSP Laws allow Medicare beneficiaries, providers, and MAOs to seek reimbursement from any entity or person that has settled a dispute and failed to pay or reimburse Medicare and MAOs for an enrollee’s medical expenses related to that dispute. We review our Assignor’s Claims data and compare these records with the CMS database and court dockets to determine if any of our Assignor’s enrollees have been involved in a dispute that resulted in a settlement.

In addition, in connection with certain of our recent settlements, settling counterparties have assigned to the Company all rights to collect additional sums from plaintiffs’ attorneys and medical providers resulting from violations of the MSP Laws, including double billing and reimbursement failures.

Product Liability

Defective or dangerous products cause thousands of injuries every year. Many product liability cases arise from instances in which an implantable medical device causes an adverse reaction due to a design or manufacturing defect. These adverse reactions may range from minor rashes to cancer and subsequent death. Where Medicare or an MAO has paid an enrollee’s medical expenses for these injuries, we may be able to pursue recoveries.

Antitrust-Pharmaceutical

Antitrust laws, including the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (the “Sherman Act”) and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (the “Clayton Act”), and analogous state unfair competition laws, prohibit business practices that unreasonably deprive consumers of the benefits of competition, resulting in higher prices for products and services. The Sherman Act also outlaws all contracts, combinations, and conspiracies that unreasonably restrain interstate and foreign trade.

Our antitrust cases typically derive from one of the two following scenarios: (1) either a group of manufacturers who make similar products decide to raise product prices collectively irrespective of market fluctuations; or (2) a manufacturer of a branded pharmaceutical enters into a “pay for delay” agreement with a generic drug manufacturer so that the generic drug manufacturer delays the market launch of a cheaper competing drug. We pursue recoveries under both scenarios pursuant to the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act and state unfair competition laws to recover the differential between the actual paid amount and the price that we should have paid.

False Claims Act

The False Claims Act (the “FCA”) is widely regarded as an effective tool in combating waste, fraud, and abuse against the federal government. The FCA prohibits the submission of false or fraudulent Claims for payment from the government. The FCA, which imposes civil penalties, fees, and treble damages for fraudulent claims, permits private individuals to file qui tam suits on behalf of the federal government. As a relator, we have filed qui tam lawsuits to enforce the FCA on behalf of the federal government.

Mass Tort and Private Lien Resolution Programs

When a defendant in an MDL settles its cases with the plaintiffs, the parties enter into a Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”), which settles all pending lawsuits and provides that the defendant(s) agrees to set aside funds to settle the MDL related cases involving various conditions.

MSAs govern the terms of the settlement and provide for the resolution of all liens against the settlement proceeds. A lien resolution administrator assists in resolving all liens that are asserted by government payers or private payers against settlement funds and ensures that all such liens are resolved prior to settlement payments being disbursed to the settling claimants. An MSA typically provides for a Private Lien Resolution Agreement (the “PLRP Agreement”) whereby the lien resolution administrator establishes an efficient procedure to resolve liens.

Upon payment of the Company’s liens as provided in the PLRP Agreement, our reimbursement Claims against recoveries by claimants as defined in the MSA are resolved, and all potential liabilities related to such liens in favor of MSP Recovery are released. The only liens subject to resolution are those liens that qualify for a settlement payment pursuant to an MSA. No other Claims owned or otherwise held by the Company are encompassed in the PLRP Agreement.

We conduct an analysis of the claimants in the MDL settlement and identify liens belonging to the Company arising from medical care and treatment provided to claimants for which the Company has a legal right of recovery. A lien administrator provides the list of

claimants to us. We then provide the Claims data supporting our liens to the lien administrator, which includes the specific Billed and Paid Amount of our liens. The lien administrator reviews and verifies our data and to confirm that the Claims included in the liens are reimbursable.

Our Claims Portfolio

As of December 31, 2024, we have received assignments to recovery rights for more than 160 Assignors in the Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial insurance segments, associated with approximately $1,591 billion in Billed Amount of health care Claims. We have been assigned Claims from all 50 states, as well as Puerto Rico.

We typically acquire recovery rights by entering into a Claims Cost Recovery Agreement (“CCRA”) with an Assignor, pursuant to which the Assignor assigns all right, title, and interest in and to certain recovery and reimbursement rights to the Company, or to an affiliated entity, partner, or investor, in exchange for deferred compensation, typically structured as 50% of any net recovery earned by and paid to us, or an up-front lump sum payment. Some of these CCRAs are “limited recovery” agreements, meaning that they are limited in time or scope as to what is assigned to us. For example, certain of our CCRAs relate specifically to claims against manufacturers, distributors, and producers of Actos, pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride, or Duetact. Additionally, certain other CCRAs relate specifically to healthcare services rendered and paid for during a specified timeframe. In general, our CCRAs allow the Company to recover historical Claims. Under some of the CCRAs, the Company has been assigned historical Claims and the Assignor has agreed to continue assigning Claims data. The Company currently expects to generate a substantial portion of total revenue from current CCRAs through recoveries on historical Claims under our recovery model. The Company believes as it develops the Chase to Pay platform and recovery model, a significant portion of the Company’s revenue from these CCRAs will be derived through the Chase to Pay model by recovering on Claims as they occur.

In the cases where we acquire recovery rights for an up-front lump sum payment, we enter into a Claims Purchase and Assignment Agreement (“CPAA”). Under a typical CPAA, an entity assigns all right, title, and interest in and to certain recovery and reimbursement rights to us, or to an affiliated entity, partner, or investor, in exchange for an up-front lump sum payment. In these arrangements, we (or our affiliated entity, partner or investor) would typically own 100% of all future net recoveries from those purchased Claims. Often, the CPAA includes a provision to continue acquiring future Claims from the Assignor.

Fee Sharing Arrangements

We enter into legal services agreements with the Law Firm and related entities that hold Claims. In this relationship, the Company (and the Claims holding entities) are the plaintiffs in any action filed, and the Law Firm serves as its counsel. The Law Firm is engaged to act as lead counsel to represent the Company and each of its subsidiaries and affiliates (or other applicable entity) as it pertains to the Assigned Claims, on a contingency basis. The Law Firm engages outside litigation counsel from around the nation as co-counsel and these arrangements are made directly between the Law Firm and other counsel. For the services provided, the Law Firm is typically entitled 40% of our 50% portion of the Gross Proceeds (i.e., 20% of the total Gross Proceeds). This contingency fee can change in the future. The Law Firm is also entitled to attorneys’ fees that are awarded pursuant to any fee shifting statute, by agreement, or court award.

Sales and Marketing

Our sales force is comprised of internal and external sales professionals. Our sales force identifies potential Assignors and manages relationships with existing Assignors. Among other things, our marketing strategies generate new Assignor leads by educating potential Assignor clients about our Company. The sales force is incentivized via a recovery-based commission compensation. Once we have received recoveries for Claims related to an Assignor, the applicable sales professional is compensated. This mechanism ensures low fixed costs while offering a potentially generous commission model.

Licensing and Regulation

We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations governing privacy, security, and breaches of patient information and the conduct of certain electronic health care transactions, including, HIPAA and other health information privacy and security requirements. Some of our Assignors with which we have or may establish business relationships are “Covered Entities” that are regulated under HIPAA. We also are a “Business Associate” of our Assignors; as such, we must comply with HIPAA regulations. To provide our Covered Entity Assignors with services that involve the use or disclosure of protected health information, HIPAA requires us to enter into Business Associate agreements with our Assignors.

In addition to HIPAA, we may be subject to other federal and state laws relating to the collection, dissemination, use of, and access to, personal information. While we believe that we are in material compliance with such laws and regulations, failure to comply with these laws could expose us to lawsuits, data security incidents, regulatory enforcement, or fines.

Intellectual Property and Research & Development

We rely on trade secret laws. We use a combination of confidential agreements and licenses with our Assignors, employees, vendors, and third parties. We also rely on other security measures to control the access to our confidential information, software, and other intellectual property. For more information, see Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Our research and development team uses proprietary software and a highly trained staff including IT personnel, accountants, physicians, data analysts, and attorneys to analyze data from a variety of sources. We will continue to invest resources to further develop our proprietary systems.

Our intellectual property licensing agreements grant, during the term of the agreement, a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, irrevocable, worldwide, fully paid-up license under our software and technology to use, perform, import, export, and all other rights pursuant to our software and technology solely in connection with the parties’ assigned Claims and the transactions contemplated in the agreements between the parties. Nothing in these agreements affect our ownership or control in our software and technology. Except for the license, all of our other rights with respect to our software and technology are reserved.

Competition

While other entities in the industry act as vendors and pursue reactive recoveries, we aggressively pursue recoveries on our own behalf, using applicable state and federal laws. Although somewhat different in approach, we compete with in-house recovery departments, collection and financial service companies, and other companies. Some of these entities include, but are not limited to, Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.; Claritev Corp.; Encore Capital Group; Inovalon Holdings, Inc.; Optum, Inc.; Verisk Health, Inc.; McKesson Corp.; Change Healthcare Corp. (a subsidiary of Optum, Inc.); HMS Holdings Corp.; The Rawlings Group; Equian, LLC; and Trover Solutions, Inc.

Human Capital

Our employees and culture are critical components to our success and growth as a company. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 78 employees. We employ specialized contract or part-time employees on a temporary basis, which include highly trained IT personnel, accountants, statisticians, physicians, data analysts, and attorneys to maximize the recovery of Claims. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements or represented by a labor union. We believe that the relationships we have with our employees are positive.

We strive to attract, develop, and retain the best talent by providing competitive pay and benefits, continuous growth and development, and a diverse and inclusive workplace. Our human capital resource objectives include not only acquiring the best talent but also motivating those that drive our business forward. We aim to achieve these objectives using generous compensation programs and offering a unique employee experience. To better develop and incentivize our employees, we regularly provide employee feedback and recognition, and incentivize performance and innovation through an annual bonus program.

Seasonality

Seasonality does not have a material impact on our business.

Other Information about the Company

We make available, free of charge, through our website, www.msprecovery.com, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. In addition, our website includes other items related to corporate governance matters, including, among other things, our corporate governance principles, charters of various committees of the Board of Directors, and our code of conduct applicable to all employees, officers, and directors. We intend to disclose on our internet website any amendments to or waivers from our code of business conduct and ethics as well as any amendments to its corporate governance principles or the charters of various committees of the Board of Directors.

The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file periodic and other reports electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov. The information available on or through our website is not a part of this Annual Report, and should not be relied upon.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and growth of our business. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section entitled “Risk Factors,” alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Industry:

Risks Related to Our Securities:

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock:

Risks Related to the Yorkville SEPA:

Risks Related to IT Systems and Cybersecurity

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report before making an investment decision. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations. You should also carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information included in this Annual Report, including matters addressed in the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business or financial condition. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to the financial statements included herein.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Industry

In this section “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to Legacy MSP prior to the Business Combination and to the Company following the Business Combination.

We have a history of net losses and no substantial revenue to date, and we may not achieve recoveries, generate significant revenue, or achieve profitability. Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects, and increases the risk of your investment.

Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and plan for our future growth. The Company started in 2014 with its first assignment from a health plan headquartered in Miami, Florida. To date, we have achieved no substantial revenue and limited actual recoveries from our assigned Claims, and there is no guarantee that we will achieve recoveries, revenue, or profitability as projected. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, significant risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by new and growing companies in rapidly changing industries, such as determining appropriate investments for our limited resources, competition from other data analytics companies, acquiring and retaining Assignors, hiring, integrating, training, and retaining skilled personnel, unforeseen expenses, challenges in forecasting accuracy, and successfully integrating new strategies. If we are unable to achieve meaningful recoveries, increase our Assignor base, successfully manage our recovery efforts from third-party payers or successfully expand, our revenue and our ability to achieve and sustain profitability would be impaired. If our assumptions regarding these and other similar risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change as we gain more experience operating our business or due to changes in our industry, or if we do not address these challenges successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.

We have a limited history of actual recoveries to date, and there are risks associated with estimating the amount of revenue that we recognize from recoveries. If our estimates of revenue are materially inaccurate, it would impact the timing and the amount of our revenue recognition and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We have a limited track record of generating meaningful recoveries and related revenue from the Claims we have been assigned. There are risks associated with estimating the value of future recoveries and revenues that we may achieve under our assigned Claims. Our estimates and projections depend on significant assumptions and involve significant risks which could cause our actual results to vary materially.

Examples of material assumptions we make include, but are not limited to:

Any of these assumptions may prove over time to be materially inaccurate. If our estimates of revenues are materially inaccurate, it could impact the timing and the amount of our revenue recognition and have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We have concluded there is a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

As described under Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Going Concern, the Company has evaluated its financial condition as of the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are being issued (the “Filing Date”) and, based on this evaluation, the Company has determined that, as of the Filing Date, the existence of certain conditions and events raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year following the Filing Date.

The Company’s ability to meet its liquidity needs for one year following the Filing Date will largely depend on its ability to raise additional capital or generate future revenue. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $446.1 million and $12.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s ability to raise cash in the future is subject to general economic, financial, legal, legislative, regulatory, and other factors, many of which are outside of the Company’s control, including, but not limited to: (i) the execution of definitive documents to implement the Restructuring Plan, as described in more detail in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Recent Updates, Restructuring Plan, (ii) the ability of the

Company to secure additional funding from lenders, if any, (iii) the Company’s ability to realize recoveries from the settlement of its claims, which to date have not been sufficient to cover the Company’s cost of operations on a yearly basis, (iv) the Company’s ability to secure new Assignor relationships and retain and obtain additional Claim assignments from existing Assignors, (v) the Company’s ability to execute on its strategic plans, (vi) the ability of the Company to manage expenses and grow the business to generate future cash flows from its operations, and (vi) the availability and terms of future financings.

Based on the Company’s financial projections as of the Filing Date,the Company does not believe that it will have adequate liquidity to meet its obligations for at least one year following the Filing Date. If the Company is unable to manage these risks and uncertainties, and is unable to meet its liquidity needs, its business would be jeopardized and may not be able to continue to operate. For more information, see “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Going Concern.

The Company’s determination of the existence of substantial doubt as to its ability to continue as a going concern itself may have adverse consequences. In addition, the report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in this Annual Report includes a going concern explanatory paragraph. The public announcement of this declaration may cause or result in:

If the Company is unable to mitigate these or other potential risks related to the uncertainty caused by the Company’s determination that substantial doubt exists as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, it may disrupt the Company’s business or adversely impact the Company’s prospects, reputation, revenue, operating results, and financial condition.

Under most of our agreements with Assignors, we assume the risk of failure to recover on the assigned Claims, and if we fail to make recoveries with respect to the assigned Claim receivables and therefore, are unable to generate recovery proceeds greater than or equal to the amounts paid by us to purchase the assigned Claims, it can adversely affect our business.

In some instances, we pay our Assignors an up-front purchase price for assignment of their recovery rights to healthcare Claims. Accordingly, there is a risk that we may not successfully recapture the up-front purchase price if we fail to make recoveries with respect to the assigned Claims. Further, our ability to identify and recover on future Claims includes risks such as:

Finally, our potential ability to achieve recovery revenues is based largely on the Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims of our portfolio and our ability to discover, quantify, and settle the gap between Billed Amount and Paid Amount on a large scale. Failure to accurately calculate the Paid Amount or the Paid Value of Potential Recoverable Claims, the recovery multiple, or perfect our recovery rights, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Litigation outcomes are inherently risky; unfavorable court rulings, delays, damages calculations, or other limitations can adversely affect our recovery efforts, our potential to generate revenue, and our overall business.

It is difficult to predict litigation outcomes, particularly complex litigation of the type that forms the basis of our business. If we do not succeed in the litigation, if the damages awarded in our favor are less than what we expected, or if it is not possible to successfully enforce a favorable judgment, we could suffer a variety of adverse consequences, including the complete loss of potential revenue expected from that matter and, in some jurisdictions, liability for the adverse costs of the successful party to the litigation. Unfavorable

litigation outcomes could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, results of operations, and financial condition.

Typically, we must file actions in court to recover on our compensible Claims. A substantial portion of our recoveries are dependent on the courts. As such, we are subject to adverse court rulings, significant delays, differing damages calculations or other limitations, each of which can negatively impact our recovery efforts, potential to generate revenue, and the financial condition of our business.

For example, from time to time, the courts dismiss our cases, or Claims pursued in our cases, with or without prejudice. When dismissal is without prejudice, we can refile the action. Accordingly, we retain the ability to bring those Claims in a recovery action. When dismissal is with prejudice, we cannot refile the action to pursue recoveries using the dismissed cause of action. We cannot guarantee that we will not receive adverse rulings in court. Historically, we have received adverse rulings or dismissal for reasons such as:

Additionally, in certain of our cases, our recoveries may be limited as a function of a courts’ damages calculations. Adverse court rulings could also occur from:

Moreover, in antitrust matters, damages are generally limited to the difference between the price that a drug manufacturer charged for the drug and the price of the drug absent anti-competitive conduct.

The list above is not exhaustive of potentially unfavorable rulings, damages calculations, or other limitations which we have encountered or may encounter.

We generate, and expect to generate, a significant portion of our revenue by collecting on settlements and/or judgments that are granted by courts in lawsuits filed against insurers, tortfeasors, and other liable parties. A decrease in the willingness of courts to grant these judgments, a change in the requirements for filing these cases or obtaining these judgments, or a decrease in our ability to collect on these judgments could have an adverse effect on our revenue, operating results, and the financial condition of our business. As we increase our use of the legal channels for collections, there could be an increase in up-front court costs and costs related to counterclaims. We may not be able to collect on certain aged Claims because of applicable statutes of limitations, and we may be subject to adverse effects of regulatory changes.

Our recoveries may be delayed due to inconsistent rulings on different cases which delay our recovery efforts. We can be subject to unfavorable rulings, damages calculations, or limitations which are not listed above. Such unfavorable rulings, damages calculations, or other limitations can negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Our recoveries may be limited if courts decline to compel our counterparties to data match with us, or we are otherwise unable to force responsible parties to produce data they store, which identifies the proper party to make a given payment. Among the ways we identify the proper payer for a given claim is by comparing our member data to that of our counterparties in a process called data matching. Members found in both data sets are identified and analyzed to determine if a primary payer was responsible in the first

instance to pay or reimburse the cost of care relating to an accident. Should a court decline to compel data matching, our recoveries against a given insurer would be limited to those members identified.

Our litigation often involves complex, novel legal theories with little or no precedent on which courts can rely, which may adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and negatively impact our business.

The lawsuits we file in pursuit of recoveries often involve causes of action that are entirely novel, or novel as applied to the facts alleged in our complaints. For example, while the MSP Act was enacted in 1980, its use by an assignee to pursue recoveries on its own behalf is novel. As such, courts deciding litigated issues in our cases often have limited binding precedent on which to base an opinion, and often review our cases as a matter of first impression. As a result, litigation outcomes are unpredictable, and our cases may be delayed as courts require more time to analyze the legal issues, and outcomes are difficult to accurately predict.

We may employ rarely used causes of action, such as Florida’s equitable pure bill of discovery. The Company has brought numerous pure bill of discovery cases against medical device and drug manufacturers and insurance companies, seeking to identify the proper party defendant or the appropriate theory on which to base relief. As these cases do not seek money damages, success in these cases may lead to information that can be used to further pursue recoveries, but not money damages that can be recognized as revenue. These cases, in and of themselves, are an expense to the Company, and may negatively impact our business if, for any reason, they fail to yield actionable results.

Our counterparties likewise often assert defenses that require complex, jurisdiction specific analysis. Litigation of these issues is often costly, time consuming, and may delay potential recoveries. The success of these defenses is difficult to predict and could result in partial or the entire dismissal of a given case, reducing or eliminating potential recoveries, and any associated recognition of revenue.

Our lawsuits are brought in a diverse range of judicial venues across many jurisdictions, which may result in inconsistent outcomes on similar issues, adversely affect our recovery efforts, and limit our ability to generate revenue.

Favorable opinions from state and federal appellate courts are binding only in the jurisdiction where the opinion was published. Accordingly, appellate opinions upholding our legal position may be relied on within the issuing jurisdiction but are, at most, persuasive to other courts. Appellate courts can disagree, and we may obtain an unfavorable opinion on similar issues where another appellate court ruled in our favor. As such, we may expend substantial resources pursuing appeals to establish the validity of a legal basis for recovery, which may prove unsuccessful, thus limiting our ability to generate revenue and negatively impact our business.

Counterparties in our lawsuits employ dilatory tactics that delay the resolution of litigation or settlement negotiations, increasing costs associated with recoveries and substantially delaying the outcome of our cases and any associated revenue recognition.

Our counterparties employ strategies to delay proceedings and the ultimate resolution of our cases. Dilatory tactics include, but are not limited to, frivolous court filings, extended and improper discovery objections and disputes, delayed negotiations for data matching protocols, and protracted settlement negotiations that may or may not yield a settlement. While these delays do not adversely affect the value of the underlying assets, and in some cases, statutory interest continues to accrue, the costs associated with recoveries increase substantially, and our ability to successfully resolve our cases may be limited. As a result, our ability to recognize revenue is delayed and our ultimate recovery may be diminished or eliminated as a result.

In some jurisdictions, our recoveries may be limited due to legal restrictions, which may have negative consequences for the value or enforcement of our contractual agreements with our counterparties, for our ability to do business in certain jurisdictions, or for our cost of doing business.

There exists in various jurisdictions prohibitions or restrictions in connection with purchasing Claims from plaintiffs (known as maintenance, and a form of maintenance, called champerty), assignment of certain kinds of Claims, and/or participation in a lawyer’s contingent fee interests. Such prohibitions and restrictions, to the extent they exist, are governed by the rules and regulations of each state and jurisdiction in the United States and vary in degrees of strength and enforcement in different states and federal jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions in the U.S. and other jurisdictions may not, for legal and professional ethics reasons, permit us to pursue certain recoveries, or the law and regulations in those jurisdictions may be uncertain, and accordingly we may not have the ability or the desire to pursue recoveries in these jurisdictions, thereby limiting the size of the potential market. If we, our counterparties, or the lawyers handling the underlying matters, were found to have violated the relevant prohibitions or restrictions in connection with certain matters, there could be a materially adverse effect on the value of the affected assets, our ability to enforce the relevant contractual agreements with our counterparties, and the amounts we would be able to recover with respect to such matters, or our costs for such matters.

Our fee sharing arrangement with the Law Firm materially reduces our recoveries.

We enter into legal services agreements with the Law Firm and the various entities that hold Claims. The Law Firm is engaged to act as counsel to represent the Company and each of its subsidiaries and affiliates (or other applicable entity) on a contingency basis as it pertains to the assigned Claims. The Law Firm engages outside litigation counsel from around the U.S. as co-counsel and these arrangements are made directly between the Law Firm and other counsel. For the services provided, the Law Firm typically collects a fee equal to 40% of our 50% portion of the Net Proceeds (i.e., 20% of the total Net Proceeds), which is paid from our portion of the Net Proceeds. Co-counsel is paid from the Law Firm’s portion of the Net Proceeds. The Law Firm is also entitled to attorney’s fees that are awarded to the Law Firm pursuant to any fee shifting statute, by agreement, or court award. Any increase in attorneys’ fees and costs

may reduce our potential net recoveries. For more information about our fee sharing arrangement, see Item 1. Business and “ —Fee Sharing Arrangements.”

Assignors may pursue recovery on Claims directly or may use other recovery agents in connection with the Assignor’s efforts to recover on Claims.

With respect to the Assignors of the assigned Claims, some of our agreements exclude from the assignment of Claims those Claims that are assigned to or being pursued by other recovery vendors of the Assignor at the time of the assignment. We have identified instances where the Assignor did not filter its data provided to us to remove such Claims. This resulted in some Claims being identified by us for purposes of our recovery estimates. This also has resulted in other recovery agents of the Assignor making collections on Claims that were assigned to us. Although we endeavor to seek appropriate clarification from Assignors to properly identify Claims that are being pursued by other recovery vendors, due to the nature and volume of data, it may not be possible to identify with precision all such Claims. While we do not believe that there is material overlap with other recovery vendors with respect to assigned Claims to be material, there can be no assurance as to the ultimate impact on our recoveries or our business. That notwithstanding, where other recovery vendors have made recoveries, the recoveries may not be the full amount of the potential recovery because it was not processed properly or against the correct responsible parties.

In addition, plaintiffs’ attorneys representing members in our Assignors data may have resolved liens as part of a third-party settlement, rendering our Claim moot and unrecoverable if paid properly.

If lawyers who we rely on to litigate Claims and defenses do not exercise due skill and care, or the interests of their clients do not align with the interests of our Assignors, there may be a material adverse effect on the value of our assets.

We are particularly reliant on lawyers to litigate claims and defenses with due skill and care. If they are unable or unwilling to do this for any reason, it is likely to have a material adverse effect on the value of our assets. We may have limited experience or no prior dealings with such lawyers and there can be no guarantee that the outcome of a case will be in line with our or the lawyers’ assessment of the case or that such lawyers will perform with the expected skill and care.

Our business and future growth depend on our ability to successfully expand the volume of our portfolio of assigned Claims and obtain data from new Assignors and healthcare Claims from our existing Assignor base.

We expect a significant portion of our future revenue growth to come from expanding the portfolio of Claims that we are assigned; this includes obtaining Claims and data from new Assignors as well as our existing Assignors. Our efforts to do so may not be successful. If we are unable to successfully expand the scope of healthcare Claims assigned from potential and existing Assignors, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth and on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The positions we will typically acquire in connection with our acquisition of Claims are unsecured, and may be effectively subordinated to other obligations or duplicated due to mistake, negligence, or fraud on the part of the Assignor of the Claim.

The types of Claims we invest in are typically unsecured, and therefore will be subordinated to existing or future secured obligations and may be subordinated to other unsecured obligations of the parties against which we seek recoveries. The repayment of these Claims and rights is subject to significant uncertainties. The holders of other obligations may have priority over us to collect amounts due to them and therefore would be entitled to be paid in full before assets would be available for distribution to us. Our Assignors typically provide subrogation or “carve out” lists to identify those claims that were not included in an assignment or were pursued by another recovery vendor; however, the subrogation lists may be incomplete or inaccurate, thus resulting in our pursuit of a recovery that we are either not entitled to, or that has already been recovered.

Further, Assignors may misrepresent or omit material information, such as the underlying beneficiary or other counterparty. For example, an Assignor may misrepresent the quality, validity, or existence of a Claim or other information provided to us, or provide duplicate Claim data, either due to unintentional negligence or intentional fraud. Although we have procedures in place to identify duplicate Claims, there is no assurance we will detect such error. Any inaccuracy, duplication, or incompleteness, if undetected, may adversely affect the valuation of one or more Claims and adversely affect our business and performance. Under certain circumstances, recoveries may be reclaimed if any such payment or distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance.

Internal improvements to healthcare Claims and retail billing processes by our Assignors could reduce the need for, and revenue generated by, our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We offer solutions that help our Assignors enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex environment, including through our Chase to Pay platform. Over time, our work may increase compliance amongst third-party payers. If such processes continue to improve, demand for our solutions could be reduced. With enough time and investment, many of our Assignors may be able to reduce or resolve recurring payment process complexities and resulting payment inaccuracies. As the skills, experience, and resources of such technology, systems, and personnel improve, they may be able to identify payment inaccuracies before using our services, which would reduce the payment inaccuracies identified by our solutions and our ability to generate revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Moreover, the current administration has tasked the Department of Government Efficiency subcommittee (“DOGE”) with launching a “War on Waste,” to identify and eliminate fraud, waste, and abuse in governmental spending programs, including Medicare. DOGE has committed to, among other things, improve identity verification and refine payment tracking mechanisms at the federal and

state level to ensure that federal payments systems are protected from future abuses. Although such measures will likely have minimal impact on payments already made, they may reduce the fraud, waste, and abuse associated with future Claims assigned to the Company, thus reducing the need for our existing solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth and results of operations.

Healthcare spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare delivery and reimbursement system, and programmatic changes to the scope of benefits and limitations to payment integrity initiatives could reduce the need for our data-driven solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our solutions improve the Assignors’ ability to accurately pay healthcare Claims and prevent or recover inaccurate payments, which often are a result of complexities in the healthcare Claims payment system. Although the healthcare benefit and payment systems continue to grow in complexity due to factors such as increased regulation and increased healthcare enrollment, the need for and user adoption of our solutions and/or the scope and profitability of the solutions that we provide to our Assignors could be negatively affected by, among other things:

Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our existing Assignors prematurely terminate their agreement with us, or if either party materially breaches an agreement, and we can no longer receive future assignments of healthcare Claims recoveries, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We expect in the future to derive a significant portion of our revenue from our existing Assignors and, accordingly, we are reliant on the ongoing transfer and usage of data, and associated assignments, of Claims from existing Assignors. As a result, maintaining these relationships is critical to our future growth and our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may experience significantly more difficulty than we anticipate in maintaining our existing Assignor agreements. Factors that may affect our ability to continue providing our services under such agreements for our services and our ability to sell additional solutions include:

Pursuant to the CCRAs with our Assignors, the Assignors may choose to discontinue one or more services under an existing contract, may exercise flexibilities within their contracts to adjust service volumes, and may breach or terminate the contract prior to its agreed upon completion date. A material breach by either party to our agreements may result in the termination of receiving future data transmissions or Claim assignments. Any such occurrences could reduce our revenue from these Assignors. Although a cancellation or termination of a contract does not revoke the original assignment from our Assignors, as such assignments are irrevocable, termination still affects future transfers of data and future assignment of Claims. Accordingly, such cancellations or terminations can constrain our growth and result in a decrease in revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If an Assignor prematurely terminates its agreement with us, we may be precluded from accessing that Assignor’s data and/or be forced to destroy data in our possession from that Assignor, which may substantially impair our ability to recover on that Assignor’s Claims.

We enter into Claims Cost Recovery Agreements (“CCRA”) and Business Associate Agreements (“BAA”) with our Assignors. Pursuant to the CCRAs with our Assignors, we receive historical claims data, and may receive updated claims data and ongoing data transfers at agreed upon intervals. If, for any reason, a CCRA is terminated, the BAA requires us to return and/or destroy all protected health information (“PHI”) associated with that CCRA, which may substantially impair our ability to recover on that Assignor’s Claims.

If we are unable to develop new Assignor relationships, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As part of our strategy, we seek to develop new Assignor relationships, principally among healthcare payers and providers. Our ability to develop new relationships depends on a variety of factors, including the quality and performance of our solutions, as well as the ability to market and sell our solutions effectively and differentiate ourselves from our competitors. We may not be successful in developing new Assignor relationships. If we are unable to develop new Assignor relationships, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In some events, we may act as a servicing agent for another party. If one of these parties terminates their agreement with us or if either party materially breaches an agreement, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may provide our services as a servicing agent to third parties. These services include, but are not limited to, identifying, processing, prosecuting, and recovering monies related to recoverable Claims. As a servicing agent, we will act as an independent contractor on behalf of a contracting party who owns the rights to certain recoverable Claims. If a party terminates such servicing agreement with us, or if either party is in default of any servicing agreement, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have long sales and implementation cycles for many of our data-driven solutions and may fail to close sales after expending time and resources, or experience delays in implementing the solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Potential customers generally perform a thorough evaluation of available payment accuracy solutions and require us to expend time, effort, and money educating them as to the value of our solutions prior to entering into a contract with them. We may expend significant funds and management resources during the sales cycle and ultimately fail to close the sale. Our sales cycle may be extended due to our potential customers’ budgetary constraints or for other reasons. In addition, following a successful sale, the implementation of our systems frequently involves a lengthy process, as we onboard a new customer’s healthcare data into our proprietary systems. If we are unsuccessful in closing sales after expending funds and management resources or if we experience delays in such sales or in implementing our solutions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our Assignors’ risk agreements change, it can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Many of our Assignors are Medicare first-tier entities, as defined federal regulations. A first-tier entity is a party that enters into a written arrangement, acceptable to CMS, with an MAO or applicant to provide administrative services or healthcare services for a Medicare eligible individual under the Medicare Advantage program. These entities enter into risk agreements with downstream entities, as defined by federal regulations. If these agreements change or include any restrictions on the assignability of Claims, it can have a material adverse effect on our recoveries, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information, including PHI, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations, and our failure to comply with those regulations or adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

State and federal laws and regulations, including HIPAA, govern the collection, dissemination, use, disclosure, creation, receipt, maintenance, transmission, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability, and integrity of personally identifiable information, including PHI. HIPAA establishes basic national privacy and security standards for protection of PHI by covered entities such as our Assignors, and the business associates with whom such entities contract for services, including us. As a business associate, we are also directly responsible for HIPAA compliance. In addition to HIPAA, we must adhere to state patient confidentiality and other laws that are not preempted by HIPAA, including those that are more stringent than HIPAA.

In the event of a breach of our obligations under HIPAA or other state laws, we could be subject to enforcement actions and lawsuits brought by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (“OCR”), state regulators, and/or class action lawsuits brought by private plaintiffs. Mandatory penalties for HIPAA violations can be significant and OCR and state regulators may require businesses to enter into settlement or resolution agreements and corrective action plans that impose ongoing compliance requirements. If a person knowingly or intentionally obtains or discloses PHI in violation of HIPAA requirements, criminal penalties may also be imposed. In addition, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions under HIPAA or relevant state laws. Courts can award damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA or state laws in such cases. While we maintain safeguards that we believe are reasonable and appropriate to protect the privacy and security of PHI and other personally identifiable information consistent with applicable law and our contractual obligations, we cannot provide assurances regarding how these laws, regulations, and contracts will be interpreted, enforced, or applied to our operations.

If we fail to innovate and develop new solutions, or if these new solutions are not adopted by existing and potential Assignors or other users, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our results of operations and continued growth will depend on our ability to successfully develop and market new solutions that our existing and potential Assignors or other users are willing to adopt. We cannot provide assurance that our proposed solutions will be fully developed or released, or that new or modified solutions will be responsive to Assignor or preferences or industry changes, or that the product and service development initiatives we prioritize will yield the return on investment that we anticipate, if any.

If we are unable to predict market preferences or if our industry changes, or if we are unable to implement or modify our solutions on a timely basis, we may lose Assignors or fail to attract new ones. If existing Assignors are not willing to adopt new solutions, or if potential Assignors or other users do not value such new solutions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We expect to make substantial investments in and changes to our operational platforms, systems, and applications to compete effectively and keep up with technological advances. We may also face difficulties in integrating new or upgraded platforms into our current technology infrastructure. In addition, significant technological changes could render our existing solutions obsolete. Although we have invested, and will continue to invest, significant resources in developing and enhancing our solutions and platforms, any failure to keep up with technological advances or to integrate upgraded operational platforms and solutions into our existing technology infrastructure could result in a negative return on investment, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in the United States healthcare environment, or in laws relating to healthcare programs and policies, and steps we take in anticipation of such changes or a failure to comply with such laws, particularly as they relate to the Affordable Care Act and Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Approximately 95.9% of our expected recoveries arise from Claims being brought under the MSP Act private cause of action. This law allows us to pursue recoveries against primary payers for reimbursement of medical expenses that our Assignors paid for when primary payers (i.e., liability insurers) were responsible for payment. While we believe we have been successful at both the federal and state level in establishing a legal basis for our recoveries, changes to the laws on which we base our recoveries, particularly the MSP Act, can adversely affect our business.

For example, on May 16, 2023, Senators Tim Scott (R-SC) and Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Representatives Brad Schneider (D-IL) and Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) introduced the Repair Abuses of MSP Payments Act (S.1607/H.R.3388) (the “RAMP Act”) in the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, respectively, seeking to amend the private cause of action under the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, by striking “primary plan” and inserting “group health plan” (as defined in paragraph 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(1)(A)(v)). The 118th Congress ended on January 3, 2025 without further action on the proposal, and the RAMP Act was not enacted into law.

The Medicare Secondary Payer Act’s private cause of action—a fundamental component of how the Company is able to calculate damages—incentivizes private parties, such as MSP Recovery, to pursue reimbursement of conditional payments by rewarding them with double damages. If the MSP Act is changed, it could significantly reduce the Company’s potential recoveries and have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The healthcare industry in the United States is subject to a multitude of changing political, economic, and regulatory influences that affect every aspect of our healthcare system. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (the “Affordable Care Act”), made major changes in how healthcare is delivered and reimbursed, and generally increased access to health insurance benefits to the uninsured and underinsured population of the United States. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act increased the number of individuals with Medicaid and private insurance coverage, implemented reimbursement policies that tie payment to quality, facilitated the creation of accountable care organizations that may use capitation and other alternative payment methodologies, strengthened enforcement of fraud and abuse laws, and encouraged the use of information technology. However, many of these changes require implementing regulations that have not yet been drafted or have been released only as proposed rules. In addition, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives to contain healthcare costs, reduce federal and state government spending on healthcare products and services, and limit or restrict the scope of the Medicare RAC program and other program integrity initiatives.

Future changes to the Affordable Care Act and to the Medicare and Medicaid programs and other federal or state healthcare reform measures may lower reimbursement rates, establish new payment models, increase or decrease government involvement in healthcare, decrease the Medicare RAC program and otherwise change the operating environment for us and our Assignors. If efforts to waive, modify, or otherwise change the Affordable Care Act, in whole or in part, are successful, if we are unable to adapt our solutions to meet changing requirements or expand service delivery into new areas, or the demand for our solutions is reduced as a result of healthcare organizations’ reactions to changed circumstances and financial pressures, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The current administration has stated its intent to evaluate overall government spending, which could impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects. Future healthcare spending and program authorizations may not increase or may decrease or shift to non-healthcare related programs. Such changes in spending authorizations and budgetary priorities may occur as a result of shifts in spending priorities from healthcare-related programs as a result of competing demands for federal funds. A

significant decline in overall U.S. government spending, a significant shift in spending priorities, or the substantial reduction or elimination of particular healthcare-related programs could adversely affect our future revenue and limit our growth prospects.

Healthcare organizations may react to such changed circumstances and financial pressures, including those surrounding the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, by taking actions such as curtailing or deferring their retention of service providers, which could reduce the demand for our data driven solutions and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A significant portion of our Claims comes from a limited number of Assignors who have relationships with key existing payers; the loss of one or more of these Assignors or disruptions in Assignor-payer relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have acquired a significant portion of our Claims from and entered into agreements for new services with a limited number of large Assignors. These Assignors irrevocably assign Claims to us with different and/or staggered terms. In addition, we rely on our reputation and recommendations from key Assignors to promote our solutions to potential new Assignors.

Further, our ability to pursue a significant portion of our Claims depends on our arrangements pursuant to which we are granted access to health care data, which may be terminated upon the occurrence of certain events. See “Risk Factor - Failure of our software vendors, utility providers, and network providers to perform as expected, changes in our relationships with them, or losing access to data sources may adversely affect our business.” Accordingly, if any of these Assignors fail to renew or terminate their existing agreements with us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our revenues and operations are dependent upon a limited number of key existing payers and our Assignors’ continued relationship with those payers; disruptions in those relationships (including renegotiation, non-renewal, or termination of capitation agreements) or the inability of such payers to maintain their contracts with CMS could adversely affect our business.

Our operations are dependent on a concentrated number of payers with whom our Assignors contract to provide services. The loss of these contracts for our Assignors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The sudden loss of an Assignor or the renegotiation of the future rights of an Assignors’ contract could adversely affect our operating results.

Moreover, our inability to maintain agreements with our Assignors with respect to their health care Claims recovery rights and data, or to negotiate favorable terms for those agreements in the future, could result in the loss of revenue and could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and business.

The data healthcare analytics and healthcare payment markets are relatively new and unpenetrated, and may not develop, develop more slowly than we expect, or sustain negative publicity, which may adversely affect our business.

The data healthcare analytics and healthcare payment accuracy markets are relatively new and the overall market opportunity remains relatively unpenetrated. It is uncertain whether this market will achieve and sustain high levels of demand, client acceptance, and market adoption. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of our Assignors to use, and to increase the frequency and extent of their utilization of our solutions, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of data-driven solutions and payment accuracy solutions to healthcare payers and government agencies. If our Assignors or other potential customers do not perceive the benefits of our data-driven solutions, then our market may not continue to develop, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. If any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Negative publicity concerning the data healthcare analytics and healthcare payment accuracy industry or patient confidentiality and privacy could limit the future growth of the healthcare payment accuracy market.

Our data-driven solutions help prevent and recover improper payments made to healthcare providers. As a result, healthcare providers, insurers, third-party payers, and others have criticized the healthcare payment accuracy industry and have hired lobbyists to discredit the reported success that payment accuracy solutions have had in improving the accuracy of payments. Further, negative publicity regarding patient confidentiality and privacy could limit market acceptance of our healthcare solutions. Many consumer advocates, privacy advocates, and government regulators believe that the existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy. They have become increasingly concerned with the use of personal information. As a result, they are lobbying for further restrictions on the dissemination or commercial use of personal information to the public and private sectors. If healthcare providers, privacy advocates, or others are successful in creating negative publicity for the healthcare payment accuracy industry, government and private healthcare payers could hesitate to contract with payment accuracy providers, such as us, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We face significant competition, and we expect competition to increase.

Competition among providers of healthcare payment accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare insurance companies is strong, and we may encounter additional competition as new competitors enter this area.

Our current healthcare solutions competitors include:

We may not be able to compete successfully against existing or new competitors. In addition, we may be forced to increase the consideration we provide for assigned Claims or lower our pricing, or the demand for our data-driven solutions may decrease as a result of increased competition. Further, a failure to be responsive to our existing and potential Assignors’ needs could hinder our ability to maintain or expand our Assignor base, hire and retain new employees, pursue new business opportunities, complete future acquisitions, and operate our business effectively. Any inability to compete effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary software, confidential information and know-how, technology and other intellectual property, and intellectual property rights. To do so, we generally rely on copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with employees and third parties, and license and other agreements with consultants, vendors, and Assignors. There can be no assurance that employees, consultants, vendors, and Assignors have executed such agreements or have not breached or will not breach their agreements with us, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or independently developed by competitors. Additionally, we monitor our use of open-source software to avoid uses that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or violate applicable open-source licenses, but if we engaged in such uses inadvertently, we could be required to take remedial action or release certain of our proprietary source code. These scenarios could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, despite the protections we place on our intellectual property, a third party could, without authorization, copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology, or develop similar technology. In addition, agreement terms that address non-competition are difficult to enforce in many jurisdictions and might not be enforceable in certain cases.

As we begin to pursue patents, we might not be able to obtain meaningful patent protection for our technology. In addition, if any patents are issued in the future, they might not provide us with any competitive advantages or might be successfully challenged by third parties.

We rely on unpatented proprietary technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we require employees, consultants, advisors, and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot provide assurance that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how, or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how, or other proprietary information. Further, the theft or unauthorized use or publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information could reduce the differentiation of our services and harm our business, and the value of our investment in development or business acquisitions could be reduced and third parties might make claims against us related to losses of their confidential or proprietary information.

We rely on our trademarks, service marks, trade names, and brand names to distinguish our services from the services of our competitors and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot provide assurance that trademark applications filed by the Company will be approved. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our services, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. Additionally, if we expand our focus to the international payment accuracy market, there is no guarantee that our trademarks, service marks, trade names, and brand names will be adequately protected.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology, information, processes, and know-how, the value of our solutions may be diminished, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely significantly on proprietary technology, information, processes, and know-how that are not subject to patent or copyright protection. We seek to protect this information through trade secret or confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, subcontractors or other parties, as well as through other security measures. These agreements and security measures may be inadequate to deter misappropriation of intellectual property and may be insufficient to protect our proprietary information. Misappropriation of our intellectual property by third parties, or any disclosure or dissemination of our business intelligence, queries, Algorithms, and other similar information by any means, could undermine competitive advantages we currently derive or may derive therefrom. Any of these situations could result in our expending significant time and incurring expense to enforce our intellectual property rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, others may compete with our business by offering solutions or services that are substantially similar to ours. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties or our employees, the value of our solutions, brand, and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively offer solutions that have the same or similar functionality as our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to obtain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights is subject to uncertainty as to the scope of protection, registrability, patentability, validity, and enforceability of our intellectual property rights in each applicable jurisdiction, as well as the risk of general litigation or third-party oppositions.

Existing U.S. federal and state intellectual property laws offer limited protection. If we expand our business into foreign markets, our intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection as they would in the United States because of the differences in foreign trademark and other laws concerning proprietary rights. Governments may adopt regulations, and government agencies or courts may render decisions, requiring compulsory licensing of intellectual property rights. When we seek to enforce our intellectual property rights, we may be subject to claims that the intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our solutions, impair the functionality of our solutions, delay introductions of new solutions, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our solutions, or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Qui tam litigation is subject to intervention and dismissal by the federal and state governments.

We may file qui tam (whistleblower) actions on behalf of the federal government pursuant to the False Claims Act, and the states that have laws that modeled after the False Claims Act. These actions give the federal and state governments the opportunity to: (i) intervene and participate in the action, and (ii) to dismiss the action over a relator’s objection, if it is determined that the litigation does not advance the governmental interests, to preserve the government’s limited resources, or to avoid adverse precedent. Courts have stated that the federal government has an “unfettered” right to dismiss a qui tam action. As such, the Company may commit substantial resources to investigate, file, and litigate a qui tam action on behalf of a state or federal government that either opts to intervene in case or dismiss it entirely, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to extensive government regulation. Any violation of the laws and regulations applicable to us or a negative audit or investigation finding, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Much of our business is regulated by the jurisdictions in which we operate. The laws and regulations governing our operations generally are intended to benefit and protect individual citizens, including government program beneficiaries, health plan members, and providers, rather than stockholders. The government agencies administering these laws and regulations have broad latitude to enforce them. These laws and regulations regulate how we do business, what services we offer, and how we interact with our Assignors, providers, other healthcare payers, and the public. Increased involvement by us in analytic or audit work that can have an impact on the eligibility of individuals for medical coverage or specific benefits could increase the likelihood and incidence of us being subjected to scrutiny or legal actions by parties other than our Assignors, based on alleged mistakes or deficiencies in our work, with significant resulting costs and strain on our resources.

In addition, as we may receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we may become subject to various laws, including the federal False Claims Act and similar state statutes, which permit government law enforcement agencies to institute suits against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek double or treble damages, penalties, and assessments. In addition, private citizens, acting as whistleblowers, can sue on behalf of the federal government under the qui tam provisions of the federal False Claims Act and similar statutory provisions in many states.

The expansion of our operations into new products, services, or jurisdictions may further expose us to requirements and potential liabilities under additional statutes and legislative schemes that previously have not been relevant to our business, such as banking statutes, that may both increase demands on our resources for compliance activities and subject us to potential penalties for noncompliance with statutory and regulatory standards.

If a governmental inquiry discovers improper or illegal activities in the course of audits or investigations, we may be subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions, and debarment from doing business with the government. Such risks, particularly under the Federal False Claims Act and similar state fraud statutes, have increased in recent years due to legislative changes that have (among other amendments) expanded the definition of a false claim to include, potentially, any unreimbursed overpayment received from, or other monetary debt owed to, a government agency. If we are found to be in violation of any applicable law or regulation, or if we receive an adverse review, audit or investigation, any resulting negative publicity, penalties or sanctions could have an adverse effect on our reputation in the industry, impair our ability to compete for new contracts and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are also subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by foreign, national, regional, and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq, and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations, and rules may be difficult, time-consuming, and costly. Those laws, regulations, or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time, and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business depends on effective information processing systems that are compliant with current HIPAA transaction and code set standards and the integrity of the data in, and operations of, our information systems, as well as those of other entities that provide us with data or receive data from us.

Our ability to conduct our operations and accurately report our financial results depends on the integrity of the data in our information systems and the integrity of the processes performed by those systems. These information systems and applications require continual maintenance, upgrading, and enhancement to meet our operational needs, satisfy Assignor requests, and facilitate our expansion and growth. Despite our testing and quality control measures, we cannot be certain that errors or system deficiencies will not be found, and that remediation can be done in a timeframe that is acceptable to our Assignors or that Assignor relationships will not be impaired by the occurrence of errors or the need for remediation. In addition, implementation of upgrades and enhancements may cost more, take longer, or require more testing than originally expected. Given the large amount of data we collect and manage, it is possible that hardware failures, errors, or technical deficiencies in our systems could result in data loss or corruption or cause the information that we collect, utilize, or disseminate to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our Assignors regard as significant.

Moreover, because we submit high volumes of monetary Claims to third parties, the efficiency and effectiveness of our own operations are to some degree dependent on the Claims processing systems of these third parties and their compliance with any new transaction and code set standards. Since October 1, 2015, health plans, commercial payers, and healthcare providers have been required to transition to the new ICD-10 coding system, which greatly expands the number and detail of diagnosis codes used for inpatient, outpatient, and physician Claims. The transition to the new transaction and code set standard is expensive, time-consuming, and may result in disruptions or delays as we and other stakeholders make necessary system adjustments to be fully compliant and capable of exchanging data.

In addition, we may experience delays in processing Claims and therefore generating revenue if the third parties with whom we work are not in full compliance with these new standards in the required timeframe. Claims processing systems failures, incapacities, or deficiencies internal to these third parties could significantly delay or obstruct our ability to obtain recoveries, and thereby interfere with our performance and our ability to generate revenue in the anticipated timeframe, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness and payment obligations which, together with any future indebtedness or payment obligations, could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

We have substantial amounts of indebtedness and payment obligations, and we may incur substantial additional indebtedness or payment obligations in order to finance acquisitions of additional Claims assets or other costs in connection with financing our operations, and such increased leverage could adversely affect our business.

Our indebtedness carries high compounding interest rates, which, if we are unable to generate revenues and reduce the amount of our indebtedness, will continue to increase over time by a significant amount. In addition, the terms of any of our existing or future indebtedness or payment obligations may restrict or otherwise negatively impact our ability to grow and manage our business. The maturity dates on our indebtedness are often short-term in nature, and require extensions and amendments in order to prevent such indebtedness from becoming immediately due and payable. We may not have the ability to extend the terms of our indebtedness, refinance our indebtedness, or pay such amounts when due if we do not begin generating significant revenue. Certain of our debt agreements are floating rate debt. As a result, fluctuations in interest rates can increase borrowing costs, which may directly impact the amount of interest we are required to pay. The amount of our indebtedness and payment obligations could limit our ability to obtain further financing and limit our ability to pursue our operational and strategic goals and opportunities, and adversely affect our liquidity position if the Claims we purchase do not generate proceeds at the rate we expect, if at all. The increased leverage, potential lack of access to financing, and increased expenses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Failure to obtain or maintain ongoing financing to fund operations would negatively impact our business.

We are currently dependent on certain limited funding sources, including the Working Capital Credit Facility, the Yorkville SEPA, and beyond July 2025, the MSP Principals’ commitment to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital requirements of the Company.

The Working Capital Credit Facility, a continued source of funding for operations, is contingent on compliance with certain covenants, which we may not meet. If we fail to comply with these covenants, continued funding may cease, substantially impairing our ability to continue our operations, including the pursuit of recoveries. During fiscal year 2023, under the Working Capital Credit Facility, HPH disbursed $20.5 million under Term Loan A and $9.0 million under Term Loan B. Under the Operational Collection Floor, during 2024 the Company received : (i) $12.3 million for working capital, and (ii) $2.0 million for the purpose of acquiring the New Claims. To date, the Company received $3.5 million of working capital for 2025. Pursuant to the Working Capital Credit Facility, HPH may, at its sole discretion, increase the Operational Collection Floor by an amount of up to $6.0 million, to be funded over a period of three to six months. On February 28, 2025 and April 4, 2025, HPH exercised that discretion and funded $1.75 million and $1.5 million, respectively, from the increase to the Operational Collection Floor. An additional $2.75 million remains available under the Operational Collection Floor, to be funded at HPH’s sole discretion. For further information on the Working Capital Credit Facility, please see Note 9, Claims Financing Obligations and Notes Payable.

Furthermore, although the Yorkville SEPA provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $250 million of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville, only 2.0 million shares of our common stock were registered for resale under the registration statement, which we may elect to sell to Yorkville, in our sole discretion, from time to time from and after the date of, and pursuant to, the Yorkville SEPA or that Yorkville may require that we sell pursuant to a Yorkville Advance. Even if we elect to sell to Yorkville all of the shares of Common Stock, depending on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock at the time of such sales, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all such shares may be less than $250 million, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity.

As we have sold substantially all of the 2.0 million shares currently registered for resale to Yorkville, we need to file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by Yorkville of any additional shares of our common stock, and the SEC would have to declare such registration statement or statements effective before we could sell additional shares. There can be no assurances of such events occurring or the timing of such events occurring.

Moreover, although the MSP Principals committed to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital requirements of the Company beyond July 2025, such financing has not been secured and cannot be guaranteed, or guaranteed on terms favorable to the Company.

Costs associated with, and our ability to obtain and maintain adequate insurance, could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.

We hold a variety of insurance policies to hedge against risks inherent in our business. If the costs of maintaining adequate insurance coverage should increase significantly in the future, our operating results could be materially adversely affected. Likewise, if any of our current insurance coverage should become unavailable to us or become economically impractical, we would be required to operate our business without indemnity from commercial insurance providers. Similarly, if we exhaust our current insurance coverage for any given policy period, we would be required to operate our business without indemnity from commercial insurance providers for any Claims made that are attributable to that policy period. Failure to maintain certain insurance policies could constitute a material breach of contract terms with certain Assignors and business partners, which may result in the termination of agreements that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our services could become subject to new, revised, or enhanced regulatory requirements in the future, which could result in increased costs, delay or prevent our introduction of new solutions, or impair the function or value of our existing solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The healthcare industry is highly regulated at the federal, state, and local levels, and is subject to changing legislative, regulatory, political, and other influences. As has been the trend in recent years, it is reasonable to assume that there will continue to be increased government oversight and regulation of the healthcare industry in the future. Changes to existing laws and regulations, or the enactment of new federal and state laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry could create unexpected liabilities for us, could cause us or our Assignors to incur additional costs, and could restrict our or our Assignors’ operations. Many healthcare laws are complex, subject to frequent change and dependent on interpretation and enforcement decisions from government agencies with broad discretion. We cannot assure our stockholders as to the ultimate content, timing, or effect of any new healthcare legislation or regulations, nor is it possible at this time to estimate the impact of potential new legislation or regulations on our business. In addition, federal and state legislatures periodically have considered programs to reform or amend the U.S. healthcare system at both the federal and state level, such as the enactment of the Affordable Care Act. It is possible that the changes to the Medicare, Medicaid, or other governmental healthcare program reimbursements may serve as precedent to possible changes in other payers’ reimbursement policies in a manner adverse to us. Similarly, changes in private payer reimbursements could lead to adverse changes in Medicare, Medicaid, and other governmental healthcare programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our failure to anticipate accurately the application of these laws and similar or future laws and regulations, or our failure to comply with them, could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

While we believe that we have structured our agreements and operations in material compliance with applicable healthcare laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully address changes in the current regulatory environment. We believe that our business operations materially comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations. However, some of the healthcare laws and regulations applicable to us are subject to limited or evolving interpretations, and a review of our business or operations by a court, law enforcement, or a regulatory authority might result in a determination that could have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, the healthcare laws and regulations applicable to us may be amended or interpreted in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Our services may become subject to new or enhanced regulatory requirements and we may be required to change or adapt our services in order to comply with these regulations. If we fail to successfully implement a new regulatory framework, it could adversely affect our ability to offer services deemed critical by our Assignors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. New or enhanced regulatory requirements may render our solutions obsolete or prevent us from performing certain services. Further, new or enhanced regulatory requirements could impose additional costs on us, thereby making existing solutions unprofitable, and could make the introduction of new solutions more costly or time consuming than we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failing to accurately estimate our contract pricing may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our Assignor contracts are generally recovery-based. We receive a fee for such contracts based on the monies identified and ultimately recovered. Our ability to earn a profit on a performance-based agreement requires that we accurately estimate the costs involved and outcomes likely to be achieved and assess the probability of completing multiple tasks and transactions within the contracted time period.

In the past, we derived a relatively small portion of our revenue on a “fee-for-service” basis whereby billing is based upon a flat fee or a fee per hour. To earn a profit on these contracts, we must accurately estimate costs involved and assess the probability of achieving certain milestones within the contracted time period. If we do not accurately estimate the costs and timing for completing projects, or if we encounter increased or unexpected costs, delays, failures, liabilities, or risks, including those outside of our control, our contracts could prove unprofitable for us or yield lower profit margins than anticipated. Although we believe that we record adequate provisions in our financial statements for losses on our fee-for-service contracts where applicable, as required under GAAP, we cannot provide assurance that contract provisions will be adequate to cover all actual future losses. The inability to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing could have a material adverse effect on business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to cost-effectively develop widespread brand awareness and maintain or defend our reputation, or if we fail to achieve and maintain market acceptance, our business could suffer.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation and brand recognition is critical to our relationships with existing Assignors and ability to attract new Assignors. The promotion of our brand may require us to make substantial investments and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these marketing initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Our marketing activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur and our results of operations could be harmed. In addition, any factor that diminishes our reputation or that of our management, including failing to meet expectations, or any adverse publicity or litigation involving or surrounding us, could make it substantially more difficult for us to attract new Assignors. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our reputation and brand recognition, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with Assignors, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

On August 11, 2022, the SEC initiated an investigation of the Company, and on March 10, 2023, the Company received a subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office in connection with a grand jury investigation of the Company. See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies for more information about ongoing governmental investigations. The existence of these investigations, and any negative publicity resulting from these investigations, or other governmental audits or investigations could injure our reputation.

The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own or license may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed, or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition with Assignors, payers, and other partners. In addition, third parties may in the future file for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to promote our business in certain relevant jurisdictions. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our brand recognition, reputation and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our ability to execute on business plans, maintain high levels of service, or adequately address competitive challenges will be negatively impacted if we fail to properly manage our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We expect that our business operations will continue to grow and expand into new areas within the healthcare industry; however, such growth and expansion carries costs and risks that, if not properly managed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To effectively manage our business plans, we must continue to improve our operations, while remaining competitive. We must also be flexible and responsive to our Assignors’ needs and to changes in the political, economic, and regulatory environment in which we operate. The greater size and complexity of our expanding business puts additional strain on our administrative, operational, and financial resources and makes the determination of optimal resource allocation more difficult. A failure to anticipate or properly address the demands that our growth and diversification may have on our resources and existing infrastructure may result in unanticipated costs and inefficiencies, and could adversely impact our ability to execute on our business plans and growth goals, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas. We may need to increase our headcount and must continue to effectively train and manage our employees. We will need to continue to hire, train and manage additional qualified information technology, operations, and marketing staff, and improve and maintain our technology and information systems to properly manage our growth. If our new hires perform poorly, or if we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing, and integrating these new employees, or if we are not successful in retaining our existing employees, our business may be adversely affected. We will be unable to manage our business effectively if we are unable to alleviate the strain on resources caused by growth in a timely and successful manner. If we fail to effectively manage our anticipated growth and change, the quality of our services may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to attract and retain Assignors and employees.

We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including increasing expenses as we continue to grow our business. We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years as we continue to hire additional personnel, expand our operations and infrastructure, and continue to expand to reach more Assignors. In addition to the expected costs to grow our business, we also expect to incur additional legal, accounting, investor relations, and other expenses as a public company. These investments may be more costly than we expect, and if we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, or if the realization of these benefits is delayed, they may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If our growth rate were to decline significantly or become negative, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are not able to achieve or maintain positive cash flow in the long term, we may require additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all and/or which could be dilutive to our stockholders. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability could negatively impact the value of our Common Stock.

We may require additional financing to fund our operations or growth. See “Risk Factor - Failure to obtain or maintain ongoing financing to fund operations would negatively impact our business.”

We may not be able to obtain additional capital to continue the development of our business.

There can be no assurance that our future proposed operations and Claims recovery will be implemented successfully or that we will ever have profits. If we are unable to continue pursuing recoveries or successfully recover on Claims, holders of our Common Stock may lose their entire investment. We face all of the risks inherent in a new business and a new public company, including the expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays frequently encountered in connection with conducting operations, including the need for significant additional capital requirements and management’s potential underestimation of initial and ongoing costs. In evaluating our business and future prospects, these difficulties should be considered. If we are not effective in addressing these risks, we may not be able to implement our business strategy and our results of operations would be adversely affected. To date, the Company’s sources of liquidity to fund working capital have been through funds from servicing agreements, member contributions, loans, and investments from other third parties. Our ability to obtain necessary financing may be impaired by factors such as the health of, and access to, capital markets, our limited track record, or a future doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Failure to properly manage our growth or obtain additional financing to fund growth could negatively impact our business.

In order to implement our business plan and achieve and favorable results, we expect to expand our business operations and hire additional sales and support personnel. We may not have sufficient resources to do so. If we hire additional personnel and invest in additional infrastructure, we may not be effective in expanding our operations and our systems, procedures, or controls may not be adequate to support any such expansion. Failure to properly manage our growth could have a material adverse effect on our business and our operating results. Failure to obtain financing, or obtain financing on favorable terms, could have a material adverse effect on future operating prospects, could require us to significantly reduce operations, and could result in a decrease in our stock price.

We may make acquisitions of businesses or Claim recovery interests that prove unsuccessful, and any mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, or joint venture activities may change our business and financial results and introduce new risks.

From time to time, we may make acquisitions of, or otherwise invest in, other companies that could complement our business, including the acquisition of entities in diverse geographic regions and entities offering greater access to businesses and markets that we do not currently serve. The acquisitions we make may be unprofitable or may take some time to achieve profitability. In addition, we may not successfully operate the businesses that we acquire, or may not successfully integrate these businesses with our own, which

may result in our inability to maintain our goals, objectives, standards, controls, policies, culture, or profitability. Through acquisitions, we may enter markets in which we have limited or no experience. Any acquisition may result in a potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities, and the incurrence of additional debt which could reduce our profitability. We also pursue dispositions and joint ventures from time to time. Any such transactions could change our business lines, geographic reach, financial results, or capital structure. Our company could be larger or smaller after any such transactions and may have a different investment profile.

We may also invest in certain Claim recovery interests, as well as Assignor interests in Claims with the intent to expand our portfolio of recoverable Claims and add to our potential revenue streams by selling these Claims at a higher rate than that paid by the Company. These purchases may prove unprofitable or may take some time to achieve profitability. These purchases may also adversely affect our liquidity and cash positions if we use our cash in order to purchase new Claims, or if we finance such purchase with debt that we are ultimately not able to repay. If we do not realize the anticipated benefits of any such acquisition, it would have a material effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Adverse judgments or settlements in litigation, regulatory, or other dispute resolution proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are currently party to, and may in the future become party to, lawsuits and other claims against us that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business, including the governmental investigations disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report. See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies for more information about ongoing governmental investigations. These may include lawsuits and claims related to, for example, contracts (including CCRAs), subcontracts, protection of confidential information or trade secrets, wage and benefits, employment of our workforce, or compliance with any of a wide array of state and federal statutes, rules and regulations that pertain to different aspects of our business. We also may be required to initiate expensive litigation or other proceedings to protect our business interests. In addition, because of the payments we may receive from potential future governmental Assignors, we may become subject to unexpected inquiries, investigations, legal actions, or enforcement proceedings pursuant to the False Claims Act, healthcare fraud, waste, and abuse laws, or similar legislation. Any investigations, settlements, or adverse judgments stemming from such legal disputes or other claims may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against us, as well as reputational injury that could adversely affect us. In addition, litigation and other legal claims are subject to inherent uncertainties, and management’s view of currently pending legal matters may change in the future. Those uncertainties include, but are not limited to, costs of litigation, unpredictable judicial or jury decisions and the differing laws and judicial proclivities regarding damage awards among the states in which we operate. Unexpected outcomes in such legal proceedings, or changes in management’s evaluation or predictions of the likely outcomes of such proceedings (possibly resulting in changes in established reserves) could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully identify and recover on future Claims, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

As a part of our business plan, we have acquired the right to pursue recoveries and we intend to continue to pursue the acquisition of additional Claims to support our business strategy. These recoveries can involve a number of risks and challenges, any of which could cause significant operating inefficiencies and adversely affect our growth and profitability. Such risks and challenges include:

Profits derived from Claim recoveries may take considerable time, and certain recoveries may fall short of expected returns. If our recoveries are not successful, we may record impairment charges. Our ability to grow our capital will depend upon our success at identifying and recovering legal Claims, which requires substantial judgment in assessing their values, strengths, weaknesses, liabilities, and potential profitability, as well as the availability of capital.

If we fail to accurately calculate the Paid Amount and Paid Value of Potential Recoverable Claims, it can have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Typically, we identify recoverable Claims using our proprietary Algorithms which analyze historical paid Claims data to identify potential recovery opportunities. Our potential ability to achieve recovery revenues is based largely on our ability to discover, quantify, and settle the gap between Billed Amount and Paid Amount on a large scale. A failure to accurately calculate the Paid Amount or the Paid Value of Potential Recoverable Claims, the recovery multiple, or the amount we are entitled to pursue for recovery, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Failure of our software vendors, utility providers, network providers, and third-party data providers to perform as expected, changes in our relationships with them, or losing access to data sources may adversely affect our business.

Our ability to deliver and implement solutions requires that we work with certain third-party providers, including software vendors, utility providers, data providers, and network providers, and depends on such third parties meeting our expectations in both timeliness and quality. We might incur significant additional liabilities if the services provided by these third parties do not meet our expectations, if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us, or if they were to offer their services to us on less advantageous terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our operating facilities, an extended outage of utility or network services supplied by these vendors or providers could impair our ability to deliver our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to service our Assignors and deliver and implement solutions requires that we use several data sources when identifying recoveries. If we were to lose access to those data sources, including as a result of any termination of our data access arrangements, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights.

Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry. In the future, such third parties may claim that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing such rights. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our services, or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations may adversely affect our effective tax rates.

We have offices in the United States and in Puerto Rico. Accordingly, we are subject to taxation in jurisdictions with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain.

Unanticipated changes in our tax rates could affect our future financial condition and results of operations. Our future effective tax rates could be unfavorably affected by changes in the tax rates in jurisdictions where our income is earned and taxed, by changes in, or our interpretation of, tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, by increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes including impairments of goodwill, by changes in GAAP or other applicable accounting standards or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

In addition, we are subject to the continual examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and international tax authorities. Tax authorities in various jurisdictions may disagree with and subsequently challenge the amount of profits taxed in their state or country, which may result in increased tax liability, including accrued interest and penalties, which would cause our tax expense to increase. There can be no assurance that the final determination of any of these examinations will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We will be required to pay the Tax Receivable Agreement (“TRA”) Parties (as defined in the TRA) for most of the benefits relating to, among other things, an increase in tax attributes as a result of the Company’s direct and indirect allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the Business Combination, and the Company’s increase in its allocable share of existing tax basis and anticipated tax basis adjustments we receive in connection with sales or exchanges of Up-C Units after the Business Combination.

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into a TRA with the TRA Parties (as defined in the TRA) that provides for the payment by the Company to such TRA Parties of 85% of the benefits, if any, that the Company is deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) as a result of: (i) the Company’s direct and indirect allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the Business Combination, (ii) increases in the Company’s allocable share of existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments that will increase the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Opco as a result of the Business Combination and as a result of sales or exchanges of Up-C Units for cash or shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, and (iii) certain other tax benefits related to entering into the TRA, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA. These increases in existing tax basis and tax basis adjustments generated over time may reduce the amount of tax that the Company would otherwise be required to pay in the future, although the IRS may challenge all or part of the validity of that tax basis, and a court could sustain such a challenge. Actual tax benefits realized by the Company may differ from tax benefits calculated under the TRA as a result of the use of certain assumptions in the TRA, including the use of an assumed weighted-average state and local income tax rate to calculate tax benefits. The payment obligation under the TRA is an obligation of the Company and not of Opco. While the amount of existing tax basis, the anticipated tax basis adjustments, and the actual amount and utilization of tax attributes, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the TRA, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges of Up-C Units for shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, the applicable tax rate, the price of shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at the time of exchanges, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable and the amount and timing of our income, we expect that as a result of the size of the transfers and increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Opco and our possible utilization of tax attributes, including existing tax basis acquired at the time of the Business Combination, the payments that the Company may make under the TRA will be substantial. The payments under the TRA are not conditioned on the exchanging holders of Opco Units or other TRA Parties continuing to hold ownership interests in us. To the extent payments are due to the TRA Parties under the TRA, the payments are generally required to be made within five business days after the tax benefit schedule (which sets forth the Company’s realized tax benefits covered by the TRA for the relevant taxable year) is finalized. The Company is required to deliver such a tax benefit schedule to the TRA Parties’

Representative (as defined in the TRA), for its review, within 90 calendar days after the due date (including extensions) of the Company’s federal corporate income tax return for the relevant taxable year.

Payments under the TRA may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual tax benefits the Company realizes under the TRA, and such accelerations may impair our ability to consummate change of control transactions.

The Company’s payment obligations under the TRA will be accelerated in the event of certain changes of control or its election to terminate the TRA early. The accelerated payments will relate to all relevant tax attributes then allocable to the Company in the case of an acceleration upon a change of control, and to all relevant tax attributes allocable or that would be allocable to the Company (in the case of an election by the Company to terminate the TRA early, assuming all Up-C Units were then exchanged). The accelerated payments required in such circumstances will be calculated by reference to the present value (at a specified discount rate determined by reference to LIBOR) of all future payments that holders of Up-C Units or other recipients would have been entitled to receive under the TRA, and such accelerated payments and any other future payments under the TRA will utilize certain valuation assumptions, including that the Company will have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the TRA. In addition, recipients of payments under the TRA will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the TRA if such tax basis and the Company’s utilization of certain tax attributes is successfully challenged by the IRS (although any such detriment would be taken into account in future payments under the TRA). The Company’s ability to achieve benefits from any existing tax basis, tax basis adjustments or other tax attributes, and the payments to be made under the TRA, will depend upon a number of factors, including the timing and amount of our future income. As a result, even in the absence of a change of control or an election to terminate the TRA, payments under the TRA could be in excess of 85% of the Company’s actual cash tax benefits.

Accordingly, it is possible that the actual cash tax benefits realized by the Company may be significantly less than the corresponding TRA payments or that payments under the TRA may be made years in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the anticipated future tax benefits. There may be a material negative effect on our liquidity if the payments under the TRA exceed the actual cash tax benefits that the Company realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the TRA and/or distributions to the Company by Opco are not sufficient to permit the Company to make payments under the TRA after it has paid taxes and other expenses. We may need to incur additional indebtedness to finance payments under the TRA to the extent our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the TRA as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise, and these obligations could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control.

The acceleration of payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement in the case of certain changes of control may impair our ability to consummate change of control transactions or negatively impact the value of our Common Stock.

In the case of a “Change of Control” under the TRA (which is defined to include, among other things, a 50% change in control of the Company, the approval of a complete plan of liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or the disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s direct or indirect assets), payments under the TRA will be accelerated and may significantly exceed the actual benefits the Company realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the TRA. We expect that the payments that we may make under the TRA (the calculation of which is described in the immediately preceding risk factor) in the event of a change of control will be substantial. As a result, our accelerated payment obligations and/or the assumptions adopted under the TRA in the case of a change of control may impair our ability to consummate change of control transactions or negatively impact the value received by owners of our Common Stock in a change of control transaction.

Our success is dependent upon the efforts of our key personnel. The loss of key personnel could negatively impact the operations and profitability of the Company, and its financial condition could suffer as a result.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our senior management team and other key employees. We rely on our leadership team in the areas of operations, information technology and security, marketing, compliance, and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. The loss of one or more of the members of our senior management team, or other key employees, could negatively impact the operations and profitability of the Company. In particular, the loss of the services of our founder and Chief Executive Officer, John H. Ruiz, could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our strategic objectives. Changes in our executive management team may also cause disruptions in, and harm to, our business. The Company does not maintain key-man life insurance on any of its officers. The services of such personnel may not continue to be available to the Company. We anticipate that some or all of the management of the Company will remain in place.

Our business is dependent on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.

Our ability to operate our business and provide our solutions is dependent on our ability to recruit, employ, train, and retain the skilled personnel who have relevant experience in the healthcare and data analytics industries as well as information technology professionals who can design, implement, operate, and maintain complex information technology systems. For example, certain of our employees in our company must either have, or rapidly develop, a significant amount of technical knowledge with regard to medical insurance coding and procedures. In addition, certain of our retrospective data-driven solutions rely on a team of trained registered nurses or medical coding professionals to review medical information and provide feedback with respect to the medical appropriateness of care provided. Innovative, experienced, and technologically proficient professionals, such as qualified nurses and experienced medical coding professionals, are in great demand and are likely to remain a limited resource. Our ability to recruit and retain such individuals

depends on a number of factors, including the competitive demands for employees having, or able to rapidly develop, the specialized skills we need and the level and structure of compensation required to hire and retain such employees. We may not be able to recruit or retain the personnel necessary to efficiently operate and support our business. Even if our recruitment and retention strategies are successful, our labor costs may increase significantly. In addition, our internal training programs may not be successful in providing inexperienced personnel with the specialized skills required to perform their duties. If we are unable to hire, train, and retain sufficient personnel with the requisite skills without significantly increasing our labor costs, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

General economic, political, and market forces and dislocations beyond our control could reduce demand for our solutions and our overall business may suffer from an economic downturn.

The demand for our data-driven solutions may be impacted by factors that are beyond our control, including macroeconomic, political, and market conditions, the availability of short-term and long-term funding and capital, the level and volatility of interest rates, currency exchange rates, and inflation. Domestic and global economic environments may prove less favorable than those of prior years. Any one or more of these factors may contribute to reduced activity and prices in the securities markets generally and could result in a reduction in demand for our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are concentrated in certain geographic regions, which makes us sensitive to regulatory, economic, environmental, and competitive conditions in those regions.

Due to the concentration of our operations in Florida, our business may be adversely affected by economic conditions that disproportionately affect Florida as compared to other states. In addition, our exposure to many of the risks described herein are not mitigated by the diverse geographic locations of our Assignors.

Moreover, regions in and around the southeastern United States commonly experience hurricanes and other extreme weather conditions. As a result, our offices, located in Florida and Puerto Rico, are susceptible to physical damage and business interruption from an active hurricane season or a single severe storm. Moreover, global climate change could increase the intensity of individual hurricanes or the number of hurricanes that occur each year. Even if our facilities are not directly damaged, we may experience considerable disruptions in our operations due to property damage or electrical outages experienced in storm-affected areas by our employees. Additionally, long-term adverse weather conditions, whether caused by global climate change or otherwise, could cause an out-migration of people from the communities where our offices are located. If any of the circumstances described above occurs, there could be a harmful effect on our business, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our overall business results may suffer from an economic downturn.

During periods of high unemployment, governmental entities often experience budget deficits as a result of increased costs and lower than expected tax collections. These budget deficits affect federal, state, and local government entities, and may result in reductions in spending for health and human service programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and similar programs, which represent significant payer sources for our Assignors.

High inflation may adversely affect our financial results.

The U.S. economy is currently experiencing increasing levels of inflation, which creates a heightened level of risk for the Company. Rising inflation may decrease the fair value of the Company’s investment in its portfolio of Claims as the Paid Amount and PVPRC, set at the date of the Claim was paid, become less valuable in relation to the present value of the dollar, leading to an effective decrease in their potential real return. Furthermore, rising inflation may increase our operating expenses, including the cost to hiring or retaining employees.

The U.S. government and Federal Reserve may be slow to approve rate changes or adopt measures to attempt to control inflation, which could affect the Company’s ability to generate profits and cash flow. There can be no assurance that inflation rates will not continue to escalate in the future or that measures adopted or that may be adopted by the U.S. government or the Federal Reserve to control inflation will be effective or successful. Significant increases in inflation can have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Securities

In this section, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and other similar terms refer to Legacy MSP prior to the Business Combination and to the Company following the Business Combination.

We are controlled by the Members, including John H. Ruiz and Frank C. Quesada, whose interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders. Further, our status as a “controlled company” on Nasdaq removes certain corporate governance protections.

As of April 8, 2025, the Members (or their designees) hold a majority of our issued and outstanding Class V Common Stock, controlling approximately 85.44% of the combined voting power of our outstanding Class V Common Stock, and John H. Ruiz and Frank C. Quesada (collectively, the “MSP Principals”), as a group, control approximately 47.16% of the combined voting power of our Common Stock. They effectively have the ability to determine all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the

election and removal of directors, any amendment to our Charter or Amended & Restated Bylaws, or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets. This could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of the Company, which could cause the market price of our Class A Common Stock to decline or prevent stockholders from realizing a premium over the market price for Class A Common Stock. The Members’ interests may conflict with our interests as a company or the interests of our other stockholders.

Our stockholders will experience substantial dilution as a consequence of, among other transactions, future issuances of Common Stock.

As of April 14, 2025, the following securities are convertible into, or allow the purchase of, our Class A Common Stock, including: (i) 3,323,146 outstanding or designated Up-C Units that may each be exchanged for one share of Class A Common Stock; (ii) 2,950,157 Public Warrants outstanding, each exercisable to purchase 1/625th of one share of our Class A Common Stock (but only exercisable in lots of 625 to purchase whole shares); (iii) 894,754,824 New Warrants outstanding, each exercisable to purchase 1/625th of one share of our Class A Common Stock (but only exercisable in lots of 625 to purchase whole shares); (iv) the CPIA Warrant exercisable to purchase up to 106,667 shares of our Class A Common Stock; (v) the VRM Warrants, entitling VRM to purchase 19,361,939 shares of Class A Common Stock; each warrant expiring two years from the date of issuance, of which 9,751,339 and 9,610,600 are exercisable for $0.0025 per share and $0.0001 per share, respectively; and (vi) the VRP Warrant, entitling VRP to purchase 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.0025 per shares for a period of two years from issuance, exercisable on a cashless basis.

On February 18, 2025, the Company entered into a binding term sheet agreement with Virage to amend the MTA, as amended, whereby Virage agreed to exercise the VRM Warrants to receive 33 1/3% of the then issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock, and surrender to the Company any remaining unexercised VRM Warrants, or portions thereof, for termination, subject to certain consents and approvals. Contemporaneous with the warrant exercise, Virage will terminate its agreement to hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company. These proposed transactions are subject to, among other things, further negotiation and the execution of definitive agreements, regulatory approvals, certain third-party consents and approvals, and shareholder approvals if required by the Nasdaq Stock Market. As a result, there can be no guarantee that the transactions thereby will be consummated.

The Company also has the ability to issue up to 153,721 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to awards under the Incentive Plan. The shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Incentive Plan will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. The aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to awards under the Incentive Plan will be subject to an annual increase on January 1 of each calendar year (commencing with January 1, 2023 and ending on and including January 1, 2031) equal to the lesser of: (i) a number of shares equal to 3% of the total number of shares actually issued and outstanding on the last day of the preceding fiscal year or (ii) a number of shares as determined by the Board. The Company filed one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of Class A Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Any such Form S-8 registration statements automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

Depending upon market liquidity at the time, sales of shares of our Class A Common Stock under the Yorkville SEPA and the Yorkville Convertible Notes may cause the trading price of our Class A Common Stock to decline. After Yorkville has acquired shares under the Yorkville SEPA, it may sell all, some, or none of those shares. Sales to Yorkville by us pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our Class A Common Stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A Common Stock or warrants, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the prevailing market price of shares of our Class A Common Stock and warrants to decline significantly. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their warrants is dependent upon the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq listing standards and, as a result, our stockholders may not have certain corporate governance protections that are available to stockholders of companies that are not controlled companies.

So long as more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, group, or another company, we will qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing requirements. John H. Ruiz and Frank C. Quesada (collectively, the “MSP Principals”) control more than a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing standards, and will not be subject to the requirements that would otherwise require us to have: (i) a majority of “independent directors,” as defined under the listing standards of Nasdaq; (ii) a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors; and (iii) a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors. In addition, the Members, including the MSP Principals, have the ability to control matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, any amendment to our Charter or Amended & Restated Bylaws, or the approval of any

merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets. See “We are controlled by the Members, including the MSP Principals, whose interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.”

The Members, including the MSP Principals, may have their interest in the Company diluted due to future equity issuances, repurchases under the LLC Agreement from the MSP Principals in connection with the exercise of New Warrants or Members or their designees selling shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case, which could result in a loss of the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules. We would then be required to comply with those provisions of the Nasdaq listing requirements.

The Company’s management has limited experience in operating a public company.

The Company’s executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. The Company is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Management’s limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the Company. The Company may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of publicly traded companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for the Company to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a publicly traded company may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that the Company will be required to expand its employee base and hire additional employees to support its operations as a public company, which will increase its operating costs in future periods.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

Our Class A Common Stock, Public Warrants, and New Warrants are currently listed on Nasdaq. If Nasdaq delists our Class A Common Stock, Public Warrants, or New Warrants from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, a federal statute, prevents or preempts states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” To the extent our Class A Common Stock, Public Warrants, and New Warrants are listed on Nasdaq, they are covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. See also “Risk Factor - Failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our Class A Common Stock, thus negatively impacting the price of our Class A Common Stock and negatively impacting our ability to raise additional capital.”

Failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our Class A Common Stock, thus negatively impacting the price value of our Class A Common Stock and negatively impacting our ability to raise additional capital.

On June 7, 2024, the Company was notified by Nasdaq Listing Qualifications staff (the “Staff”) that the Company was non-compliant with Nasdaq’s Bid Price Requirement as the closing bid price for the Company’s Class A Common Stock had fallen below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days (April 25, 2024 through June 6, 2024). Pursuant to Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided with a compliance cure period of 180 calendar days, or until December 4, 2024, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. On September 25, 2024, stockholders holding at least a majority of our outstanding voting capital stock, including our Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, approved by written consent a resolution authorizing the Board of Directors to amend the Company’s Charter, to effect a reverse stock split (the “2024 Reverse Split”) of the Company’s Common Stock at a reverse stock split ratio ranging from 1:3 to 1:30, and to authorize the Company’s Board of Directors to determine, at its discretion, the timing of the amendment and the specific ratio of the 2024 Reverse Split. On November 12, 2024, the Board determined to proceed with the 2024 Reverse Split at a ratio of 1:25, which was effectuated on the open of business on November 18, 2024.

On December 3, 2024, the Company received correspondence from Nasdaq stating that the Company’s previously disclosed bid price deficiency had been cured, and that the Company had regained compliance with Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). The Company’s Class A common stock continued to be listed and traded on Nasdaq, subject to continued compliance with applicable Nasdaq listing standards. On December 6, 2024, the Company received notification from the Staff that the Company’s application to transfer the listing of its common stock from the Nasdaq Global Market to the Nasdaq Capital Market was approved. The Company’s securities transferred to the Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of business on December 10, 2024, and continue to trade under the symbol “MSPR.” The

Nasdaq Capital Market operates in substantially the same manner as the Nasdaq Global Market, and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.

In 2023, the Staff notified the Company of non-compliance with Nasdaq’s Bid Price Requirement and Nasdaq’s Listing Rules as a result of having not timely filed periodic reports; however, by October 27, 2023, the Company had regained compliance with all applicable listing standards.

If in the future we fail to comply with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, including the Reporting Rule and Minimum Bid Requirement, our Class A Common Stock will be subject to delisting. In the event we receive notice that our Class A Common Stock is being delisted, Nasdaq rules permit us to appeal any delisting determination by the Nasdaq staff to a Hearings Panel. If our Class A Common Stock were to be delisted by Nasdaq, our Class A Common Stock would be subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell our securities. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by these requirements could discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our Class A Common Stock. This would adversely affect the ability of investors to trade our Class A Common Stock and would adversely affect the value of our Class A Common Stock. These factors could contribute to lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices for our Class A Common Stock. The delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq would also adversely affect our ability to complete future financing.

If our shares are delisted from Nasdaq and become subject to the penny stock rules, it will become more difficult to trade our shares.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain our listing on Nasdaq and if the price of our Class A Common Stock is less than $5.00, it will be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive: (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our Class A Common Stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, or restructuring, impairment, or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and our stock price, and which could adversely affect the value of our securities.

We cannot assure you that our due diligence will surface all material issues that may be present in our business, and it is likely not possible to uncover all material issues through a customary amount of due diligence, or factors outside of our control which may arise. As a result of these factors, we may be forced to write-down or write-off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in reporting losses. Even if our due diligence successfully identifies certain risks, unexpected risks may arise, and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that we report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate net worth or other covenants to which we may be subject to as a result of assuming pre-existing debt held by virtue of our obtaining debt financing to partially finance business operations. Accordingly, stockholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their shares. Such stockholders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value.

Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We will be subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States and potentially in other jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales, and other transaction taxes by taxing authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund the operations and growth of the Company.

We require financing to fund the operations or growth of the Company. Failure to secure additional financing would have a material adverse effect on the continued operations or growth of the Company. None of our officers, directors or stockholders is required to provide any financing to us. See “Risk Factor - Failure to obtain or maintain ongoing financing to fund operations would negatively impact our business.”

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our Charter and Amended & Restated Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our Charter contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions include:

The Charter contains a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

The Charter provides that the Company will have no interests or expectancy in, or being offered an opportunity to participate in any corporate opportunity, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, with respect to any lines of business or business activity or business venture conducted by any holder of Common Stock, any affiliate of such holder or any director, officer or stockholder of such holder or any affiliate thereof (“Relevant Persons”) as of the date of the filing of the Charter with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or received by, presented to or originated by the Relevant Persons after the date of the filing of the Charter with the Secretary

of State of the State of Delaware in such person’s capacity as a Relevant Person (and not in his, her or its capacity as a director, officer or employee of the Company). These provisions of the Charter create the possibility that a corporate opportunity of ours may be used for the benefit of the Relevant Persons.

We may redeem unexpired Public Warrants and New Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to warrant holders, thereby making such warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem outstanding Public Warrants and New Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant; provided that the last reported sales price of our Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $11,250.00 per share (or as otherwise adjusted pursuant to the Existing Warrant Agreement or New Warrant Agreement, as applicable) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we give proper notice of such redemption to the warrant holders and provided certain other conditions are met. During the most recent 60-day trading period, the price of our Class A Common Stock has remained below the threshold that would allow us to redeem the Public Warrants and New Warrants. If and when the Public Warrants and New Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants and New Warrants could force the warrant holders: (i) to exercise their Public Warrants or New Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for them to do so; (ii) to sell their Public Warrants or New Warrants at the then-current market price when they might otherwise wish to hold their Public Warrants or New Warrants; or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding New Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of their New Warrants. Pursuant to the terms of the Existing Warrant Agreement, the exercise price of the Public Warrants has increased to $0.0625 after giving effect to the issuance of the New Warrants.

The Company has no obligation to notify holders of the Public Warrants or the New Warrants that they have become eligible for redemption. However, in the event the Company determined to redeem the Public Warrants or the New Warrants, holders of the Public Warrants and the New Warrants, as applicable, would be notified of such redemption as described in the Existing Warrant Agreement and the New Warrant Agreement, as applicable. Specifically, in the event that the Company elects to redeem all of the redeemable warrants as described above, the Company shall fix a date for the redemption (the “Redemption Date”). Notice of redemption shall be mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid, by the Company not less than 30 days prior to the Redemption Date to the registered holders of the redeemable warrants to be redeemed at their last addresses as they appear on the registration books. Any notice mailed in the manner provided in the Existing Warrant Agreement and the New Warrant Agreement shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given whether or not the registered holder received such notice. In addition, beneficial owners of the redeemable warrants will be notified of such redemption via the Company’s posting of the redemption notice to DTC.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

In this section, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to the Company.

The market price of our Class A Common Stock may be significantly volatile.

The market price for our Class A Common Stock may be significantly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations of price and volume in response to factors including the following:

If we fail to reach an important recovery milestone or result by a publicly expected deadline, even if by only a small margin, there could be significant impact on the market price of our Class A Common Stock. Additionally, as we approach the announcement of anticipated significant information and as we announce such information, we expect the price of our Class A Common Stock to be particularly volatile, and negative results would have a substantial negative impact on the price of our Class A Common Stock.

In some cases, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our business operations and reputation.

A market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

The price of our securities may fluctuate significantly due to the market’s reaction to the perceived or actual condition of the Company’s business, and general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for our securities may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition, and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

If the Company’s operating results do not meet the expectations of investors, stockholders, or financial analysts, the market price of our securities may decline.

Our operating results could fluctuate due to a number of factors, including changes in our accounting estimates; litigation and claim-related expenditures; an increase in the number and type of competitors; changes in competitors’ product offerings; and other matters. Similarly, our future operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter or year to year due to these and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If our operating results or projections of future operating results do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors in future periods, our stock price may fall.

The trading price of our Class A Common Stock is highly volatile and is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, these factors include:

In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

If securities analysts publish negative evaluations of our stock or stop publishing research or reports about the Company, our peers, or our industry, the price of our stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Common Stock relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We currently have limited research coverage by financial analysts. Securities analysts may discontinue coverage or downgrade their evaluation of our stock. If any of the analysts who continue to cover or cover us in the future downgrade their evaluation of our Class A Common Stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class A Common Stock price may decline. If additional analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

We cannot predict the impact our dual class capital structure may have on the market price of the shares of Class A Common Stock.

We cannot predict whether our dual class structure, combined with the concentrated control of the Company, will result in a lower or more volatile market price of the Class A Common Stock, adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. Under any such announced policies or future policies, our dual class capital structure could make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations as compared to similar companies that are included. As a result, the market price of shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected.

We may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner that may be adverse to holders with the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants. As a result, the exercise price of a holder’s Public Warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of a Public Warrant could be decreased, all without the approval of that warrant holder.

Our Public Warrants were issued in registered form under the Existing Warrant Agreement. The Existing Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision or provide for the delivery of Alternative Issuance (as defined in the Existing Warrant Agreement) but requires the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any other change, including any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the Public Warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, changes to the exercise price, exercise period, or number of shares of stock purchasable upon exercise of a Public Warrant.

Our stockholders will experience significant dilution as a result of future equity offerings or issuances and exercise of outstanding options and warrants.

In order to raise additional capital or pursue strategic transactions, we may in the future offer, issue, or sell additional shares of our Class A Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Class A Common Stock, including the issuance of stock in relation to our Incentive Plan. Our stockholders may experience significant dilution as a result of future equity offerings, issuances, or the exercising of warrants. Investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

As of April 14, 2025, the following securities are convertible into, or allow the purchase of, our Class A Common Stock, including: (i) 3,323,146 Up-C Units that may each be exchanged for one share of Class A Common Stock; 2,950,157 Public Warrants outstanding, which are exercisable in lots of 625 with an exercise price of $0.0625 per whole share; (ii) 894,754,824 New Warrants outstanding, which are exercisable in lots of 625 with an exercise price of $7,187.50 per whole share; (iii) the CPIA Warrant exercisable to purchase up to 106,667 shares of our Class A Common Stock; (iv) the VRM Warrants, entitling VRM to purchase 19,361,939 shares of Class A Common Stock; each warrant expiring two years from the date of issuance, of which 9,751,339 and 9,610,600 are exercisable on a cashless basis for $0.0025 per share and $0.0001 per share, respectively; and (v) the VRP Warrant, entitling VRP to purchase 100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.0025 per share for a period of two years from issuance, exercisable on a cashless basis only. In addition, 153,721 shares of Class A Common Stock are reserved for future issuance under our stock incentive plan.

On February 18, 2025, the Company entered into a binding term sheet agreement with Virage to amend the MTA, as amended, whereby Virage agreed to exercise the VRM Warrants to receive 33 1/3% of the then issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock, and surrender to the Company any remaining unexercised VRM Warrants, or portions thereof, for termination, subject to certain consents and approvals. Contemporaneous with the warrant exercise, Virage will terminate its agreement to hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company. These proposed transactions are subject to, among other things, further negotiation and the execution of definitive agreements, regulatory approvals, certain third-party consents and approvals, and shareholder approvals if required by the Nasdaq Stock Market. As a result, there can be no guarantee that the transactions thereby will be consummated.

Moreover, pursuant to the terms of the LLC Agreement, at least twice a month, to the extent any New Warrants have been exercised in accordance with their terms, the Company is required to purchase from the MSP Principals, proportionately, the number of Up-C Units or shares of Class A Common Stock owned by such MSP Principal equal to the Aggregate Exercise Price divided by the Warrant Exercise Price in exchange for the Aggregate Exercise Price. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of our warrants will result in dilution to the then existing holders of Class A Common Stock of the Company and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

The provision of our Charter requiring exclusive forum in the courts in the State of Delaware for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

The Charter requires that, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (i) any derivative action brought on behalf of the Company; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, or employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Charter or Amended & Restated Bylaws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware, in each case, is to be filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks jurisdiction over any such action or proceeding, then a state court located within the State of Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware). The exclusive forum provision described above does not apply to actions arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. The Charter provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the federal securities laws, including the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Our decision to adopt such a federal forum provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal or state courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that our federal forum provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of our federal forum provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Although we believe that these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing greater consistency in the application of Delaware law, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable in disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Further, in the event a court finds the exclusive forum provision contained in the Charter to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and the market for our Class A Common Stock.

The JOBS Act permits “emerging growth companies” like us to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We currently qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). As such, we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including: (i) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”); (ii) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements; and (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of the last day of the fiscal year: (a) following August 18, 2025, the fifth anniversary of our IPO; (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion; or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Class A Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as it is an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to avail ourselves of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company that is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Failure to establish and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting in future periods.

As a publicly traded company, we are subject to the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” or “SOX”). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of SOX are significantly more stringent than those required of MSP as a privately held company. Further, as an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of SOX until the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event that it is not satisfied with the level at which the controls of the Company are documented, designed or operating.

Any failure to maintain effective internal controls, including the recommendations of the Special Committee, could adversely impact our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis, or may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any such failures could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and investor confidence and the market for our Class A Common Stock.

Our internal controls over financial reporting may not be effective, which could have a significant and adverse effect on our business and reputation.

As a public company, we are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of SOX, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, the Company is required to provide the management report on internal controls on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2024. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of SOX are significantly more stringent than those required as a privately held company. Further, as an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of SOX until the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event that it is not satisfied with the level at which the controls of the Company are documented, designed or operating.

Testing and maintaining these controls can divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to the operation of our business. If we identify material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting of the Company or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of SOX or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting when we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and we could become subject to further investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources, and negatively impact the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

Matters relating to or arising from the Special Committee investigation, including governmental investigations, regulatory proceedings, litigation matters, and potential additional expenses, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As previously disclosed, on August 11, 2022, the SEC initiated an investigation of the Company, and requested documents relating to, among other matters, the Business Combination transaction with Lionheart Acquisition Corporation II consummated on May 23, 2022, certain historical and projected financial results, investor agreements, and data analytic platforms and Algorithms. The Company received a subpoena dated March 1, 2023 from the SEC regarding the aforementioned subject matter, and subsequently received a subpoena on May 10, 2023, in connection with the investigation relating to, among other matters, the Company’s projections and the accounting and valuation of certain assets that were the basis for the Company’s determination that its quarterly financial statements for the periods ended June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022 require restatements and should no longer be relied upon, as disclosed in the Company’s Form 8-K on April 14, 2023. On August 16, 2023, the Company received an additional subpoena from the SEC regarding certain funding sources of the Company prior to the Business Combination, various statements and disclosures by the Company in connection with, and following, the Business Combination, certain historical and projected financial results, and data analytic platforms and Algorithms used to identify potential recoveries.

In addition, on March 10, 2023, the Company received a subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) in connection with a grand jury investigation in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida requesting certain information concerning the Company, which requested documents relating to, among other matters, the Company’s proprietary Algorithms and other software used to identify potentially recoverable claims, the drop in the price of the Company’s common stock following the Business Combination, and certain marketing materials and investment agreements presented to potential investors. On July 18, 2024, the Company received an additional subpoena from the USAO, requesting documents related to a Company press release. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Department of Justice has not issued any target letters to anyone associated with the Company as a result of this investigation. (The United States Attorney’s Manual states that a “target” is a person as to whom the prosecutor or the grand jury has substantial evidence linking him or her to the commission of a crime and who, in the judgment of the prosecutor, is a putative defendant.)

The Company has cooperated, and will continue to cooperate, fully with these inquiries. On April 16, 2023, a special committee of the Board of Directors was formed, which along with external advisors retained thereby, reviewed matters related to the preparation and

filing of the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and the subject matter of information requests related to the foregoing subpoenas received prior to June 2023. Based on that review, and the nature of the documents requested in the subsequent subpoena, the Company believes that the investigations will be resolved without any material developments; however, there can be no assurance as to the outcome or future direction thereof.

We have incurred significant expenses related to legal, accounting, and other professional services in connection with the Special Committee review and related matters. The expenses incurred, and expected to be incurred, have adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, the resulting impact of our delayed filing of periodic reports on the confidence of investors, employees, and customers, and the diversion of the attention of the management team that has occurred, and is expected to continue, has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows.

As a result of the matters reported above, we are exposed to greater risks associated with litigation, regulatory proceedings, and government enforcement actions. Any future investigations or additional lawsuits may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and negatively impact the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

The Company’s stockholders may be held liable for claims by third parties against the Company to the extent of distributions received by them.

If the Company is forced to file a bankruptcy case or an involuntary bankruptcy case is filed against the Company that is not dismissed, any distributions received by stockholders could be viewed under applicable debtor/creditor and/or bankruptcy laws as either a “preferential transfer” or a “fraudulent conveyance.” As a result, a bankruptcy court could seek to recover all amounts received by the Company’s stockholders. Furthermore, because the Company distributed the proceeds held in the Public Shares to the Company’s Public Stockholders in connection with the Closing, this may be viewed or interpreted as giving preference to the Company’s Public Stockholders over any potential creditors with respect to access to or distributions from the Company’s assets. Furthermore, the LCAP Board may be viewed as having breached their fiduciary duties to the Company’s creditors and/or may have acted in bad faith, and thereby exposing itself and the Company to claims of punitive damages, by paying Public Stockholders from the Trust Account prior to addressing the claims of creditors. The Company cannot assure you that claims will not be brought against it for these reasons.

We completed a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of our shares of common stock, which may have adverse effects on the trading of our Class A Common Stock.

On June 7, 2024, the Company was notified by Nasdaq Listing Qualifications staff (the “Staff”) that the Company was non-compliant with Nasdaq’s Bid Price Requirement as the closing bid price for the Company’s Class A Common Stock had fallen below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days (April 25, 2024 through June 6, 2024). On September 25, 2024, stockholders holding at least a majority of our outstanding voting capital stock, including our Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, approved by written consent a resolution authorizing the Board of Directors to amend the Company’s Charter, to effect a reverse stock split (the “2024 Reverse Split”) of the Company’s Common Stock at a reverse stock split ratio ranging from 1:3 to 1:30, and to authorize the Company’s Board of Directors to determine, at its discretion, the timing of the amendment and the specific ratio of the 2024 Reverse Split. On November 12, 2024, the Board determined to proceed with the 2024 Reverse Split at a ratio of 1:25, which was effectuated on the open of business on November 18, 2024. On December 3, 2024, the Company received correspondence from Nasdaq stating that the Company’s previously disclosed bid price deficiency had been cured, and that the Company had regained compliance with Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). The effect that the 2024 Reverse Split will have on the market price of our Class A Common Stock cannot be predicted with certainty. There can be no assurance that the per share price of our Class A Common Stock will continue to meet the price criteria or other requirements for continued listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq.

Risks Related to the Yorkville SEPA

In this section “we,” “us,” “our,” and other similar terms refer to Legacy MSP Recovery prior to the Business Combination and to the Company following the Business Combination.

Substantial blocks of our common stock may be sold into the market as a result of the shares sold to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, which may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of shares of our common stock, if there is a large number of shares of our common stock available for sale, or if there is the perception that these sales could occur. On November 14, 2023, we entered into the Yorkville SEPA, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to Yorkville, from time to time, and Yorkville agreed to purchase from the Company, up to $250 million of the Company’s Class A Common Stock for a 36-month period.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, except with respect to Class A Common Stock issued upon conversion of Yorkville Convertible Notes. Sales of our shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Yorkville all, some, or none of the shares of Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA. However, to the extent that there is a balance outstanding pursuant to the Yorkville Convertible Notes, Yorkville may, at its discretion, deliver a notice under the Yorkville SEPA requiring the issuance and sale of shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville at a price per share equivalent to the Conversion Price as determined

in accordance with the Yorkville Convertible Notes in consideration of an offset to the Yorkville Convertible Notes; Yorkville, in its sole discretion, may select the amount of any such conversion, provided that the number of shares issued does not cause Yorkville to exceed certain limitations.

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Yorkville SEPA to Yorkville, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. Further, we may not have access to the full amount available under the Yorkville SEPA with Yorkville.

The number of shares of Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by Yorkville is dependent upon the number of shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA.

The Yorkville SEPA provides that, during the term of the agreement, and subject to issuance and effective registration of the shares, we may, at our discretion, from time to time direct Yorkville to purchase our shares of Class A Common Stock from us in one or more purchases under the agreement, for a maximum aggregate purchase price of up to $250 million. However, because the market prices of our shares of Class A Common Stock may fluctuate from time to time and, as a result, the actual purchase prices to be paid by Yorkville for our shares of Class A Common Stock that we direct it to purchase under the Yorkville SEPA, if any, also may fluctuate because they will be based on such fluctuating market prices of our shares of Class A Common Stock, it is possible that we would need to issue, register, and sell additional shares of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to Yorkville’s $250 million total aggregate purchase commitment under the Yorkville SEPA.

Pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA, the Company shall not affect any sales under the Yorkville SEPA, and Yorkville shall not have any obligation to purchase shares of our Class A Common Stock under the Yorkville SEPA, to the extent that after giving effect to such purchase and sale: (i) Yorkville would beneficially own more than 9.99% of the Company’s outstanding voting Common Stock at the time of such issuance (the “Ownership Limitation”), or (ii) the aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock issued under the Yorkville SEPA together with any shares of Common Stock issued in connection with any other related transactions that may be considered part of the same series of transactions, would exceed 19.99% of the aggregate number of shares of outstanding voting Common Stock as of November 14, 2023 (the “Exchange Cap”). However, on December 6, 2024, stockholders holding at least a majority of our outstanding voting capital stock, including our Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, approved by written consent as required by Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), the issuance of shares of common stock of the Company in excess of the Exchange Cap set forth in the Yorkville SEPA. Effective January 8, 2025, the Exchange Cap was effectively lifted, allowing the Company to issue shares to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA and the Yorkville Convertible Notes in excess of the Exchange Cap.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, except with respect to a Yorkville Advance (as defined herein). Sales of our shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Yorkville all, some, or none of the shares of Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA. In addition, to the extent that there is a balance outstanding pursuant to the Yorkville Convertible Notes, Yorkville may, at its discretion, deliver a notice under the SEPA requiring a Yorkville Advance. Yorkville, in its sole discretion, may select the amount of any Yorkville Advance, provided that the number of shares issued does not cause Yorkville to exceed the Ownership Limitation, does not exceed the Exchange Cap, or the number of shares of common stock that are registered. As a result of a Yorkville Advance, the amounts payable under the Yorkville Convertible Notes will be offset by such amount subject to each Yorkville Advance.

In connection with the Yorkville SEPA, and subject to the condition set forth therein, Yorkville agreed to advance to the Company in the form of convertible promissory notes (the “Yorkville Convertible Notes”) an aggregate principal amount of $15.0 million. In 2023, the Company issued two Convertible Notes to Yorkville for a combined principal amount of $10 million, resulting in net proceeds of $9.48 million, and in 2024 the Company issued a third Convertible Note to Yorkville in the principal amount of $5.0 million, resulting in net proceeds to us of $4.75 million.

Yorkville may convert the Yorkville Convertible Notes into shares of our Class A Common Stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of: (A)(i) with respect to the initial Convertible Note issued on November 15, 2023, $200.5625, (ii) with respect to the second Convertible Note issued on December 11, 2023, $92.84, and (iii) with respect to the third Convertible Note issued on April 8, 2024, $37.625, or (B) 95% of the lowest daily VWAP during the seven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the conversion (the “Conversion Price”), which in no event may the Conversion Price be lower than $3.75 (the “Floor Price”) (as reduced by the Yorkville Letter Agreement). Yorkville, at its discretion, and providing that there is a balance remaining outstanding under the Yorkville Convertible Notes, may deliver a notice under the Yorkville SEPA requiring the issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville at a price per share equivalent to the Conversion Price as determined in accordance with the Yorkville Convertible Notes; Yorkville, in its sole discretion, may select the amount of any such conversion, provided that the number of shares issued is subject to certain limitations.

As the purchase price per share to be paid by Yorkville for the shares of Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our shares of Class A Common Stock at the time we elect to sell shares to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA, if any, it is not possible for us to predict the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that we will sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, the purchase price per share that Yorkville will pay for shares purchased from us under the Yorkville SEPA, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA.

Moreover, although the Yorkville SEPA provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $250 million of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville, only 2.0 million shares of our common stock were registered for resale under the registration statement, which we may elect to sell to Yorkville, in our sole discretion, from time to time from and after the date of, and pursuant to, the Yorkville SEPA or that Yorkville may require that we sell pursuant to a Yorkville Advance. Even if we elect to sell to Yorkville all of the shares of Common Stock, depending on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock at the time of such sales, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all such shares may be substantially less than $250 million, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity.

As we have sold substantially all of the 2.0 million shares currently registered for resale to Yorkville, we need to file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by Yorkville of any additional shares of our common stock, and the SEC would have to declare such registration statement or statements effective before we could sell additional shares. There can be no assurances of such events occurring or the timing of such events occurring.

Pursuant to the Third Virage MTA Amendment, 25% of the Company’s portion of any net proceeds from the Yorkville SEPA would be used to pay down the VRM Full Return after the Yorkville Convertible Notes are fully satisfied. Pursuant to a letter agreement dated November 15, 2024, Nomura agreed to forego payments of up to $4.0 million due under the Nomura Note from proceeds from the sale of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA until March 31, 2025. Moreover, on April 10, 2025, Yorkville agreed to waive Volume Threshold and Maximum Advance Amount limitations set forth in the Yorkville SEPA.

The sale and issuance of our shares of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville will cause dilution to our existing shareholders, and the sale of the shares acquired by Yorkville, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our Class A Common Stock to fall.

The purchase price for the shares that we may sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA will fluctuate based on the price of our shares of Common Stock. Depending on a number of factors, including market liquidity, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our Common Stock to fall. If and when we do sell shares to Yorkville or when Yorkville requires a Yorkville Advance, Yorkville may resell all, some, or none of those shares at its sole discretion, subject to the terms of the Yorkville SEPA. Therefore, sales to Yorkville by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our shares of Common Stock. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock to Yorkville, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price. The resale of shares of Common Stock by Yorkville in the public market or otherwise, or the perception that such sales could occur, could also harm the prevailing market price of our shares of Common Stock.

Following these issuances described above and as restrictions on resale end and registration statements are available for use, the market price of our shares of Common Stock could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our shares of Common Stock.

While there is an outstanding remaining balance pursuant to one or more of the Yorkville Convertible Notes, we do not exercise absolute control over the timing and amount of the issuance of our Class A Common Stock to Yorkville and, accordingly, it is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will issue pursuant to the conversion of a Convertible Note, at any one time or in total.

While there is an outstanding remaining balance pursuant to one or more of the Yorkville Convertible Notes, we do not have absolute control over the timing and amount of any issuances of our shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville upon conversion of a Yorkville Convertible Note. Sales of our shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA will depend upon market conditions and other factors, and the discretion of Yorkville. We may ultimately decide to sell to Yorkville all, some, or none of the shares of Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA.

As the purchase price per share to be paid by Yorkville for the shares of Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that we will sell to Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, the purchase price per share that Yorkville will pay for shares purchased from us under the Yorkville SEPA, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Yorkville under the Yorkville SEPA, if any.

Upon a trigger event, we may be required to make payments that could cause us financial hardship.

In connection with the Yorkville SEPA, and subject to the conditions set forth therein, Yorkville has agreed to advance us an amount of up to $15.0 million, evidenced by the Yorkville Convertible Notes to be issued to Yorkville at a purchase price equal to 95.0% of the principal amount of each Convertible Note. In 2023, the Company issued two Convertible Notes to Yorkville for a combined principal amount of $10 million, resulting in net proceeds of $9.48 million, and in 2024 the Company issued a third Convertible Note to Yorkville in the principal amount of $5.0 million, resulting in net proceeds to us of $4.75 million.

Interest accrues on the outstanding balance of any Convertible Note at an annual rate equal to 5.0%, subject to an increase to 18% upon an event of default as described in the Yorkville Convertible Notes. The maturity date of each Convertible Note will be September 30, 2025 (as extended pursuant to the Yorkville Letter Agreement, defined below), and may be extended at the option of Yorkville. Yorkville may convert the Yorkville Convertible Notes into shares of our Class A Common Stock at a conversion price equal to the

lower of: (A)(i) with respect to the initial Convertible Note issued on November 15, 2023, $200.5625, (ii) with respect to the second Convertible Note issued on December 11, 2023, $92.84, and (iii) with respect to the third Convertible Note issued on April 8, 2024, $37.625, or (B) 95% of the lowest daily VWAP during the seven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the conversion (the “Conversion Price”), which in no event may the Conversion Price be lower than $3.75 (the “Floor Price”) (as reduced by the Yorkville Letter Agreement).

Pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA, if any time on or after November 14, 2023, (i) the daily VWAP is less than the Floor Price for ten consecutive trading days (“Floor Price Trigger”), (ii) the Company has issued substantially all of the shares available under the Exchange Cap (as defined below) (“Exchange Cap Trigger”) or (iii) Company is in material breach of the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, by and between Yorkville and the Company (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) and such breach remains uncured for a period of twenty trading days, or the occurrence of an “Event” (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) (“Registration Event Trigger” and collectively with the Floor Price Trigger and the Exchange Cap Trigger, the “Trigger”), are triggered then the Company shall make monthly payments to Yorkville beginning on the seventh trading day after the Trigger and continuing monthly in the amount of $1,500,000 plus an 5.0% premium and accrued and unpaid interest.

On April 8, 2024, the Company and Yorkville reached an agreement (the “Yorkville Letter Agreement”) to: (1) reduce the Floor Price from $32.00 to $25.00; (2) waive the first monthly payment due to the Floor Price Trigger, thereby curing the Floor Price Trigger; and (3) extend the maturity date of the Yorkville Convertible Notes to September 30, 2025. In addition, the parties agreed that the third Convertible Note for $5.0 million would be issued on April 8, 2024. On April 12, 2024, Yorkville further agreed that, to the extent that it holds Class A Common Stock in such quantities that would prevent the Company from utilizing the SEPA solely due to the Ownership Limitation, Yorkville commits to fund an additional advance in the principal amount of $13.0 million on the same terms and conditions as the previous advances pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA. On May 2, 2024, the Company and Yorkville reached an agreement to reduce the Floor Price under the Yorkville SEPA from $25.00 to $12.50. On July 11, 2024, the daily VWAP for our Class A Common Stock had been below the Floor Price for ten consecutive trading days, resulting in a Floor Price Trigger. On July 12, 2024, Yorkville agreed to extend the due date for the first Monthly Payment, due as a result of a Floor Price Trigger, to September 11, 2024. On August 13, 2024, the Company and Yorkville reached an agreement to reduce the Floor Price under the Yorkville SEPA from $12.50 to $3.75, thereby curing the Floor Price Trigger pursuant to the terms of the Yorkville SEPA. On December 6, 2024, stockholders holding at least a majority of our outstanding voting capital stock, including our Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, approved by written consent as required by Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), the issuance of shares of common stock of the Company in excess of the Exchange Cap set forth in the Yorkville SEPA. Effective January 8, 2025, the Exchange Cap was effectively lifted, allowing the Company to issue shares to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA and the Yorkville Convertible Notes in excess of the Exchange Cap. On January 24, 2025, the Company and Yorkville agreed that Monthly Payments resulting from a Floor Price Trigger would be due no sooner than April 30, 2025, and that the Company would initiate Advance Notices weekly to issue and sell shares remaining under an existing effective registration statement. On April 10, 2025, Yorkville further agreed to: (i) extend the due date for the first Monthly Payment to November 30, 2026, (ii) extend the maturity date of the Convertible Notes to November 30, 2026, and (iii) to waive Volume Threshold and Maximum Advance Amount limitations set forth in the Yorkville SEPA.

Risks Related to IT Systems and Cybersecurity

In this section “we,” “us,” “our,” and other similar terms refer to Legacy MSP Recovery prior to the Business Combination and to the Company following the Business Combination.

We obtain and process a large amount of sensitive data. Our systems and networks may be subject to cybersecurity breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information. Any real or perceived improper use of, disclosure of, or access to such data could harm our reputation as a trusted brand, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on IT networks and systems to process and store electronic information. We collect and store sensitive data, including PHI on our IT networks. Our systems may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, viruses, hackers, and other potential sources of security breaches or incidents. We may not be able to prevent incidents of inappropriate use or disclosure or unauthorized access to or acquisition. Despite the implementation of security measures, our information technology networks and systems have been, and in the future may be, vulnerable to disruptions and shutdowns due to attacks by hackers or breaches due to malfeasance by contractors, employees, and others who have access to our networks and systems. The occurrence of any of these cybersecurity events could compromise our networks and the information stored on our networks could be accessed. Any such access could disrupt our operations, adversely affect the willingness of existing or potential Assignors to do business with us or result in legal claims, liability, reputational damage, or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We rely heavily on technology to communicate internally and efficiently perform our services. We have implemented measures that are designed to mitigate the potential adverse effects of a disruption, relocation, or change in operating environment; however, we cannot provide assurance that the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage that we maintain will be adequate in any particular case. In addition, despite system redundancy and security measures, our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other sources:

If we encounter a business interruption, if we fail to effectively maintain our information systems, if it takes longer than we anticipate to complete required upgrades, enhancements, or integrations, or if our business continuity plans and business interruption insurance do not effectively compensate on a timely basis, we could suffer operational disruptions, disputes with Assignors, civil or criminal penalties, regulatory problems, increases in administrative expenses, loss of our ability to produce timely and accurate financial and other reports or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As we collect and manage large amounts of data, it is possible that hardware failures or errors in our systems could result in data loss or corruption or cause the information that we collect to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our partners regard as significant. If our data were found to be inaccurate or unreliable due to fraud or other error, or if we, or any of the third-party service providers we engage, were to fail to maintain information systems and data integrity effectively, we could experience operational disruptions that may hinder our ability to provide services, establish appropriate pricing for services, retain and attract Assignors, establish reserves, timely report financial results, and accurately and maintain regulatory compliance, among other things. Additionally, as Assignors maintain their own supporting documentation, data, and records, it is possible that they may provide us with erroneous or inaccurate data. The occurrence of any of these events could cause our solutions to be perceived as vulnerable, cause our Assignors to lose confidence in our solutions, negatively affect our ability to attract new Assignors, and cause existing Assignors to terminate or not renew our solutions. If the information is lost, improperly disclosed, or threatened to be disclosed, we could incur significant liability and be subject to regulatory scrutiny and penalties. Furthermore, we could be forced to expend significant resources in response to a security breach, including investigating the cause of the breach, repairing system damage, increasing cyber-security protection costs by deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, notifying and providing credit monitoring to affected individuals, paying regulatory fines and litigating and resolving legal Claims and regulatory actions, all of which could increase our expenses and divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations.

In addition, if our own confidential business information were improperly disclosed, our business could be materially adversely affected. A core aspect of our business is the reliability and security of our technology platform. Any perceived or actual breach of security could have a significant impact on our reputation as a trusted brand, cause us to lose existing Assignors, prevent us from obtaining new Assignors, require us to expend significant funds to remedy problems caused by breaches and to implement measures to prevent further breaches and expose us to legal risk and potential liability. Any security breach at a third-party vendor providing services to us could have similar effects. Any breach or disruption of any systems or networks on which we rely could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our information technology strategy and execution are critical to our continued success. We expect to continue to invest in long-term solutions that will enable us to continue being a differentiator in the market and to protect against cybersecurity risks and threats. Our success is dependent, in large part, on maintaining the effectiveness of existing technology systems and continuing to deliver and enhance technology systems that support our business processes in a cost-efficient and resource-efficient manner. Increasing regulatory and legislative changes will place additional demands on our information technology infrastructure that could have a direct impact on resources available for other projects tied to our strategic initiatives. In addition, recent trends toward greater patient engagement in health care require new and enhanced technologies, including more sophisticated applications for mobile devices. Connectivity among technologies is becoming increasingly important. We must continue to develop our systems to meet market standards and keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving industry and regulatory standards and patient needs. Failure to do so may present compliance challenges and impede our ability to deliver services in a competitive manner. Further, because system development projects are long-term in nature, they may be more costly than expected to complete and may not deliver the expected benefits upon completion. Our failure to effectively invest in, implement improvements to, and properly maintain the uninterrupted operation and data integrity of our information technology and other business systems could adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flow.

If any of our employees or contractors take, convert, or misuse confidential business information, or we experience a data breach creating a risk of identity theft, we could be liable for damages and our business reputation could be damaged. In addition, we could be perceived to have facilitated or participated in illegal misappropriation of documents or data and, therefore, be subject to civil or criminal liability. In addition, federal and state regulators may take the position that a data breach or misdirection of data constitutes an unfair or deceptive act or trade practice. We also may be required to notify individuals affected by any data breaches. Further, a data breach or similar incident could impact the ability of our Assignors that are creditors to comply with the federal “red flags” rules, which require the implementation of identity theft prevention programs to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft in connection with Assignor accounts, which could be costly. If data utilized in our solutions are misappropriated for the purposes of identity theft or similar illegal behavior, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Increased cybersecurity requirements, vulnerabilities, threats, and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime could pose a risk to our systems, networks, products, solutions, services, and data.

As the perpetrators of cyberattacks become more capable, as cybercrime becomes commoditized, and as critical infrastructure is increasingly becoming digitized, the risks in this area continue to grow. While we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing certain physical, administrative, and technical measures, including, but not limited to, employee training, logical access controls, monitoring and testing, and maintenance of protective systems and contingency plans, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats, and we cannot assure that the impact from such threats will not be material.

We regularly assess external and internal cybersecurity-related risks and identify potential improvements to our cybersecurity program, including its staffing, processes, and technology. When potential improvements are identified, we weigh the costs and benefits of such improvements and, if selected, the improvements are added to an agenda for possible implementation. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs implementing additional security measures to protect against existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flow.

Certain of our activities present the potential for identity theft or similar illegal behavior by employees, contractors, or third parties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our solutions involve the use and disclosure of PHI that, in some cases, could be used to impersonate third parties or otherwise improperly gain access to their data or funds. If an employee or contractor were to take, convert, or misuse such information, or we experience a data breach creating a risk of identity theft, we could be liable for damages and our business reputation could be damaged. In addition, we could be perceived to have facilitated or participated in illegal misappropriation of documents or data and, therefore, be subject to civil or criminal liability. In addition, federal and state regulators may take the position that a data breach or misdirection of data constitutes an unfair or deceptive act or trade practice. We also may be required to notify individuals affected by any data breaches. Further, a data breach or similar incident could impact the ability of our Assignors, those of whom are creditors, to comply with the federal “red flags” rules, which require the implementation of identity theft prevention programs to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with Assignor accounts, which could be costly. If data utilized in our solutions are misappropriated for the purposes of identity theft or similar illegal behavior, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with applicable privacy, security, and data laws, regulations and standards, including with respect to third-party service providers that utilize sensitive personal information on our behalf, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have Assignors throughout the United States and Puerto Rico, and may expand our business into foreign markets. Our solutions may contain PHI of patients located domestically and abroad. Therefore, we may be subject to the privacy laws of each such jurisdiction, which may vary and, in some cases, can impose more restrictive requirements than federal law. Where state laws are more protective, we have to comply with the stricter provisions. In addition to fines and penalties imposed upon violators, some of these state laws also afford private rights of action to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused. California’s patient privacy laws, for example, provide for penalties of up to $250,000 and permit injured parties to sue for damages. The interplay of federal and state laws may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us and our Assignors and potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity, and liability. Further, as regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase, and laws and regulations concerning the protection of personal information expand and become more complex, these potential risks to our business could intensify. Changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data, such as PHI or personally identifiable information, along with increased customer demands for enhanced data security infrastructure, could greatly increase the cost of providing our services, decrease demand for our services, reduce our revenue, and/or subject us to additional liabilities.

The following legal and regulatory developments also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations:

In the event we fail to maintain our SOC 2, HITRUST or other certifications, we could be in breach of our obligations under our contracts; fines and other penalties could result, we may suffer reputational harm, and our business could be damaged, limiting our ability to generate revenue.

In addition to government regulations and securities laws, we are subject to self-regulatory standards and industry certifications that may legally or contractually apply to us. These include Security Organization Control 2 (“SOC 2”), with which we are currently compliant. In the event we fail to maintain our SOC 2 compliance or fail to receive recertification from HITRUST, we could be in breach of our obligations under Assignor agreements and other contracts, fines, and other penalties could result, and we may suffer reputational harm and damage to our business. Further, our Assignors may expect us to comply with more stringent privacy and data security requirements than those imposed by laws, regulations, or self-regulatory requirements, and we may be obligated contractually to comply with additional or different standards relating to our handling or protection of data.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws or regulations, industry standards, or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected privacy or security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of PHI or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties, or adverse publicity and could cause our Assignors to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to pursue recoveries could be limited. Any of these developments could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Privacy and data security concerns may inhibit retention of our systems by existing Assignors or onboarding onto or, in the case of our Chase to Pay services, adoption of our systems by new Assignors. For more information on Chase to Pay services, please see the section entitled “Business - Chase to Pay.”

If we fail to anticipate and adapt to the growing use of artificial intelligence in our industry, other competing products and services that do so more effectively could surpass us and lead to decreased demand for our platform and products.

The use of artificial intelligence applications is pervasive in the data analytics industry, and we expect its use to grow. If our vendors and business partners adopt new artificial intelligence platforms, we may need to develop integrations and functionalities related to these new networks and platforms to remain competitive. These development efforts may require significant costs, including compliance expenses, research and development costs, and/or licensing fees, all of which could adversely affect our business, cash flow, and operating results.

The use of new and evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in our business may result in spending material resources and presents risks and challenges, which may expose the Company to reputational harm and liability that could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, earnings, and the value of our publicly traded securities.

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence will require the application of significant resources to design, develop, test, and maintain our products and services to help ensure that artificial intelligence is implemented in accordance with applicable law and regulation to minimize any real or perceived unintended harmful impacts.

Our vendors may incorporate artificial intelligence tools into their services, and the providers of these artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards, including with respect to privacy and data security.

Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of artificial intelligence, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information, and intellectual property. Any of these effects could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information, cause us to breach applicable laws and regulations, and adversely impact our business and operating results.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties.

We lease our corporate headquarters and maintain our executive offices in an office building located at 3150 SW 38th Avenue, Suite 1100, Miami, Florida 33146. We also lease office space in Puerto Rico. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current and planned levels of operation.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Regardless of outcome, such proceedings or claims can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.

Investigations

On August 11, 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) initiated an investigation of the Company, and requested documents relating to, among other matters, the Business Combination transaction with Lionheart Acquisition Corporation II consummated on May 23, 2022, certain historical and projected financial results, investor agreements, and data analytic platforms and

Algorithms. The Company received a subpoena dated March 1, 2023 from the SEC regarding the aforementioned subject matter, and subsequently received a subpoena on May 10, 2023, in connection with the investigation relating to, among other matters, the Company’s projections and the accounting and valuation of certain assets that were the basis for the Company’s determination that its quarterly financial statements for the periods ended June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022 require restatements and should no longer be relied upon, as disclosed in the Company’s Form 8-K on April 14, 2023. On August 16, 2023, the Company received an additional subpoena from the SEC regarding certain funding sources of the Company prior to the Business Combination, various statements and disclosures by the Company in connection with, and following, the Business Combination, certain historical and projected financial results, and data analytic platforms and Algorithms used to identify potential recoveries.

In addition, on March 10, 2023, the Company received a subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) in connection with a grand jury investigation in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida requesting certain information concerning the Company, which subpoena requests documents relating to, among other matters, the Company’s proprietary Algorithms and other software used to identify potentially recoverable claims, the drop in the price of the Company’s common stock following the Business Combination, and certain marketing materials and investment agreements presented to potential investors. On July 18, 2024, the Company received an additional subpoena from the USAO, requesting documents related to a Company press release. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Department of Justice has not issued any target letters to anyone associated with the Company as a result of this investigation. (The United States Attorney’s Manual states that a “target” is a person as to whom the prosecutor or the grand jury has substantial evidence linking him or her to the commission of a crime and who, in the judgment of the prosecutor, is a putative defendant.)

The Company has cooperated, and will continue to cooperate, fully with these inquiries. On April 16, 2023, a special committee of the Board of Directors was formed, which along with external advisors retained thereby, reviewed matters related to the preparation and filing of the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and the subject matter of information requests related to the foregoing subpoenas received prior to June 2023. Based on that review, and the nature of the documents requested in the subsequent subpoena, the Company believes that the investigations will be resolved without any material developments; however, there can be no assurance as to the outcome or future direction thereof.

Cano Health

On July 7, 2023, the Company issued 318,401 shares of Class A Common Stock to Cano Health, LLC (“Cano”) as payment for $61.7 million in deferred compensation related to the following agreements, which the Company had the option to pay in cash or in stock and has elected to pay in stock, of which (i) 129,033 shares of Class A Common Stock were issued as deferred consideration for the assignment of certain claims pursuant to that certain Purchase Agreement, effective as of September 30, 2022, as amended to date, by and between the Company and Cano (“Cano Purchase Agreement”), and (ii) 189,368 shares of Class A Common Stock were issued as deferred consideration for the assignment of certain claims pursuant to that certain Amended and Restated Claims Recovery and Assignment Agreement effective as of December 31, 2021, as amended to date, by and between the Company and Cano (“Cano CCRA”).

On August 10, 2023, the Company sued Cano in the Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida for declaratory relief and anticipatory breach of the Cano CCRA, Cano Purchase Agreement, and a Service Agreement (collectively, the “Cano Agreements”) between the parties. On the same day, Cano sued the Company in the same court, alleging fraud in the inducement, breach of contract, tortious interference, and unjust enrichment relating to the Cano Agreements. The Company has a $5.0 million receivable outstanding from Cano; however, due to Cano’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filings for the periods ending June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, which include a substantial doubt about Cano’s ability to continue as a going concern, and Cano’s subsequent filing of voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code on February 4, 2024, the Company established a reserve for the balance due under such receivable during 2023. These matters were automatically stayed as a result of Cano’s bankruptcy filing. As of June 28, 2024, the Debtors’ Plan has been confirmed and declared effective. The automatic stay of litigation has been lifted and the parties anticipate the ongoing litigation to re-commence under a new scheduling order.

On January 4, 2024, Cano sued Simply Healthcare Plans, Inc. (“Simply”) and the Company and affiliated entities seeking a declaratory judgment to determine whether the Cano Purchase Agreement should be rescinded, and whether Cano or the Company have standing to recover on claims assigned to the Company against Simply under the Cano Purchase Agreement. Cano also sought damages from Simply relating to the claims assigned to the Company under the Cano Purchase Agreement. Effective March 4, 2025, Cano voluntarily dismissed their case against Simply without prejudice.

The Company intends to vigorously assert its position in all Cano related litigation.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market for our Common Stock and Warrants

Our Class A Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol “MSPR.”

Our Class V Common stock is not listed on any stock exchange nor traded on any public market.

Our Public Warrants are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol “MSPRZ.”

Our New Warrants are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol “MSPRW.”

Record Holders

As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 84 stockholders of record of our Class A Common Stock and the closing price of our Class A Common Stock was $2.27 per share as reported on the Nasdaq Stock Market; there was approximately one holder of record of our Public Warrants, and there were approximately eight holders of record of our New Warrants. As many of our publicly traded securities are held by brokers and other institutions in street name on behalf of beneficial owners, we are unable to estimate the total number of holders for our securities that are represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and to fund future growth and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to applicable law, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

Palantir

During the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, the Company issued 305,133 unregistered shares of Class A Common Stock to Palantir, in exchange for services provided in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933.

John H. Ruiz

Pursuant to a purchase agreement dated March 4, 2024, and as disclosed on his Form 4 dated March 4, 2024, the Company issued 17,544 unregistered shares of Class A Common Stock to Virage in satisfaction of certain obligations of the Company, which shares were subsequently purchased from Virage by Mr. Ruiz.

VRP

In partial satisfaction of amounts owed by the Company pursuant to that certain Services Agreement dated May 20, 2022 between Virage and the Company, on May 23, 2024 the Company issued, among other things, 20,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to VRP.

Yorkville

During 2024, the Company sold 1,108,071 shares of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville pursuant to investor and/or advance notices delivered under the Yorkville SEPA at prices between $1.78 and $21.09 per share. The proceeds therefrom were used to: (i) reduce amounts owed under Yorkville Note #1 by $2.8 million and $0.2 million of principal and interest, respectively, for fiscal year 2024, (ii) $0.5 million to fund operations of the Company, and (iii) $2.6 million of payment to reduce amounts owed under the Nomura Note for fiscal year 2024.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”). Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this subsection to “we,” or “the Company” refers to Legacy MSP prior to the Business Combination and the Company after the Business Combination. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon the Company’s current expectations, estimates, and projections that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other considerations, the matters discussed under “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Our Business

MSP Recovery is a leading healthcare reimbursement recovery and data analytics company, providing historical and Near Real-Time solutions for payers, providers, and patients. We focus on discovering losses and recovering improper payments for Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial health insurers, disrupting the antiquated healthcare reimbursement system. We also provide innovative technology and comprehensive services for multiple industries including healthcare and legal.

Medicare and Medicaid are payers of last resort. Too often, they end up being the first and only payers, because the responsible payer is not identified or billed. As Medicare and Medicaid pay a far lower rate than what other insurers are often billed, this costs the healthcare system (and the supporting taxpayers) tens of billions of dollars a year attributable to improper billing and lost recoveries. By discovering, quantifying, and settling the billed-to-paid gap on a large-scale basis, the Company is positioned to generate meaningful annual recovery revenue at high profit margins.

Our access to large volumes of data, sophisticated data analytics platforms, and advanced technology provide a unique opportunity to discover and recover improper healthcare Claims payments. We have developed Algorithms to identify waste, fraud, and abuse in the Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial health insurance sectors. Our team of experienced data scientists and medical professionals analyze historical medical Claims data to identify recoverable opportunities. Once potential recoveries are reviewed by our team, they are aggregated and pursued. Through statutory law and case law, we believe we have an established basis for future recoveries.

We differ from our competitors as we receive our recovery rights through irrevocable assignments of Claims. When we are assigned these rights by our clients, we assume risk that our competitors do not. Rather than provide services under a third-party vendor services contract, we receive the rights to certain recovery proceeds from our Assignors’ Claims (and, in most cases, take assignment of the Claims themselves, allowing us to step into the Assignor clients’ shoes). As we, or our affiliated entities, are assigned the recovery rights associated with Claims, we are the plaintiff in any action filed and therefore exercise control over the direction of the litigation. By receiving Claims through assignment, we can pursue additional recoveries under numerous legal theories that our competitors cannot. Although we own the assigned Claims, for a significant portion of assigned Claims, our ability to pursue recoveries depends on our ongoing access to data associated with those Claims through data access rights granted to us. The termination of said data access rights would substantially impair our ability to generate recoveries on those Claims.

We are entitled to a portion of any recovery rights associated with approximately $1,591 billion in Billed Amount (and approximately $380 billion in Paid Amount), which contains approximately $87.7 billion in Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, as of December 31, 2024. We believe it would take any competitor significant time to amass the portfolio of Claims rights currently owned by us due to, among things, the volume of our Claims data retained and strength of our data analytics, which we believe are key to attracting new clients that are willing to assign Claims to us.

Healthcare Industry

Our business is directly related to the healthcare industry and is affected by healthcare spending and complexity in the healthcare industry. We estimate that our total potentially serviceable market is over $161.5 billion annually. Our primary focus is on the Medicare and Medicaid market segments. Medicare is the second largest government program, with annual expenditures during 2023 of approximately $1,029.8 billion for approximately 68.0 million enrollees. Medicaid has a combined estimated annual expenditure during 2023 of approximately $871.7 billion for approximately 88.5 million enrollees. Of the billions spent yearly by Medicare on medical expenses for its beneficiaries, we estimate that at least 10% of this was improperly paid by private Medicare plans.

Our potentially serviceable market is impacted by the expansion or contraction of healthcare coverage and spending, which directly affects the number of Claims available. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has projected that health spending will continue to grow at an average rate of 5.6% a year between 2023 and 2032. We also believe reimbursement models may become more complex as healthcare payers accommodate new markets and lines of business and as advancements in medical care increase the number of testing and treatment options available. As reimbursement models grow more complex and healthcare coverage increases, the complexity and number of Claims may also increase, which could impact the demand for our solutions. Such changes could have a further impact on our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024, approximately 95.9% of our expected recoveries arise from Claims being brought under the Medicare Secondary Payer Act. While we believe the MSP Act has bipartisan support, changes to the laws on which we base our recoveries, particularly the MSP Act, can adversely affect our business. Our ability to generate future revenue is therefore significantly dependent on factors outside our control.

Our Business Model

Discover Losses/Recover Reimbursements

We receive irrevocable assignments of health Claims recovery rights through CCRAs from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, MAOs, MSOs, HMOs, hospitals, and other at-risk entities. We utilize our proprietary internal data analytics platforms to review healthcare Claims and identify Claims with probable recovery paths.

Once Claims have been assigned, our data analysts run proprietary Algorithms to identify potential recoveries. Results are then quality checked by our internal medical team. We contract with the Law Firm and other law firms across the country to pursue recoveries through the legal system. Where appropriate, the Law Firm contacts primary payers to demand payment of amounts owed. Prior to litigation, there may be an incentive for the primary insurer to settle as, pursuant to the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, an action for damages in the case of a primary plan which fails to provide for primary payment (or appropriate reimbursement) shall be in an amount double the amount otherwise provided.

We engage with each Assignor independently. We are generally entitled to 100% of recoveries pursuant to our CCRAs; from those recoveries, we are typically obligated to pay 50% of Net Proceeds to the Assignor. In certain cases, we have purchased the Assignor’s rights to recovery proceeds in advance of any collection; therefore, entitling the Company to retain 100% of the Net Proceeds. In some instances, we may purchase outright an Assignor’s recovery rights; in this instance, we are entitled to the entire recovery. In some cases, we have entered into arrangements to transfer CCRAs or rights to proceeds from CCRAs to other parties. Such sales include variable consideration in the form of payments that will be made only upon achievement of certain recoveries or based on a percentage of actual recoveries. In other cases, the Company has pledged proceeds which are due to the Company to repay certain obligations, such as the Purchase Money Loan, the Working Capital Credit Facility, and the MTA. We have yet to generate substantial revenue from the recovery model.

Claims Recovery Services

We may also recognize Claims recovery service revenue from our services to clients, assisting entities with the pursuit of Claims recovery rights by identifying recoverable Claims and providing data matching and legal services. Under our Claims recovery services model, we do not own the rights to Claims but provide our services for a fee based on budgeted expenses for the month with an adjustment for the variance between budget and actual expense from the prior month. The fees received pursuant to a Claims recovery service agreement are related to expenses incurred and are not tied to the Billed Amount or potential recovery amounts. Although we believe our future business to be highly tied to the Recovery model and Chase to Pay, we may enter into these contracts as the market dictates. The Company did not recognize any Claims recovery service income during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Industry Solutions

The MSP Ecosystem

MSP Recovery has developed a comprehensive ecosystem to enhance healthcare reimbursement processes, integrating advanced data analytics, Near Real-Time insights, and technological tools to provide connectivity between property and casualty insurers, health plans, providers, patients, and stakeholders. This integrated ecosystem analyzes data from various sources to identify responsible parties, assists providers in receiving reasonable and customary rates for accident-related treatment, shortens the company’s collection time frame, and increases revenue visibility and predictability for its users.

The Chase to Pay platform was designed to significantly improve payment accuracy in our fragmented healthcare system. Chase to Pay is a near real-time analytics driven platform that identifies the proper primary insurer at or near the point of care, helping to determine primary and secondary payers. Chase to Pay is intended to integrate with medical utilization platforms used by providers during patient care and treatment. Rather than allow a wrongful payment whereby the secondary payer needs to chase down the primary payer to collect a reimbursement, Chase to Pay helps to prevent wrongful payments in the first place, and ensures that the correct payer pays. Furthermore, as primary payers typically pay a negotiated or commercially reasonable rate, rather than the deeply discounted Medicare rate; the Company is entitled to pursue the full amount that primary payer would have been responsible to pay, had they paid in the first instance.

As Chase to Pay was designed to work at or near the point of care, it is expected to substantially improve the propriety of payments and decrease the legal costs of recovery. As a result, when implemented, Chase to Pay is expected to improve the net recovery margin as the recovery multiple grows and variable legal costs to recover decline. As a result of having already received data from property & casualty insurance carriers we've settled with for historical claims, and based on the agreement with said carriers to receive data for one year from the date of the settlement, the Chase to Pay platform can be utilized to pursue additional recoveries by matching the insurance carrier with Claims data received from our Assignors.

Although we have not yet generated revenue from this platform, some Assignors send data to the Company on a monthly or quarterly basis. The Company is working to increase the number of Assignors that provide daily data outputs. We are currently in the process of determining the pricing and form of these arrangements.

MSP/Palantir Clearinghouse Platform

The clearinghouse platform, created in collaboration with Palantir, was developed to identify, quantify, and resolve outstanding liens. By law, Medicare and MA Plans are payers of last resort, making no-fault insurers the primary payers, responsible to exhaust their policy limits to pay for accident-related claims before Medicare bears any responsibility. Healthcare providers often submit Claims for the payment of medical services rendered after an accident to the patient’s health insurer, either seeking “conditional payments,” pending reimbursement by a primary payer, or entirely unaware that a primary payer has payment obligations. Medicare is unable to effectively verify if and how much is owed for any particular claimant if they are not aware that there is a Primary Payer involved.

Federal law requires primary payers to maintain and report the “key identifiers” for all claimants (such as their name, Social Security number, address, etc.) used to determine a claimant’s Medicare status before settling any injury claim. These steps are required to ensure that Medicare is alerted to primary payer obligations in order to seek reimbursement. Primary payers routinely fail to fulfill these two duties, resulting in improper Medicare payments, rather than payments made by responsible parties, as required by law. The Company has proven that, in some instances, primary payers have a reporting rate as low as 2%, thus those certain primary payers have failed to comply with the law 98% of the time.

We expect that the clearinghouse platform is a potential solution to this systemic problem, integrating advanced artificial intelligence (“AI”) tools, natural language processing (“NLP”), and machine learning (“ML”) to create a robust data analytics system capable of capturing and managing extensive healthcare data from multiple sources.

Key Features and Benefits:

Through the clearinghouse platform, the Company aims to transform the healthcare reimbursement system by leveraging advanced technologies to improve data connectivity and enhance operational efficiency, leading to improved patient outcomes.

EHR Platform

MSP Recovery has developed an Electronic Health Record (“EHR”) platform (the “EHR Platform”), enabling patients and their authorized third-party representatives to collect, distribute, and export their EHR securely, facilitating informed decision-making and improved healthcare outcomes. The EHR Platform streamlines the retrieval and analysis of medical data. It also provides comprehensive insights for healthcare providers, enhancing efficiency, and monitoring outcomes and key performance indicators. The use of blockchain technology tokenization helps improve accuracy in patient care and treatment while minimizing errors in billing and payment. This aims to prevent fraud and abuse while supporting proactive, patient-centered care.

Recent Updates

2024 Reverse Stock Split

Effective 11:59 PM EDT on November 15, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of the Company’s Common Stock (the “2024 Reverse Split”). The stock began trading post split on November 18, 2024 under the same symbol. As a result of the 2024 Reverse Split, every 25 shares of the Company’s Common Stock were converted into one share of the Company’s new Common Stock. Fractional shares resulting from the 2024 Reverse Split were rounded up to the nearest whole number. The 2024 Reverse Split automatically and proportionately adjusted, based on the 1-for-25 split ratio, all issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock, as well as the terms of warrants and other derivative securities outstanding at the time of the effectiveness of the 2024 Reverse Split. Proportionate adjustments were made to the per share exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of all outstanding stock options and warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock.

Primary Market Transfer

On December 6, 2024, the Company received notification from the Staff that the Company’s application to transfer the listing of its Class A Common Stock and publicly traded warrants from the Nasdaq Global Market to the Nasdaq Capital Market was approved. The Company’s securities transferred to the Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of business on December 10, 2024. The Nasdaq Capital Market operates in substantially the same manner as the Nasdaq Global Market, and listed companies must meet certain financial requirements and comply with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.

Symbol Change

Effective December 9, 2024, the Company consolidated all lines of business under the MSP Recovery brand, and the Company’s Class A Common Stock, New Warrants, and Public Warrants began trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbols “MSPR,” “MSPRW,” and “MSPRZ,” respectively. Prior to this change, the Company was known as LifeWallet.

Going Concern

The Company has assessed its ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to the “Going Concern” section within Liquidity and Capital Resources below for analysis and conclusion.

Impairment of Intangible Assets

During the Company’s fourth quarter review of its CCRAs, the Company identified potential impairment indicators, such as recurring operating losses, and a lack of substantial revenue generated from our Claims portfolio to date, which it considered in its evaluation of its definite-lived intangible assets. As a result, the Company performed a recoverability analysis on the definite-lived CCRA intangible assets in the fourth quarter of 2024. The recoverability analysis primarily included unobservable inputs, including internally developed assumptions about the estimated market share of insurance carriers that may not have paid claims due to Assignors, undiscounted cash flows of potential estimated recoveries from those carriers, the corresponding direct costs associated with those estimated recoveries, and the Company’s ability to successfully litigate or negotiate settlements.

An asset group is impaired if the estimated undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset group’s carrying value. Impairment is measured by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value. The Company performed a probability-weighted undiscounted net cash flow analyses, taking into account various scenarios of expected cash flows, some of which rendered positive results, while others rendered negative results. Given that the probability-weighted average cash flows of all scenarios were below the carrying value, the Company performed a fair value assessment to measure impairment loss.

The fair value assessment of the intangible assets was determined using the income approach. The significant inputs and assumptions used in the estimate of fair value were primarily Level 3 inputs, and include internally developed assumptions used in the undiscounted analysis, as well as the determination of an appropriate discount rate. The Company’s estimation of the fair value of its CCRA intangible assets resulted in a non-cash impairment charge amount of $752.7 million recorded during the fourth quarter of 2024 in Impairment of intangible assets in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. The estimation of the fair value requires significant management judgment with respect to the estimates discussed above. The estimates of the fair value are based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment. Small changes in the significant inputs and assumptions would increase or decrease estimated discounted future operating cash flows and could increase or decrease an impairment charge by a material amount. If actual results or future expectations are not consistent with the assumptions used in our estimate of fair value, it may result in the recording of additional impairment charges in the future which could be material.

2024 Settlements

During fiscal year 2024, the Company entered into comprehensive settlements with property and casualty insurers (the “P&C Insurers”) on March 1, 2024, April 18, 2024, July 16, 2024, and November 11, 2024. Although the identity of the parties and terms of settlement are confidential, the settlement terms include:

In addition, the Company entered into confidential settlement agreements with certain pharmaceutical manufacturers, medical device manufacturers, and patient assistant organizations:

Yorkville Amendments

At the close of Primary Market trading on October 18, 2024, the daily VWAP for MSP Recovery, Inc.’s (the “Company”) Class A Common Stock was below the Floor Price (which is $3.75), as defined in the Exchangeable Promissory Notes (“Notes”) issued to YA II PN, Ltd. (“Yorkville”) pursuant to the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement dated November 14, 2023, as amended (the “SEPA”), by and between Yorkville and the Company, for ten consecutive Trading Days, resulting in a Floor Price Trigger pursuant to the Notes. Upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event, the Company shall make monthly payments (“Monthly Payments”) beginning on the 7th Trading Day after the date of the Trigger Event and continuing on the same day of each successive month.

On April 10, 2025, Yorkville agreed: (i) that the first Monthly Payment, as set forth in Section (1)(c) of the Notes, would be due from the Company no sooner than November 30, 2026, (ii) the maturity date of the Convertible Notes is extended to November 30, 2026, and (iii) to waive Volume Threshold and Maximum Advance Amount limitations set forth in the Yorkville SEPA.

Capitalized but undefined terms have the same meaning as set forth in the Yorkville SEPA and the Notes.

LSA Amendment

On April 14, 2025, Lionheart II Holdings, LLC (“Lionheart”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, executed Amendment No. 1 to its Legal Services Agreement with La Ley con John H. Ruiz, P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm (“La Ley”), and MSP Law Firm, PLLC (collectively with La Ley, “Law Firm”) which, effective December 31, 2024: (i) terminates any obligation by the Company or its subsidiaries to provide further advances to fund the Law Firm, and provides that any Compensation earned by the Law Firm will be first used to repay the Advance Balance to Lionheart.

Restructuring Plan

As described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 10, 2025, on April 4, 2025, Virage Recovery Master, LP (“Virage”); Virage Capital Management, LP; Hazel Partners Holdings, LLC (“HPH”); Hazel Holdings I, LLC (and together with HPH, “Hazel”); La Ley con John H. Ruiz P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm; MSP Recovery, LLC; MSP Law Firm PLLC; MSP Recovery, Inc. (the “Company”), John H. Ruiz, and Frank C. Quesada (collectively, the “Parties”) entered into a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) agreeing to certain terms and transactions that are designed to reduce costs of the Company through a servicer, deleverage the Company by converting certain debt of certain creditors into equity, provide access to $9.75 million of bridge funding to the Company (of which $6.5 million remains available through July 2025 (of which $6.5 million remains available through July 2025 pursuant to the Term Sheet, $2.75 million of which remains available under the Operational Collection Floor at the sole discretion of HPH) and up to $25 million of working capital for New Servicer (as defined below), and focus the Company’s operations, through the New Servicer, on the core business model of pursuing recoveries under the MSP Laws so that it can achieve its long-term recovery goals. Beyond July 2025, the Company’s anticipated sources of funding include the MSP Principals’ commitment to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital funding for the Company, potential distributions under our Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, Ltd. (the “Yorkville SEPA”), and claims recovery proceeds, subject to debt obligations on certain of the claims.

These proposed transactions are subject to, among other things, further negotiation and the execution of definitive agreements, regulatory approvals, certain third-party consents and approvals, and shareholder approvals if required by the Nasdaq Stock Market. The obligation of Hazel and its affiliates to enter into definitive documents is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent, at their sole discretion, including, but not limited to, satisfactory finalization of due diligence and all required internal approvals, receipt of certain third-party consents required, and finalization of documentation. Consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Term Sheet are also subject to additional fundings by other parties and certain debt concessions by other stakeholders. As a result, there can be no guarantee that the transactions contemplated by the Term Sheet will be consummated.

The proposed transactions include, but are not limited to, the following transactions:

The Company shall establish a new subsidiary (“New Servicer”) to provide and control recovery efforts, by way of litigation, demand letters, settlements, or other means, in connection with existing claim recovery rights (to the extent assignable), and those acquired in the future, held in special purpose vehicles (“SPV”), wholly owned by New Servicer, to hold any new claims acquired. The

Company will license its intellectual property to the New Servicer in exchange for a license fee of 17.5% of New Servicer’s excess cash flow, with a minimum fee of $1.55 million paid on May 30, 2025, and June 30, 2025. New Servicer will be funded by an affiliate of Hazel (hereinafter, “Funder”), up to $25 million in funding, as set forth below, with a right of first refusal for additional funding needs. New Servicer will be independently managed and be separately governed by an independent board of directors, including a chief executive officer chosen by Funder and consented to by the Company, one director chosen by the Company, and one independent director chosen by Funder and approved by the Company. Funder’s governance rights shall terminate once all Hazel loans have been repaid in full, and Funder’s Recovery Rights Interest (as defined below) in the New Servicer is less than 10%. Virage shall have observer rights to the New Servicer board of directors until the amounts owed to Virage pursuant to the Master Transaction Agreement dated March 9, 2022, as amended (the “MTA”), which was approximately $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024 (the “VRM Full Return”) has been repaid and Virage’s equity interest in the Company is less than 10%.

Funder has agreed to extend a line of credit to New Servicer of up to $25 million, funded in tranches of up to $1.75 million per month, subject to the New Servicer meeting certain milestones (which are currently being negotiated and to be agreed in definitive documentation), beginning September 2025, with a maturity date of June 30, 2027. New Servicer funding will accrue interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5% per annum for one year, and SOFR plus 10% thereafter. Funder will establish a first lien on the New Servicer; the Company will not guaranty the loan to fund New Servicer.

In addition, Funder or Hazel is entitled to receive to up to 35% of New Servicer’s excess cash flow (the “Recovery Rights Interest”). At its option, Funder may convert, in whole or part, its Recovery Rights Interest for up to 30% of the then outstanding shares of Company’s equity, measured as of the Closing and subject to dilution for stock issuance thereafter.

Moreover, Hazel agreed to provide up to $9.75 million in bridge loan funding to the Company under the existing Operational Collection Floor facility (in addition to the $16.0 million previously funded under the facility) in the amounts of: (i) $1.75 million for March 2025, which was funded on February 28, 2025; (ii) $1.5 million for April 2025, which was funded on April 4, 2025; (iii) $1.5 million for May 2025, to be funded on or about April 30, 2025; (iv) up to $2.0 million to fund the legal, accounting, and administrative expenses associated with the reorganization, subject to certain terms and customary conditions acceptable to Hazel, and minimum license fees of (v) $1.55 million for June 2025; and (vii) $1.55 million for July 2025. Funding is conditional, in part, on an increase in the pledge of collateral and personal guaranty by $9.75 million by Messrs. Ruiz and Quesada (the “MSP Principals”). Such minimum license fee payment will be paid from the Bridge Loan.

Beyond July 2025, the MSP Principals have committed to pledge $25 million of collateral to backstop additional working capital requirements of the Company, in addition to other previous sources of funding, including cash proceeds from the sale of Class A Common Stock to Yorkville pursuant to the Yorkville SEPA, and the proceeds from claims recoveries, subject to lien repayment on certain claims. In addition, the Company expects annual costs reductions due to New Servicer operations and shall be funded by the Funder (through New Servicer).

In addition, the Term Sheet requires (and is conditioned upon) La Ley con John H. Ruiz, P.A. d/b/a MSP Recovery Law Firm and MSP Law Firm, PLLC, collectively, raising $25 million for operational funding over two years, subject to similar milestones (to be agreed upon) as per the New Servicer funding, and to be entered into at completion of the proposed transaction.

In exchange for a 43% equity interest in the Company (inclusive of shares currently held and those shares acquired through warrant exercises pursuant to the Virage Term Sheet discussed below) Virage has agreed to waive all claims and release all liens against the Company relating to the VRM Full Return (approximately $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024), and the Parties agree that the VRM Full Return will be paid only from: (i) a junior lien against Subrogation Holdings proceeds, (ii) claims currently owned by Virage, (iii) liens over two tranches of claims currently owned by Hazel (which Hazel shall release as part of the reorganization transaction) and (iv) a non-recourse second lien up to $100 million over 50% of the proceeds from the New Servicer and associated SPVs, to the extent that the VRM Full Return has not been repaid.

In addition, the MSP Principals have agreed to convert 100% of the Company’s debt obligation to them, totaling approximately $144 million, into shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, the full and final amount of the debt-to-equity conversion is subject to tax analysis and approval of the MSP Principals and the Company’s Board of Directors.

Hazel’s existing loans to Subrogation Holdings and the amount of Company’s guaranty (currently approximately $100 million) remain unchanged except that such lien shall now exclude the Company’s intellectual property. Hazel agreed, subject to obtaining third-party consents, to extend the maturity date on all outstanding obligations to November 30, 2026. To secure the repayment of the existing Hazel loans to the extent such loans have not been repaid in full, the Company shall, for a principal amount of up to $235 million with an interest rate of SOFR plus 10% per annum: (i) pledge to Hazel 50.1% of the New Servicer and associated SPV equity interests; and (ii) grant a lien over 50% of the proceeds from New Servicer and associated SPVs, once the New Servicer funding has been repaid. In addition, to the extent the VRM Full Return has not been repaid, Virage has second lien of up to $100 million over 50% of the proceeds from New Servicer and associated SPVs.

On January 13, 2025, the Board delegated to an independent committee of the Board of Directors (the “Independent Committee”) the power and authority to, among other things, determine on behalf of the Board and the Company whether, to the extent any conflicts or potential conflicts exist or arise in the future among the Company and Messrs. Ruiz and Quesada, certain Restructuring and Proposals are advisable and fair to, and in the best interests of, the Company and its stockholders. The Independent Committee reviewed the Term Sheet and engaged legal counsel and financial advisors that are familiar with the Company and restructuring transactions to determine if the Term Sheet is advisable and fair, and in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. Although the Independent Committee identified material conflicts, those conflicts involve conditions precedent to the Term Sheet, and are resolvable to the satisfaction of the Independent Committee in furtherance of the Term Sheet and in the best interest of the Company; as such, the Independent Committee determined that it is advisable and in the best interests of the Company to approve the signing of the Term Sheet and subsequent entry into agreements consistent with the terms set forth therein.

Pursuant to the Term Sheet, the parties expect to enter into one or more definitive agreements by April 30, 2025.

VRM Warrant Issuance and Restructuring

Pursuant to the first Amendment to the Master Transaction Agreement, dated April 11, 2023 (the “First Amendment”), for each calendar month beginning with January 31, 2024 and ending when the VRM Full Return (as defined in the Master Transaction Agreement dated March 9, 2022 (as amended, the “MTA”)) is paid in full, the Company is required to either: (i) pay in cash or (ii) issue a warrant to purchase a number of shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company, or some combination thereof, to Virage Recovery Master LP (“VRM”) equal to the quotient of 1% of the calendar month-end balance of the Unpaid Base Amount (as defined in the MTA) (the “Required Monthly Issuance”). On April 14, 2025, the Company issued VRM Monthly Warrants for November 2024 and December 2024, for 3,277,808 and 6,332,792 shares respectively, exercisable at a purchase price of $0.0001 per share for a period of two years from the original issuance date, exercisable on a cashless basis only. To date, the Company has issued 12 warrants to VRM pursuant to the First Amendment, entitling Virage to purchase 19,361,939 shares of Class A Common Stock.

In connection with negotiations to restructure the Company’s obligations under the MTA, on February 18, 2025, the Company entered into a term sheet agreement with Virage (the “Virage Term Sheet”) to amend the MTA, whereby Virage and the Company agreed, subject to certain conditions, which have not been met as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to enter into definitive documentation at a later date to: (i) exercise the VRM Warrants to purchase that number of shares that would result in Virage owning 33 1/3% of the then issued and outstanding Common Stock (the “Warrant Exercise”), (ii) surrender to the Company any remaining unexercised VRM Warrants, or portions thereof, for termination, (iii) contemporaneous with the Warrant Exercise, terminate its agreement to hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company, (iv) subject to certain conditions, grant proxy voting rights to the MRCS Principals over an amount of shares of Common Stock issuable to Virage from the Warrant Exercise such that the MRCS Principals will have voting control over 51% of the total outstanding Parent Class A Common Stock, and (v) terminate any obligation of the Company to satisfy the Required Monthly Issuance. These proposed transactions under the Virage Term Sheet are subject to, among other things, further negotiation and the execution of definitive agreements, regulatory approvals, and shareholder approvals if required by the Nasdaq Stock Market; as a result, there can be no guarantee that the transactions thereby will be consummated.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results

Our Claims Portfolio

We differ from our competitors because we obtain our recovery rights through irrevocable assignments. When we are assigned these rights, we take on the risk that such Claims may not be recoverable. We are entitled to pursue a portion of any recovery rights associated with approximately $1,591 billion in Billed Amount (and approximately $380 billion in Paid Amount), which contained approximately $87.7 billion in Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, as of December 31, 2024. We are typically entitled to 100% of recovery rights pursuant to our CCRAs, but contractually obligated to pay 50% of gross recoveries to the Assignor. In certain cases, we have purchased from our Assignors the rights to 100% of the recovery. By discovering, quantifying, and settling the gap between Billed Amount and Paid Amount on a large scale, we believe we are positioned to generate substantial annual recovery revenue at high profit margins for our assigned Claims. In litigation, our experienced management and legal teams provide us with a competitive advantage. While our model of being assigned the Claim rights allows us the flexibility to direct the litigation and potentially generate higher margins, we have, on an opportunistic basis, paid the Assignor an up-front purchase price for these rights.

To date, we have not generated substantial revenue from our Claims portfolio, and our business model is dependent of achieving revenue from this model in the future. If we are unable to recover the up-front purchase price from the assigned Claims or the investments we have made in pursuing recoveries, it would have an adverse effect on our profitability and business.

Our potential Claims recovery income in a given period will be impacted by the amount of Claims we review and ultimately pursue. The number of Claims that we review is driven by the Claims we receive through assignment. As we are assigned more Claims, we can review the Claims and identify additional recoveries. To expand our Assignor base and obtain more Claims, we plan to implement new strategies to secure new Assignors. These strategies will include a platform to educate potential Assignors about our company, making strategic business partnerships, potential mergers, as well as other marketing strategies. Our Assignors have grown from 32 Assignors in 2015 to over 160 Assignors to date. If we are unable to continue to attract new Assignors to our platform, this could adversely affect future profitability.

In addition to obtaining new Claims, our ability to collect on identified Claims at our estimated multiples is key to our future profitability. Pursuant to the MSP Laws, we believe we are entitled to pursue reasonable and customary rates. Under existing statutory and case law, the private cause of action under the MSP Act permits the pursuit of double damages when a primary plan fails to provide for primary payment or appropriate reimbursement. In addition to double damages, federal law and regulations provide express authority to pursue statutory interest from primary payers on any amounts owed.

As a result, we may pursue double damages and statutory interest in our MSP Act-related recoveries. We seek to recover these amounts under either the recovery model or the Chase to Pay platform. Federal law also expressly provides MAOs with the right to charge providers for the Billed Amount when accident-related liability exists. Per the terms of various legal services agreements that MSP Recovery has with the Law Firm, for legal services provided, the Law Firm would receive a percentage of the total Claim recovery which would include double damages and additional penalties.

Our Claims recovery revenue is typically recognized upon reaching a binding settlement or arbitration with a counterparty or when the legal proceedings, including any appellate process, are resolved. A decrease in the willingness of courts to grant these judgments, a change in the requirements for filing these cases or obtaining these judgments, or a decrease in our ability to collect on these judgments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Of the Claims identified as potentially recoverable, relating to our accident-related cases as of December 31, 2024, approximately 86.8% of claims are already in the recovery process, which are claims where either the recovery process has been initiated, data has been collected and matched, or resolution discussions are in process.

Key Performance Indicators

To evaluate our business, key trends, risks and opportunities, prepare projections, make strategic decisions, and measure our performance, we track several key performance indicators (“KPIs”). As our company has yet to achieve significant revenues and the drivers of expected revenues require significant lead time before revenue can be generated, management utilizes KPIs to assist in tracking progress, and believes such KPIs are useful in evaluating the performance of our business, in addition to our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP. The KPIs are Total Paid Amount, Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, Billed Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, Recovery Multiple, and Penetration Status of Portfolio.

Total Paid Amount: The term Paid Amount is defined in the Glossary of Terms section above. As we continue to expand, we anticipate our revenue growth will be greatly dependent on our ability to increase the total Paid Amount and, correspondingly, the Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims, in our portfolio. Management believes this metric is a useful measure to investors and is useful in managing or monitoring company performance because we view an increase in Paid Amount as a positive indicator as it should provide the Company with the ability to increase the Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims. Conversely, a decrease would produce a diminishing expectation of the Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims.

Paid Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims (“PVPRC”): The term PVPRC is defined in the Glossary of Terms section above. We analyze our Claims portfolio and identify potentially recoverable Claims using our Algorithms to comb through historical paid Claims data and search for potential recoveries. PVPRC is a measure of the Paid Amount that has been paid to providers in respect of those potentially recoverable Claims. Management believes this measure provides a useful metric for potential recoveries, but it is not

a measure of the actual amount that may be recovered with respect to potentially recoverable Claims, which in turn may be higher or lower based on a variety of factors. As non-compliance with Section 111 reporting requirements is commonplace, responsible reporting entities (RRE) routinely fail to report their responsibility to make primary payments; for this reason, data matching is often required to determine which reporting entity is responsible to reimburse a given potentially recoverable Claim. Our ability to generate future Claims recovery income is largely dependent on our ability to accurately identify potentially recoverable Claims through our data analytics and ultimately recover on these Claims. Management believes this metric is a useful measure to investors and in managing or monitoring company performance because we view an increase in PVPRC as a positive indicator as it should provide the Company with the ability to increase Claims recovery income and otherwise shows growth.

Billed Value of Potentially Recoverable Claims (“BVPRC”): BVPRC represents the cumulative Billed Amount of potentially recoverable Claims. We analyze our Claims portfolio and identify potentially recoverable Claims using Algorithms to comb through historical paid Claims data and search for potential recoveries. For a majority of our Claims, the Company believes it has the ability to recover in excess of the Paid Amount by pursuing the Billed Amount plus interest plus double damages under applicable law. Under existing statutory and case law, the private cause of action under the Medicare Secondary Payer Act permits an award of double damages when a primary plan fails to provide for primary payment or appropriate reimbursement. We believe federal law expressly provides MAOs with the right to charge, or authorize the provider of such services to charge, in accordance with the charges allowed under a law, plan, or primary plan policy. We believe our ability to generate future Claim recovery income is largely dependent on our ability to accurately identify potentially recoverable Claims through our data analytics and ultimately recover on these Claims. Management believes this metric is a useful measure to investors and in managing or monitoring company performance because we view an increase in BVPRC as a positive indicator as it should provide the Company with the ability to increase Claims recovery income and otherwise shows growth.

Recovery Multiple: The vast majority of our recoveries are sought pursuant to the MSP Laws; however, some recoveries are sought under product liability, antitrust, and other various causes of action. For recoveries sought pursuant to the MSP Laws, we generally pursue amounts in excess of the Paid Amount; in other cases, such as antitrust or product liability, the cause of action will dictate the amount pursued. The Recovery Multiple is the amount of any generated Claims recovery income obtained by the Company in respect to any Claims as compared to the Paid Amount of those Claims (e.g., if a given Claim had a Paid Amount of $100, a $300 recovery would represent a Recovery Multiple of 3x). For these purposes, we record values under the Recovery Multiple once we have recorded Claims recovery income, either through the receipt of cash or recognition of accounts receivable on the Claims. Management believes this metric is useful to investors to manage or monitor the Company’s performance because the Recovery Multiple provides a measure of our ability to recover on Claims recovery rights. A Recovery Multiple above 1x would illustrate the Company’s ability to recover amounts in excess of the Paid Amount. As actual recoveries have been limited to date, this measure has limited utility for historical periods. However, management believes this measure will become more meaningful during the next 12 months and beyond to the extent the Company begins to report substantive recoveries.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has obtained settlements where the Recovery Multiple was or would be in excess of the Paid Amount, settlements at or below the paid amount, and settlements where the Recovery Multiple cannot be calculated with certainty on the settlement date, as these settlements include, in addition to cash payments, non-cash consideration, including, but not limited to agreements: (i) to assign Claims for the Company to pursue recoveries against plaintiffs’ attorneys and medical providers, (ii) to provide historical data and assistance in reconciling current and future Medicare claims; (iii) to implement the clearinghouse platform; and (iv) to resolve cooperatively, or through binding mediation, recoverable Medicare Claims that the Company owns today and/or obtains in the future.

Penetration Status of Portfolio: Penetration Status of Portfolio provides a measure of the Company’s recovery efforts by taking into account the current stages of recovery of Claims in the portfolio and tying it in with the estimated market share of the related primary payers. The total percentage represents the estimated aggregate market share for the respective primary payers in which the Company is in some stage of recovery. As the Company initiates additional recovery efforts against additional primary payers, the Company expects this number to increase. These stages of recovery include where (1) the recovery process has been initiated, (2) data has been collected and matched, or (3) potential resolution discussions are in process. The Company uses third-party sources to estimate the aggregate market share of those primary payers in the property and casualty auto insurance market with whom the Company is engaged in one of these stages of recovery. Management believes this metric is useful to investors and in managing or monitoring company performance because it provides insight as to the estimated share of the market that is covered by existing recovery efforts. We estimate that cases that are in the potential resolution discussions and/or data matching are closer to generating potential future Claims recovery income.

Key Components of Sales and Expenses

The following represent the components of our results of operations.

Revenue

Claims Recovery Income

Our primary income-producing activities are associated with the pursuit and recovery of proceeds related to Claims recovery rights that the Company obtains through CCRAs, which are irrevocably assigned to us. As such, this income is not generated from the transfer of control of goods or services to customers, but through the proceeds realized from perfection of Claims recoveries from rights we own. We recognize Claims recovery income based on a gain contingency model; that is, when the amounts are reasonably certain of collection. This typically occurs upon reaching a binding settlement or arbitration with the counterparty or when the legal proceedings, including any appellate process, are resolved.

In some cases, we would owe an additional payment to the original Assignor in connection with the realized value of the recovery right. Claims recovery income is recognized on a gross basis, as we are entitled to the full value of recovery proceeds and make payment to the original Assignor similar to a royalty arrangement. Such payments to our Assignors are recognized as cost of Claims recovery in the same period the Claims recovery income is recognized.

Claims Recovery Service Income

In the past, we have recognized Claims recovery service income for our services to a related party and a third party to assist those entities with pursuit of Claims recovery rights. We have determined we have a single performance obligation for the series of daily activities that comprise Claims recovery services, which are recognized over time using a time-based progress measure. We enter into Claims recovery service contracts with third parties. Amounts payable for services to third parties are typically based on budgeted expenses for the current month with an adjustment for the variance between budget and actual expenses from the prior month.

The Company did not recognize any claims recovery service income during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other Revenue

Other revenue consists of fee revenue generated by the Company’s new electronic health records (“EHR”) platform, which went live in the second quarter of 2024. Other revenue was not significant for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Operating Expenses

Costs of Claim Recoveries

Costs of recoveries consist of all directly attributable costs specifically associated with Claims processing activities, including contingent payments payable to Assignors (i.e., settlement expenses), and any other revenue generating activity.

Claims Amortization Expense

Claims Amortization Expense consists of the amortization of CCRA intangible assets for those CCRAs in which we made up-front payments or commitments in order to acquire Claims recovery rights.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for employees involved in general corporate, sales, and marketing functions, including executive management and administration, legal, human resources, accounting, finance, tax, and information technology. Personnel-related expenses primarily include wages and bonuses. General and administrative expenses also consist of rent, IT costs, insurance, and other office expenses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for credit losses consists of a specific reserve in 2023 for a receivable amount due from Cano Health, LLC (see Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies), which was subsequently written-off in 2024. Due to its material nature, it is included separately in the consolidated statement of operations.

Professional Fees

Professional Fees consist of consulting, accounting, and other professional fees that are charged for services provided by third-party vendors.

Professional Fees – Legal

Professional fees – legal consist of payments for the expenses of the Law Firm covered by a certain Legal Services Agreement and other legal professional services from third-party providers, including payments to co-counsel.

Impairment of Intangible Assets

Consists of a non-cash impairment charge of the CCRA intangible assets recognized during the fourth quarter of 2024 as a result of the fourth quarter 2024 impairment review.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense consist of depreciation and amortization of property and equipment related to our investments in leasehold improvements, office and computer equipment, and internally generated capitalized software development costs. We provide for depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method to allocate the cost of depreciable assets over their estimated useful lives.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest paid on the Nomura Note, Hazel Working Capital Credit Facility and Purchase Money Loan, Virage transactions (see Note 3, Material Agreements), Yorkville Advances, and Loans from related parties.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income consists of equity investment earnings, some affiliate related income, mark-to-market gain (loss) for payments due in stock, settlement income, and interest income. Other expenses consist of bank service charges, airing fees, tax penalties, settlement expense, political contributions and donations, and some affiliate related expenses.

Changes in Fair Value of Warrant and Derivative Liabilities

Changes in fair value of warrants and derivative liabilities consists of the mark-to-market of warrant liabilities due to Public Warrants and Virage Warrants as noted in Note 3, Material Agreements.

Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Non-Controlling Members

Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling members consists of income or loss attributable to Class V Common Stock shareholders.

Income Tax Benefit

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company became the sole managing member of MSP Recovery, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal, state, and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, MSP Recovery is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by MSP Recovery is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners, including MSP Recovery, Inc. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes, with respect to the Company’s allocable share of income of MSP Recovery. The Company’s deferred tax balances reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and the Company’s tax basis. The balances are stated at the tax rates in effect when the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company reviewed the anticipated future realization of the tax benefit of the Company’s existing deferred tax assets and concluded that it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future.

Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2024 versus year ended December 31, 2023

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.