UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended November 30, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________________ to __________________________

Commission file number 000-55517

PUREBASE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(209) 274-9143

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $0.001

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a small reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” or an “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act: ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of May 31, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $3,319,471. Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of common equity held by officers and directors of the registrant have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of executive officers and directors as affiliates is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other purposes.

As of February 28, 2025, there were 250,497,328 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements that reflect management’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are projections in respect of future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of our management team, as well as the assumptions on which such statements are based. Investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risk and uncertainties, and that actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks in the section entitled “Risk Factors” any of which may cause our company’s or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements except as required by law.

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” refer to PureBase Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, PureBase Agricultural, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“PureBase AG”) and U.S. Agricultural Minerals, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (“Purebase AM”).

Corporate History

The Company was incorporated in the State of Nevada on March 2, 2010, under the name Port of Call Online, Inc. to create a web-based service that would offer boaters an easy, convenient, fun, easy to use, online resource to help plan and organize their boating trips. Pursuant to a corporate reorganization consummated on December 23, 2014, the Company changed its business focus to the identification, acquisition, development and full-scale exploitation of industrial and natural mineral properties in the United States for the development of products for the construction and agriculture markets. In line with this business focus, the Company changed its name to PureBase Corporation in January 2015.

The Company is headquartered in Ione, California.

Business Overview

We are an industrial mineral and natural resource company that provides solutions to the agriculture and construction materials markets in the United States, through our two subsidiaries, Purebase AG, and Purebase AM, respectively. The Company has not yet commenced mining operations and relies on US Mine LLC. for its raw materials.

We utilize the services of US Mine Corporation (“USMC”), a Nevada corporation and a significant shareholder of the Company, for the development and contract mining of industrial mineral and metal projects, exploration drilling, preparation of feasibility studies, mine modeling, on-site construction, production, site reclamation and product fulfillment. Exploration services include securing necessary permits, environmental compliance, and reclamation plans. In addition, a substantial portion of the minerals used by the Company are obtained from properties owned or controlled by USMC. A. Scott Dockter, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and a director, John Bremer, a director, and Craig Barto, father of Brady Barto, a former director of the Company, are also officers, directors and owners of USMC and US Mine LLC.

We obtain certain raw clay materials from USMC through a materials extraction agreement with US Mine LLC. US Mine LLC owns the mining property which USMC leases. USMC pays US Mine LLC a royalty, for which the Company reimburses USMC,

Agricultural Sector

We develop specialized fertilizers, sun protectants, soil amendments and bio-stimulants for organic and non-organic sustainable agriculture. We have developed and will seek to develop additional products derived from mineralized materials of leonardite, kaolin clay, laterite, and other natural minerals. These mineral and soil amendments are used to protect crops, plants and fruits from the sun and winter damage, to provide nutrients to plants, and to improve dormancy and soil ecology to help farmers increase the yields of their harvests. We are building a brand family under the parent trade name “Purebase,” consisting of our Purebase Shade Advantage WP product, a kaolin-clay based sun protectant for crops and Humic Advantage a humic acid product derived from leonardite.

PureBase Shade Advantage WP

Shade Advantage WP is a natural mineral plant protectant that reduces sunburn damage to plant tissue (including fruits, such as watermelons, citrus, tomatoes, apples and cherries and walnuts) exposed to UV and infrared radiation through the absorption and dissipation of ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which protects and reduces the stress on plants.

The anticipated benefits of this product include:

Shade Advantage WP is available in 25 lb. bags.

Humic Advantage

The Company sold its first batch of humic acid to a produce grower in Arizona in April 2022. Humic Advantage is a humic acid product derived from leonardite, locally sourced in Ione, California. Humic acid is a group of molecules heterogenous in nature, consisting of both aliphatic and aromatic carbons. We believe that humic acids are an important medium for soil health, water retention, and positive interactions with the soil microbiome. Humic acids can act as a chelator, interacting with other molecules in the soil profile, leading to a decrease in the leaching of metals and nutrients in some cases. Furthermore, some scientific publications have shown that the application of humic acid can increase plant dry mass, particularly in forage crops, due to increases in root matter and nodulation.

Industry Overview

The overview below shows the size and scope of the crops that could potentially use products that we develop:

California’s Top 10 Agricultural Commodities in 2023

According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture (“CDFA”), California’s agricultural abundance includes more than 400 commodities and over a third of the country’s vegetables and nearly three-quarters of the country’s fruits and nuts are grown in California. California’s top-10 valued commodities for the 2023 crop year are:

According to the CDFA, in 2023 California’s farms and ranches received $59.4 billion in cash receipts for their output. This represents a 1.4% increase in cash receipts compared to the previous year.

According to the CDFA, California agricultural exports totaled $23.6 billion in 2022, an increase of 4.4% from 2021. Top commodities for export included almonds, dairy and dairy products, pistachios, walnuts and wine. California’s agricultural export statistics are produced by the University of California, Davis, Agricultural Issues Center. California organic product sales totaled $11.1 billion in 2022, a decrease of 20.7% from the prior year, according to the CDFA. Organic production encompasses over 1.83 million acres in the state and California is the only state in the U.S. with a United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) National Organic Program according to the CDFA.

In 2023, as per the USDA, the estimated number of farms in the U.S. were 1,894,950, representing a decline of 5,700 farms from 2022. The total land in farms decreased by 1,100,000 acres in the same period. We believe that this decline will drive farmers to improve crop yields within more limited space. We believe that humic acid can improve yield rates by enhancing soil texture, nutrient buffering capacity, water retention characteristics, and plant growth by enabling efficient uptake of nutrients from soil. We believe that humic acid aids in fighting soil erosion by increasing the ability of soil colloids to combine and by enhancing root system and plant development and can also reduce water salination issues raised in the use of water-soluble mineral fertilizers.

According to the latest research report by Global Market Insights Inc., the North America Humic Acid Market was estimated at $237 million in 2023 and is poised to reach around $571 million by 2032, which is an approximately 10.3% compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) from 2024 to 2032. Propelled by widespread application of humic acid as fertilizer in agricultural production, the fertilizer use segment is expected to progress at around 12% CAGR over the analysis timeline. The row crops segment is likely to expand at a stable CAGR over the review timespan. Humic acid offers several benefits, including better efficiency, enhanced soil health, and improved crop quality and yields, which is anticipated to fuel segmental progress in the forthcoming years.

Distribution

We distribute Shade Advantage WP through several large agricultural distribution companies and co-ops including Helena Agri-Enterprises, LLC, Brandt, and Aligned Ag Distributors. Through this network of distribution companies, our products reach farmers and growers in the agricultural industry. We also private label the Crop White II product for Brandt. The Company no longer produces the SulFe Hume Si product.

Competition in the Agricultural Sector

Major competitors with our agricultural products include:

Agricultural Products Certifications

All sales of agricultural products have to be registered in order to be sold, distributed and/or applied in farming operations. Standards for registration are set and regulated by the USDA at the federal level. All state agencies must also comply with federal guidelines. There are guidelines for the registration and labelling of the products for agriculture use, some of which are federal, others are State. Our organic product, PureBase Shade Advantage WP, must meet several additional qualifications in order to become registered.

In California, for example, the task of regulating the registration processes is carried out by the CDFA. There are some activities within the regulatory process that are executed by recognized and licensed private entities such as chemical laboratories and certifying laboratories. In some instances, in accordance with various international treaties, some of bilateral and some by regional structures (European Union, etc.) and some governmental and private organizations are recognized and licensed to play particular roles in certifying and/or in the certifying processes.

Currently we have one product fully registered as an organic plant protectant, PureBase Shade Advantage WP. The WP stands for Wettable Powder which means the powder goes into suspension when mixed with water. We have registration certificates for this product in several states including California and Washington. Our product is currently registered in the US and California as an agricultural product.

Our newest product, Humic Advantage, has received an Organic Materials Review Institute certification and is currently approved for sale in Arizona.

Construction Sector

We have been developing and testing a kaolin-based product that we believe will help create a lower CO2-emitting concrete through the use of high-quality supplementary cementitious materials (“SCMs”). We are developing SCMs for the construction material markets, particularly the cement markets that we believe can potentially replace up to 40% of cement, the most polluting part of concrete. As government agencies continue to enact stricter requirements for less-polluting forms of concrete, we believe there are significant opportunities for high-quality SCM products in the construction-materials sector.

Industry Overview

Domestic Production and Use

Most portland cement is used to make concrete, mortars, or stuccos, and competes in the construction sector with concrete substitutes, such as aluminum, asphalt, clay brick, fiberglass, glass, gypsum (plaster), steel, stone, and wood. Certain materials, especially fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, develop good hydraulic cementitious properties by reacting with lime, such as that released by the hydration of portland cement. Where readily available (including as imports), these SCMs are increasingly being used as partial substitutes for portland cement in many concrete applications and are components of finished blended cements. Clay-based SCM’s may also offer high strength in addition to being able to replace more cement than traditional fly ash.

Mordor Intelligence, in its report “NORTH AMERICA CEMENT MARKET SIZE & SHARE ANALYSIS – GROWTH TRENDS & FORECASTS (2025 – 2030),” forecast the North America cement market to be 202.97 million tons in 2025, which is expected to reach 251.97 million tons by 2030, for a compound annual growth rate of 4.42%.

According to the Portland Cement Association (“PCA”), the U.S. is set to spend $1 trillion on new and rehabilitated infrastructure projects which we believe would consume 46 Metric Tons of cement over a five-year program. Over a quarter of this amount would be used on roads, bridges and resiliency structures.

We believe that production and use of cement will increase in the upcoming years due to President Biden’s signing a $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill into law in November 2021, which is anticipated to provide $550 billion of new federal investments in America’s infrastructure over five years, including bridges, roads, broadband, water and energy systems. We believe that funds are needed for safe travel, as well as the efficient transport of goods and produce across the country. The nation’s infrastructure system earned a C- score from the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2021.

As per the PCA, the current infrastructure legislation provides for a $110 billion investment in roads, bridges and major infrastructure projects. Included is $40 billion for bridge repair, replacement and rehabilitation and $16 billion for major projects that would be too large or complex for traditional funding programs. It is believed that 173,000 miles of the nation’s highways and major roads are in poor condition, as are 45,000 bridges.

The new administration has not determined if it will continue infrastructure improvements.

Competition in the Construction Sector

Potential competitors in the SCM space include other kaolin producers that are located in the eastern U.S. (predominantly Georgia), including BASF Corporation, Thiele Kaolin Company, Active Minerals International, LLC, Burgess Pigment Company, IMERYS, and KaMin LLC. Other potential competitors include fly ash distributors, notably Boral Industries, Inc. and Waste Management, Inc., and existing coal burning power plants (which produce fly ash as a byproduct of energy production.)

Currently in the western U.S., there are coal burning plants in Nevada, Utah, Oregon, and Washington. There are coal burning plants in Mexico and India from which fly ash can be imported. Other potential competitors are steel mills from which slag is produced as a byproduct of production (which is also a material that can replace fly ash.).

Newer technology could produce further competition, such as CO2-entrained concrete products that are produced by companies like Climeworks, a direct air capture company that vacuums carbon out of the air. Carbon entrainment companies include Carbon Engineering Ltd, and Carbon Cure Technologies, which has received significant investments by Bill Gates, Microsoft, Amazon, and others.

Many of our competitors have greater exploration, production, and capital resources than we do, and may be able to compete more effectively in any of these areas. For example, these competitors may be able to spend greater amounts on acquisition of desirable mineral properties, on exploration of their mineral properties and on development of their mineral properties. This competition could result in competitors having mineral properties of greater quality and interest to prospective investors who may finance the exploration and development of their mineral properties.

Government Controls and Regulations

Natural resource exploration, mining and processing operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations governing prospecting, exploration, development, production, labor standards, occupational health, mine safety, control of toxic substances, and other matters involving environmental protection and employment. United States environmental protection laws address the maintenance of air and water quality standards, the preservation of threatened and endangered species of wildlife and vegetation, the preservation of certain archaeological sites, reclamation, and limitations on the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, among other things. There can be no assurance that all the required permits and governmental approvals necessary for any mining project with which we may be associated can be obtained on a timely basis, or maintained in good standing. Delays in obtaining or failure to obtain necessary government permits and approvals may adversely impact our operations. The regulatory environment in which we operate could change in ways that would substantially increase costs to achieve compliance. In addition, significant changes in regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations and ability to timely and effectively implement our drilling/mapping programs and develop our mining properties.

The following governmental controls and regulations materially affect the mining properties we, or our third-party mineral suppliers, will seek to explore and develop.

Federal Regulation of Mining Activity

Mining operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations. At the federal level, mining properties are subject to inspection and regulation by the Division of Mine Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor (“MSHA”) under provisions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. The Occupation and Safety Health Administration (“OSHA”) also has jurisdiction over certain safety and health standards not covered by MSHA. Mining operations and all proposed exploration and development will require a variety of permits. In addition, any mining operations occurring on federal property are subject to regulation and inspection by the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”). We entered into a purchase agreement for the Snow White Mine property near Barstow, California. The property is fully permitted and comes with clear title to surface and mineral rights.

Rights to mining projects are governed by the BLM and the US Forest Service. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976) established the BLM’s multiple-use mandate to manage the public lands “in a manner that will protect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, water resource, and archeological values; that, where appropriate, will preserve and protect certain public lands in their natural condition”. The Lands, Minerals & Water Rights branch coordinates with BLM planning and resource specialists to manage surface resources, minerals and water rights to ensure that authorized uses of public lands.

Mining Environmental Regulations

While we are not at present engaged in mining activities, such activities, including drilling, mapping and development and production activities are subject to environmental laws, policies and regulations. These laws, policies and regulations affect, among other matters, emissions to the air, discharges to water, management of waste, management of hazardous substances, protection of natural resources, protection of endangered species, protection of antiquities and reclamation of mined land. Legislation and implementation of regulations adopted or proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the BLM and by comparable agencies in various states, directly and indirectly affect the mining industry in the United States. These laws and regulations address the environmental impact of mining and mineral processing, including potential contamination of soil and water from tailings, discharges and other wastes generated by the mining process. In particular, legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), and the National Environmental Policy Act require analysis and/or impose effluent standards, new source performance standards, air quality standards and other design or operational requirements for various components of mining and mineral processing, including natural resource mining and processing of the type presently or to be conducted by the Company or through USMC. Such statutes also may impose liability on mine developers for remediation of waste they have created.

Mining projects also are subject to regulations under (i) the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”) which regulates and establishes liability for the release of hazardous substances and (ii) the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) which identifies endangered species of plants and animals and regulates activities to protect these species and their habitats. Any potential future amendment to CERLA or ESA may impact our business.

The Clean Air Act, as amended, mandates the establishment of a federal air permitting program, identifies a list of hazardous air pollutants, including various metals and pollutants, and establishes new EPA enforcement authority. The EPA has published final regulations establishing the minimum elements of state operating permit programs. We will be required to comply with these EPA standards to the extent adopted by the State in which development projects are located.

Future regulations are unknown but expected to occur. The new U.S. Administration has withdrawn from the Paris Climate Accord and may make changes on carbon-emitting activities. The effect of any possible changes is unknown at this time.

In addition, developing mining sites requires mitigation of long-term environmental impacts by stabilizing, contouring, re-sloping, and revegetating various portions of a site. While a portion of the required work can be performed concurrently with developing the property, completion of the environmental mitigation occurs once removal of all materials and facilities has been completed. These reclamation efforts are conducted in accordance with detailed plans which have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies. The mining developer must ensure that all necessary cash deposits and financial resources to cover the estimated costs of such reclamation as required by permit are made.

We intend that any exploration and development of mining projects by the Company will be conducted in substantial compliance with federal and state regulations and be consistent with the need to remediate any environmental impact.

Employees

The Company currently has seven full-time employees. We currently anticipate hiring additional employees for the Company’s production operations, subject to sufficient funding, if our product development and distribution programs continue to expand.

Outside services, relating primarily to agricultural market research and product development, and the development and application of SCMs, as well as other technical matters related to product development and branding activities, will be provided by various independent contractors.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a number of very significant risks. You should carefully consider the following risks and uncertainties in addition to other information in this report in evaluating our company and its business before purchasing shares of our common stock. Our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed due to any of the following risks. You could lose all or part of your investment due to any of these risks.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are an early-stage company which makes the evaluation of our future business prospects difficult.

We changed our business focus to our current business of developing agricultural and natural resources as a result of a reorganization with our wholly owned subsidiary PureBase AG in December 2014, and only commenced selling our agricultural products during 2017 and began developing an SCM for the construction materials market in 2019. We have not yet achieved profitable operations.

Our success is dependent upon the successful development of suitable mineral projects, establishing our production capability and establishing a customer base for our agricultural products. Any future success will depend upon many factors, including factors beyond our control which cannot be predicted at this time. These factors may include changes in or increased levels of competition; the availability and cost of bringing mineral projects into production; the amount of agricultural and/or natural resources available and the market price of and the uses for such minerals. These factors may have a material adverse effect upon our business operating results and financial condition.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our audited consolidated financial statements as of November 30, 2024, have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued a report that included an explanatory paragraph referring to our recurring losses from operations and generating negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future and our significant working capital deficiency, accumulated deficit and net loss for the year ended November 30, 2024, expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern without additional capital becoming available. As of November 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $64,208,523 and a working capital deficit of $1,093,058. For the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024, we had a net loss from operations of $1,477,545 and negative cash flows from operations of $2,167,932. We anticipate that we will continue to incur operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future as we execute our development plans for 2025, as well as other potential strategic and business development initiatives. We have previously funded and plan to continue funding these losses primarily through the sale of equity and debt. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing, attain further operating efficiencies, reduce expenditures, and, ultimately, to generate sufficient revenue to fund our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising capital and have adequate capital resources to fund our operations or that any additional funds will be available to us on favorable terms or in amounts required by us. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital resources to fund operations, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our plan of operations, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and ability to operate as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We will need to raise additional capital for the foreseeable future in order to continue operations and realize our business plans, the failure of which could adversely impact our operations.

Although we have started to generate revenue, such revenue is not sufficient to cover our operating expenses and financing costs. As of November 30, 2024, we had liabilities of $1,788,403 and a working capital deficiency of $1,093,058. To stay in business, we will need to raise additional capital through public or private sales of our securities, debt financing or short-term bank loans, or a combination of the foregoing. In the past, we have financed our operations by issuing secured and unsecured convertible debt and equity securities in private placements, in some cases with equity incentives for the investor in the form of warrants to purchase our common stock and have borrowed from related parties. During the year ended November 30, 2024, the Company has used $898,449 of a $1,000,000 line of credit with USMC. The line of credit was fully funded in January 2025.

USMC has advanced an additional $238,449 as of February 28, 2025. Terms of a new line of credit and unsecured convertible grid promissory note have not yet been determined. There are no other commitments to provide us with financing. If we are unable to obtain additional financing from USMC or other sources, we may have to suspend operations, sell assets and will not be able to execute our plan of operations. Failure to become and remain profitable may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital and continue operations. Our inability to secure capital to fund exploration and, if warranted, development costs for our mineral resources would create a competitive cost disadvantage in the marketplace which would have a material adverse effect on our operations and potential profitability.

We have been completely dependent on a related party for operating capital and will be for the foreseeable future.

Our sales are small and do not provide us with the funds necessary for continuing operations. We have been dependent on USMC to provide funding to us through notes payable and a line of credit, and there is no assurance that they will continue to do so in the future. If USMC decides to no longer fund us or if we are unable to raise funds either through debt through a third party or through an equity raise, then we will not be able to continue operations.

External factors, including the complex permitting process may result in delays or not receiving permits at all.

While our supplier, USMC, has considerable experience in the mining permitting process, permitting procedures are complex, costly, time consuming and subject to potential regulatory delay. USMC may not be able to obtain permits required for our projects in a timely manner, on reasonable terms, or at all. If we, or our third-party suppliers, cannot obtain or maintain the necessary permits, or if there is a delay in receiving such permits, our timetable and business plan for development and mining of these properties or those of third-party suppliers could be adversely affected.

We cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain new permits or whether material changes in permit conditions will be imposed. Obtaining new mining permits or the imposition of additional conditions could have a material adverse effect on our ability to develop the mining properties in which we have an interest or ownership or could increase the costs charged by third party suppliers or decrease the amount of minerals available from third party suppliers.

Federal regulation of mining activity may change resulting in additional unforeseen expenses and potential losses.

Legislation to make significant revisions to the U.S. General Mining Law of 1872 would affect our potential development of unpatented mining claims on federal lands, including any royalty on mineral production. It cannot be predicted whether any of these proposals will become law. Any levy of the type proposed would only apply to unpatented federal lands and accordingly could adversely affect the profitability of any future mineral production from projects being explored by the Company on federal property.

We cannot be certain that future changes in laws and regulations would not result in significant additional expenses, capital expenditures, restrictions or delays associated with the exploration and development of our current or future projects.

We will need to grow the size and capabilities of our company, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

If and when the execution of our plan of operations, including marketing plans and business strategies further develop, we may need to recruit additional managerial, operational, sales and marketing, financial, IT and other personnel. If we are not able to effectively expand our company by hiring new employees and expanding our consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to achieve our marketing, research, development, and expansion goals.

We depend solely on a single third party for mining services and our operations could be adversely affected if we cannot negotiate further service agreements.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, solely on USMC, a company controlled by our Chief Executive Officer and a director, for our mining services under a mining services agreement. There can be no assurance that mining services provided by USMC will continue to be available to us or available to us on favorable terms after the end of the service agreement’s term. If we are unable to extend the mining service agreement or find another mining service provider our business operations may be interrupted.

If we lose key employees and consultants or are unable to attract or retain qualified personnel, our business could suffer.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified technical, marketing, engineering, and management personnel. Any inability in hiring and retaining qualified personnel could result in delays in development or fulfillment of any current strategic and operational plans.

Our officers and directors are able to control our company and may have different interest than our stockholders.

Our officers and directors and their affiliates own approximately 75% of the common stock of our company, not including shares that they may have the rights to acquire pursuant to options or other derivative securities. As a result, they have significant influence over our management and affairs and control over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or our assets. Their interests may differ from the interests of other stockholders and thus result in corporate decisions that are disadvantageous to other stockholders. This concentration of ownership and influence in management and board decision-making could also harm the price of our capital stock by, among other things, discouraging a potential acquirer from seeking to acquire shares of our capital stock (whether by making a tender offer or otherwise) or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

Raising funds through debt or equity financings in the future, would dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders and possibly subordinate certain of their rights to the rights of new investors or creditors.

We currently hope to raise additional funds in debt or equity financings if available to us on terms we believe reasonable to provide for working capital, mining development and production programs, expansion of our marketing efforts or to make acquisitions. Any sales of additional equity or convertible debt securities would result in dilution of the equity interests of our existing stockholders, which could be substantial. Additionally, if we issue shares of preferred stock or convertible debt to raise funds, the holders of those securities might be entitled to various preferential rights over the holders of our common stock and such debt instruments may contain negative covenants restricting corporate actions which could have an adverse effect on the rights and the value of our common stock and our operations.

We currently face larger, better financed and established competition and could face additional competitors in the future which could result in pricing pressures and inability to expand market share.

At the present time we are aware of other companies providing similar agricultural and natural resources as ours. In addition, other entities not currently offering the minerals or product uses similar to ours may enter the industrial and agricultural markets. Our natural resources and products will also have to compete with established companies providing minerals (such as fly ash for use in making cement) which are already in commercial and agricultural use. Any such competitors would likely have greater financial, mining production, production facilities, marketing and sales resources than us. Increased competition may result in pricing pressures and the inability to increase market share, which may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

At present, our sales are concentrated within a few customers and the loss of any one customer could result in decreased revenue, increased losses and significant cash flow problems.

Our sales are presently concentrated within a few customers. If any of these customers choose to no longer be a customer, in particular, the customers that provide the most significant percentage of revenue, for any reason, and these customers are not replaced, we will sustain additional losses as our fixed cost base will be left uncovered and consume working capital leading to significant cash flow problems.

An increase in the price of natural resources will adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business plan is based on current development costs and current prices of the natural resources being developed or purchased by us. However, the price of minerals can be very volatile and subject to numerous factors beyond our control including industrial and agricultural demand, inflation, the supply of certain minerals in the market, and the costs of mining, refining and shipping of the minerals. Since we will be obtaining all of its minerals from third party suppliers, any significant increase in the price of these natural resources will have a materially adverse effect on the results of our operations unless we are able to offset such a price increase by implementing other cost cutting measures or passing such increases on to our customers. While we have attempted to secure stable pricing and supply pursuant to our mining agreement with USMC, there is no assurance that we will not incur future price increases or supply shortages of its raw materials.

We may lose rights to properties if we fail to meet payment requirements or development and/or production schedules.

The Company does not own or operate any mining properties. The rights to our mineral resources derive from leaseholds or purchase mining rights which require the payment of royalties, rent, minimum development expenditures or other installment fees or specified expenditures. If we fail to make these payments/expenditures when they are due, our mineral rights to the property may be terminated. This would be true for any other mineral rights which require payments to be made in order to maintain such rights. Some contracts with respect to mineral rights we may acquire may require development or production schedules. If we are unable to meet any or all of the development or production schedules, we could lose all or a portion of our interests in such properties. Moreover, we may be required in certain instances to pay for government permitting or posting reclamation bonds in order to maintain or utilize our mineral rights in such properties. Because our ability to make some of these payments is likely to depend on our ability to generate internal cash flow or obtain external financing, we may not have the funds necessary to meet these development/production schedules by the required dates which would result in our inability to use the properties.

Management may be unable to implement its business strategy resulting in diminished returns and sustained losses.

Our business strategy is to develop and extract or obtain certain minerals which we believe can have significant commercial applications and value. Our business strategy also includes developing new uses and products derived from these mineral resources, such as the use of pozzolan as an ingredient for cement or sulfate and Humate for agricultural uses. There is no assurance that we will be able to identify and/or develop commercially viable uses for the mineral resources we will be mining or obtaining. In addition, even if we identify and/or develop commercial uses and markets for our minerals, the time and cost of mining or otherwise obtaining, refining, blending and distributing such minerals may exceed our expectations or, when developed, the amount of minerals available may fall significantly short of our expectations thus providing a lower return on investment or a loss.

We have not yet established sustained and increasing sales from our customer base or distribution system.

Despite expanding our established customer base and distribution system for our agricultural products in fiscal 2022, sales decreased in fiscal 2023 and again in fiscal 2024. We have initiated closer relationships with our Arizona and California distributors in the agricultural sector in an effort to increase sales. We have a presence in digital space through LinkedIn and Facebook. To date, we have one long term supply contract for our minerals and agricultural products with USMC. Our inability to attract additional customers for our agricultural products, to deliver products in a time and cost-effective manner or develop our SCM business would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and the growth of our business.

Mineral exploration and mining are highly regulated industries requiring significant compliance requirements.

Mining is subject to extensive regulation by state and federal regulatory authorities. State and federal statutes regulate environmental quality, safety, exploration procedures, reclamation, employees’ health and safety, use of explosives, air quality standards, pollution of stream and fresh water sources, noxious odors, noise, dust, and other environmental protection controls as well as the rights of adjoining property owners. We strive to verify that mining projects in which we own rights, are currently operating or can be operated in substantial compliance with all known safety and environmental standards and regulations applicable to such mining properties and activities. We also seek suppliers and service providers, such as USMC, who we believe are operating in substantial compliance with all safety and environmental standards and regulations applicable to such mining properties and activities. However, there can be no assurance that our compliance efforts regarding our own properties would not be challenged or that future changes in federal or state laws, regulations or interpretations thereof will not have a material adverse effect on our ability to establish and sustain mining operations of our own properties or adversely affect the mining properties of our suppliers or service providers.

Certain of our current and proposed products will require certifications before being suitable for intended purposes.

Some of our agricultural products and our SCM’s will require certain certifications before being suitable for labeling and usage. For example, our SCM must be certified by the California Department of Transportation to meet certain strength standards to be certified for use in large government projects. Similarly, our agricultural products must be certified under USDA and CDFA specifications and properly labeled. While the Company has certified one of its agricultural products under USDA and CDFA specifications and has received Organic Materials Review Institute certification on its newest product, there is no assurance that future certifications will be obtained.

We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

We are a public “reporting company” with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). As a public reporting company, we incur significant legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses not generally applicable to a private company. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) as well as other rules implemented by the SEC. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our common stock is subject to the “penny stock” rules of the SEC and the trading market in our securities is limited, which makes transactions in our stock cumbersome and may reduce the value of an investment in our stock.

Rule 15g-9 under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, establishes the definition of a “penny stock,” for the purposes relevant to us, as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or with an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require:

In order to approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must:

The broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market, which, in highlight form:

Generally, brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the “penny stock” rules. This may make it more difficult for investors to dispose of our common stock and cause a decline in the market value of our stock.

Our securities are covered by the penny stock rules, which impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors” as defined in Rule 501(a) of the Securities Act. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document in a form prepared by the SEC which provides information about penny stocks and the nature and level of risks in the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must provide the customer with current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction and monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account. The bid and offer quotations, and the broker-dealer and salesperson compensation information, must be given to the customer orally or in writing prior to effecting the transaction and must be given to the customer in writing before or with the customer’s confirmation. In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from these rules, the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in the secondary market for the stock that is subject to these penny stock rules. Consequently, these penny stock rules may affect the ability of broker-dealers to trade our securities.

Our securities are quoted on the OTC Pink Tier, which does not provide us as much liquidity for our investors as an exchange, such as the NASDAQ Stock Market or other national or regional exchanges.

Our securities are quoted on the OTC Pink Tier, which provides significantly less liquidity than the NASDAQ Stock Market or other national or regional exchanges. Securities quoted on the OTC Pink are usually thinly traded, highly volatile, have fewer market makers and are not followed by analysts. The SEC’s order handling rules, which apply to NASDAQ-listed securities, do not apply to securities quoted on the OTC Pink Tier. Quotes for stocks included on the OTC Pink markets are not widely publicized. Therefore, prices for securities traded solely on the OTC Pink may be more difficult to obtain and holders of our securities may be unable to resell their securities in a timely manner or at stable prices, or at any price. We cannot assure you a liquid public trading market in our common stock will develop.

The market price of our common stock may be adversely affected by several factors.

The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly in response to various factors and events, including:

In addition, the securities markets have, at times, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Because we are a smaller reporting company, we are not subject to compliance with rules requiring the adoption of certain corporate governance measures, our stockholders have limited protections against interested director transactions, conflicts of interest and similar matters.

Sarbanes-Oxley, as well as rule changes proposed and enacted by the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange, the Amex Equities Exchanges and NASDAQ, as a result of Sarbanes-Oxley, require the implementation of various measures relating to corporate governance. These measures are designed to enhance the integrity of corporate management and the securities markets and apply to securities which are listed on those exchanges or the NASDAQ. Because we will not be seeking to be listed on any of the exchanges in the near term, we are not presently required to comply with many of the corporate governance provisions. Until we comply with such corporate governance measures, regardless of whether such compliance is required, the absence of such standards of corporate governance may leave our stockholders without protections against interested director transactions, conflicts of interest and similar matters and investors may be reluctant to provide us with funds necessary to expand our operations.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our capital stock will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as the board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on any investment in our common stock will only occur if our common stock price appreciates.

A sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

If our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market under Rule 144 or upon the exercise of outstanding convertible debt or equity, it could create a circumstance commonly referred to as an “overhang” and in anticipation of which the market price of our common stock could fall. The existence of an overhang, whether or not sales have occurred or are occurring, also could make more difficult our ability to raise additional financing through the sale of equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

We may, in the future, issue additional shares of common stock, which would reduce the percent of ownership held by current stockholders.

Our Articles of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 520,000,000 shares of common stock of which as of February 28, 2025, 250,497,328 shares are issued and outstanding. The future issuance of common stock may result in substantial dilution in the percentage of our common stock held by our then existing stockholders. We may value any common stock issued in the future on an arbitrary basis. The issuance of common stock for future services, conversion of debt, equity financing or acquisitions or other corporate actions may have the effect of diluting the value of the shares held by our investors and may have an adverse effect on any trading market of our common stock.

Compliance with changing regulations concerning corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.

In recent years, there have been several changes in laws, rules, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), Sarbanes-Oxley and various other new regulations promulgated by the SEC and rules promulgated by the national securities exchanges. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, expands federal regulation of corporate governance matters and imposes requirements on publicly-held companies, including us, to, among other things, provide stockholders with a periodic advisory vote on executive compensation and also adds compensation committee reforms and enhanced pay-for-performance disclosures. Sarbanes-Oxley specifically requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure of controls and procedures. Compliance may result in higher costs necessitated by required disclosure and governance practices. Our efforts to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards are likely to continue to result in increased general and administrative expenses and professional services expenses, and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

Compliance with new rules may make it more difficult to attract and retain directors.

Compliance with new and existing laws, rules, regulations and standards may make it more difficult and expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. Members of our board of directors and our principal executive officer and principal financial officer could face an increased risk of personal liability in connection with the performance of their duties. As a result, we may have difficulty attracting and retaining qualified directors and executive officers, which could harm our business. We continually evaluate and monitor regulatory developments and cannot estimate the timing or magnitude of additional costs we may incur as a result.

We have reported material weaknesses in internal controls in the past.

We have reported material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting as of November 30, 2024, and we cannot provide any assurances that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future or that we can effectively remediate our reported weaknesses. If our internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, there may be errors in our financial statements that could require a restatement, or our filings may not be timely, and investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley requires us to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting every quarter and as of the end of each year, and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in each Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Furthermore, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in the conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

As a result, we cannot assure you that additional significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future or that we can effectively remediate our reported weaknesses. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we may encounter in their implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, cause us to fail to timely meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations regarding disclosure controls and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley and the rules promulgated thereunder. The existence of material weaknesses could result in errors in our consolidated financial statements and subsequent restatements of our consolidated financial statements, cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

We have engaged a third party to monitor our systems to mitigate our cybersecurity and information technology risk. The third party has implemented network solutions such as anti-virus, anti-malware, email filtering, cloud and local backups, network monitoring and cybersecurity solutions.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Office Facilities

We leased our 1,000 square feet of office space, located in Ione, California from USMC for $1,500 per month through October 2022. Effective November 1, 2022 the lease was amended to extend the term through October 2024, and to add an additional 700 square feet, for $3,500 per month. A. Scott Dockter, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and John Bremer, a director, each own 25% of USMC. Effective November 1, 2024, the lease was amended to change the term to month-to-month at $1,500 per month. We no longer lease the additional 700 square feet.

Plants

We own a small SCM plant located in Ione, California that currently produces small quantities of SCM material for third party testing.

Mineral Properties and Interests

Company Right to Acquire Properties

Snow White Mine in San Bernardino County, CA

On November 28, 2014 US Mining and Minerals Corporation entered into a purchase agreement in which it agreed to sell its fee simple property interest and certain mining claims to USMC. In contemplation of the Company’s reorganization, on December 23, 2014, USMC, assigned its rights and obligations under the purchase agreement to the Company pursuant to an assignment of purchase agreement. The purchase agreement provides for the sale of approximately 280 acres of mining property containing 5 placer mining claims known as the Snow White Mine located near Barstow, California in San Bernardino County. The property is covered by a Conditional Use Permit allowing for the mining of the property and a Plan of Operation and Reclamation Plan has been approved by San Bernardino County and the BLM. An initial deposit of $50,000 was paid to escrow, and the purchase agreement required the payment of an additional $600,000 at the end of the escrow period. There was a delay in the original seller, Joseph Richard Matthewson, receiving a clear title to the property and a fully permitted project, both of which were conditions to closing. In light of the foregoing, and the payment of an additional $25,000, the parties agreed to extend the closing. Due to delays in the Company securing the necessary funding to close the purchase of the Snow White Mine property, John Bremer, a shareholder and a director of the Company, paid $575,000 to acquire the property on or about October 15, 2015. Mr. Bremer will transfer title to the Company when the Company pays Mr. Bremer $575,000 plus expenses, however, the Company is under no obligation to do so. The mining claims require a minimum royalty payment of $3,500 per year to be made by the Company in order to maintain its purchase rights.

During the year ended November 30, 2017, USMC, agreed to offset the $75,000 deposit against money owed to USMC. As a result, the purchase price is $650,000 plus expenses. Mr. Bremer has not restricted the Company from continuing its exploration on or access to the Snow White Mine property.

The Snow White Mine property is located 17 miles north of Hinkley, California in San Bernardino County. This 280-acre combination of owned property (80 acres) and Non-Patented Placer Claims (200 acres) includes 8.33 acres which are conditionally permitted and ready for further development. The project entry is made on Hinkley Road which is a four-mile paved county-maintained road which converts to an existing unpaved road for the remaining 13 miles to the mine site.

The fee property comes with clear title to surface and mineral rights. The claims are situated on federal BLM land. These claims are held with annual maintenance payments to the BLM and annual filings of intent to hold and affidavit assessment work. There is no expiration date on ownership of the leases as long as the annual payments are made and the annual filings are completed. They are both current. There is no equipment present at the claims location. No improvements have been made at the claims location. Power when needed, is from portable generators. Processing equipment when onsite is self-powered.

On September 5, 2019, our Board approved the discontinuance of all mining and related activities at the Snow White Mine project.

On April 1, 2020, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with the Bremer Family 1995 Living Trust, a trust controlled by John Bremer, a director of the Company, pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase the Snow White Mine for $836,000 plus 5% interest payable at the closing which must occur at any time before April 1, 2022. On April 14, 2022, the agreement was amended to extend the closing date to April 14, 2023. On April 7, 2023, the agreement was further amended to extend the closing date to April 1, 2024. On July 12, 2024, the agreement was further amended to extend the closing date to July 12, 2026.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There are no material pending legal proceedings in which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party or in which any director, officer or affiliate of ours, any owner of record or beneficially of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, or security holder is a party adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

The exploration and development of mining projects is subject to regulation by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (the “Mine Act”). MSHA’s activities include the inspection of mining operations on a regular basis and the issuance of various citations and orders when it believes a violation has occurred under the Mine Act. Following passage of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, MSHA has significantly increased its inspection and enforcement programs.

The Company and its mining service provider, USMC, as natural resource mining operators, are required to report certain mine safety violations or other regulatory matters as mandated by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K. Currently, the Company does not engage in any mining activities and all mining properties are inactive. There are currently no such violations or regulatory matters to report.

Since the Company has only conducted limited mining operations, only the Chimney 1 sulfate mineral project is MSHA approved for operation. The Company’s remaining mining projects have not been inspected by MSHA. The Company or its project operators have not received any citations or orders pertaining to any violation of the Mine Act or any other federal or state regulation relating to its mining activities during the year ended November 30, 2024.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Pink Tier under the symbol “PUBC.” On February 27, 2025, the closing price of our common stock reported by the OTC Pink Tier was $0.095 per share.

Holders of Common Stock

As of February 27, 2025, there were 101 shareholders of record of our common stock.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, for working capital purposes and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides information regarding our equity compensation plans as of November 30, 2024:

Equity Compensation Plan Information

2017 Stock Option Plan

The Board of Directors approved the Company’s 2017 Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Plan”) on November 10, 2017, and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2017 Plan on November 10, 2017. The 2017 Plan provides for stock-based and other awards to the Company’s employees, consultants and directors.

The maximum number of shares of our common stock that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is 10,000,000 shares, which may be replenished and will automatically increase on January 1^st of each year for a period of nine years commencing on January 1, 2018, and ending on (and including) January 1, 2026, in an amount equal to the greater of (i) 10% of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (ii) 10,000,000 shares. As of the date of this Report, 5,731,213 shares of the Company’s common stock are available for issuance under the 2017 Plan.

Shares subject to stock awards granted under the 2017 Plan that expire or terminate without being exercised in full, or that are paid out in cash rather than in shares, do not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan.

The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be subject to awards granted under the 2017 Plan to any one individual during any calendar year may not exceed 1% of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of the award grant date (as adjusted from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the 2017 Plan).

Plan Administration. Our Board of Directors, or a duly authorized committee of our Board of Directors, will administer the 2017 Plan. Our Board of Directors may also delegate to one or more of our officers the authority to designate employees (other than officers) to receive specified stock awards and determine the number of shares subject to such stock awards. Under the 2017 Plan, the Board has the authority to determine and amend the terms of awards and underlying agreements, including:

Under the 2017 Plan, the Board also generally has the authority to effect, with the consent of any adversely affected participant:

Stock Options. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees and non-statutory stock options may be granted to employees and consultants under stock option agreements subject to the terms of the 2017 Plan, provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value (110% of the fair market value to an employee who is also a 10% stockholder) of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2017 Plan vest at the rate specified in the stock option agreement. The term of an option shall be no more than ten years from the date of grant and, in the case of an incentive stock option granted to a person who at the time of such grant is a 10% stockholder, the term shall be no more than five years from the date of grant.

Termination. An optionee shall have 30 days to exercise an option, to the extent vested upon termination for service, unless such termination is for cause in which case such option shall terminate immediately. An option to the extent vested shall terminate 6 months after termination for disability and 12 months after death of the optionee that occurs within 30 days of termination of service.

Stock Purchase Right. Restricted stock awards may also be granted under the 2017 Plan and are granted under restricted stock purchase agreements. If a participant’s service relationship with us ends for any reason, we may receive any or all of the shares of common stock held by the participant that have not vested as of the date the participant terminates service with us through a forfeiture condition or a repurchase right.

Changes to Capital Structure. Subject to any action required under applicable laws by the stockholders of the Company, the number of shares of common stock covered by each outstanding award, and the number of shares of common stock that have been authorized for issuance under the 2017 Plan but as to which no awards have yet been granted or that have been returned to the 2017 Plan upon cancellation or expiration of an award, as well as the price per share of common stock covered by each such outstanding award, shall be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of common stock resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination, recapitalization or reclassification of the common stock, or any other increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of common stock effected without receipt of consideration by the Company; provided, however, that conversion of any convertible securities of the Company shall not be deemed to have been “effected without receipt of consideration.” Such adjustment shall be made by the administrator, whose determination in that respect shall be final, binding and conclusive. Except as expressly provided herein, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of shares of common stock subject to an award.

Corporate Transactions. Our 2017 Plan provides that in the event of certain specified significant corporate transactions, including: (1) a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) the consummation of a merger, consolidation or other capital reorganization, or business combination transaction where we do not survive the transaction each outstanding option or stock purchase right shall be assumed or an equivalent option or right shall be substituted by such successor corporation or a parent or subsidiary of such successor corporation (the “Successor Corporation”), unless the Successor Corporation does not agree to assume the award or to substitute an equivalent option or right, in which case the vesting of each option or stock purchase right shall fully and immediately accelerate or the repurchase rights of the Company shall fully and immediately terminate, as the case may be, immediately prior to the consummation of the transaction.

For purposes of a corporate transaction, an option or a stock purchase right shall be considered assumed, without limitation, if, at the time of issuance of the stock or other consideration upon a corporate transaction or a change of control, as the case may be, each holder of an option or stock purchase right would be entitled to receive upon exercise of the award the same number and kind of shares of stock or the same amount of property, cash or securities as such holder would have been entitled to receive upon the occurrence of the transaction if the holder had been, immediately prior to such transaction, the holder of the number of shares of common stock covered by the award at such time (after giving effect to any adjustments in the number of shares covered by the option or stock purchase right as provided for); provided that if such consideration received in the transaction is not solely common stock of the Successor Corporation, the Administrator may, with the consent of the Successor Corporation, provide for the consideration to be received upon exercise of the award to be solely common stock of the Successor Corporation equal to the fair market value of the per share consideration received by holders of common stock in the transaction.

Transferability. A participant may not transfer stock awards under our 2017 Plan other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or as otherwise provided under our 2017 Plan.

Term. The term of the 2017 Plan is 10 years.

Plan Amendment or Termination. Our Board of Directors has the authority to amend, alter, suspend, or terminate our 2017 Plan, provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent. Certain material amendments also require the approval of our stockholders. No incentive stock options may be granted after the tenth anniversary of the date our Board of Directors adopted our 2017 Plan.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Except as set forth below, there were no sales of equity securities during the period covered by this Report that were not registered under the Securities Act and were not previously reported in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company.

On December 13, 2023, the Company granted the Chief Financial Officer an option to purchase 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.09 per share.

On January 31, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 8,877,923 shares of common stock upon the conversion of five promissory notes by USMC for an aggregate principal amount of $1,525,676 and aggregate interest of $87,211.

On March 1, 2024, the Company issued 300,000 shares of common stock to a consultant for services provided to the Company.

On March 31, 2024, the Company issued 10,256,400 shares of common stock to USMC in exchange for $1,000,000 principal and $25,640 in interest accrued under a line of credit.

On each of March 20, 2024, April 19, 2024, May 22, 2024, June 20, 2024, July 19, 2024, August 19, 2024, September 19, 2024, October 16, 2024, and November 19, 2024, the Company issued 16,667 shares of common stock to a consultant for services provided to the Company.

The above issuances did not involve any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering and we believe are exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 by virtue of Section 4 (2) thereof.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis contains forward-looking statements relating to future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may”, “should”, “intends”, “expects”, “plans”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “predicts”, “potential”, or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity or performance to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity or performance expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity or performance. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These cautionary statements should be considered with any written or oral forward-looking statements that we may issue in the future. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they are made, except as required by applicable law.

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations of the Company is based upon, and should be read in conjunction with, the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

We are an industrial mineral and natural resource company that provides solutions to the agriculture and construction materials markets in the United States, through our two subsidiaries, Purebase AG, and Purebase AM, respectively. The Company has not yet commenced mining operations and relies on USMC for its mineral resources extracted from mineral sites owned by US Mine LLC.

We obtain certain raw clay materials from USMC through a materials extraction agreement with US Mine LLC. US Mine LLC owns the mining property which USMC leases. USMC pays US Mine LLC a royalty, for which the Company reimburses USMC.

Agricultural Sector

We develop specialized fertilizers, sun protectants, soil amendments and bio-stimulants for organic and non-organic sustainable agriculture. We have developed and will seek to develop additional products derived from mineralized materials of leonardite, kaolin clay, laterite, and other natural minerals. These mineral and soil amendments are used to protect crops, plants and fruits from the sun and winter damage, to provide nutrients to plants, and to improve dormancy and soil ecology to help farmers increase the yields of their harvests. We are building a brand family under the parent trade name “Purebase,” consisting of its Purebase Shade Advantage WP product, a kaolin-clay based sun protectant for crops and Humic Advantage a humic acid product derived from leonardite.

Construction Sector

We are developing and testing a kaolin-based product that it believes will help create a lower CO2-emitting concrete through the use of high-quality supplementary cementitious materials (“SCMs”). We are developing SCMs for the construction material markets, particularly the cement markets that we believe can potentially replace up to 40% of cement, the most polluting part of concrete. As government agencies continue to enact stricter requirements for less-polluting forms of concrete, we believe there are significant opportunities for high-quality SCM products in the construction-materials sector.

We utilize the services of USMC for the development and contract mining of industrial mineral and metal projects, exploration drilling, preparation of feasibility studies, mine modeling, on-site construction, production, site reclamation and product fulfillment. Exploration services include securing necessary permits, environmental compliance, and reclamation plans. In addition, a substantial portion of the minerals used by the Company are obtained from properties owned or controlled by USMC. A. Scott Dockter, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and a director, and John Bremer, a director, are also officers, directors and owners of USMC.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Year Ended November 30, 2024 to the Year Ended November 30, 2023

Revenues

Revenues decreased by $15,364, or 5%, for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to the year ended November 30, 2023. The decrease is primarily attributable to one customer from 2023 not purchasing product in 2024 and one customer from 2023 purchasing less product in 2024, offset by two customers from 2023 purchasing more product in 2024.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold decreased by $15,445 or 16% for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to the year ended November 30, 2023. The decrease is primarily attributable to the decrease in revenues.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $45,495, or 3%, for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to the year ended November 30, 2023 due to an increase in general and administrative wages of $237,612, other general and administrative expenses of $98,860, and selling and marketing expenses of $4,949, offset by a decrease in professional services of $295,926.

Stock Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation decreased by $7,370,516, or 100%, for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to the year ended November 30, 2023 primarily due to an option to purchase 116,000,000 shares of common stock granted to USMC, on October 6, 2021 which were expensed through March 2023. USMC stock-based compensation expense was $7,313,350 for the year ended November 30, 2023 compared to $0 for the year ended November 30, 2024. USMC stock compensation expense ended in March 2023. Employee, consultants and directors’ stock-based compensation was $77,928 for the year ended November 30, 2023 compared to $20,762 for the year ended November 30, 2024.

Other Income (Expenses)

Other income decreased significantly to $0 for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to $310,401 for the year ended November 30, 2023, due to the settlement of a March 29, 2019 claim by Superior Soils of $400,000 for $125,000 in the year ended November 30, 2023 and forgiveness of a note payable of $25,000 and related accrued interest of $10,401.

Other expense decreased by $0 for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to $618,000 for the year ended November 30, 2023. $618,000 was accrued per agreed upon legal fees to be paid by the Company in connection with the Calvanico settlement. See Note 9 to the financial statements.

Interest expense increased $22,917, or 30%, for the year ended November 30, 2024, as compared to the year ended November 30, 2023 primarily as a result of increased notes payable and lines of credit with USMC.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of November 30, 2024, we had cash on hand of $28,100 and a working capital deficiency of $1,093,058, as compared to cash on hand of $5,572 and a working capital deficiency of $1,493,349 as of November 30, 2023. The increase in working capital deficiency is primarily a result of the increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and the addition of a line of credit with USMC, offset by the resolution of a settlement liability.

The Company’s operating activities consume the majority of its cash resources. The Company anticipates that it will continue to incur operating losses as it executes its development plans for 2025, as well as other potential strategic and business development initiatives. In addition, the Company has had and expects to have negative cash flows from operations, at least into the near future. The Company has previously funded, and plans to continue funding, these losses with cash advances from USMC and the sale of equity and convertible notes. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Although no assurances can be given as to the Company’s ability to deliver on its revenue plans or that unforeseen expenses may arise, management currently believes that the revenue to be generated from operations together with equity and debt financing, including funding from USMC in the form of a line of credit, will provide the necessary funding for the Company to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months.

On July 10, 2023, the Company entered into a line of credit agreement with USMC that provides for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 of advances from USMC under an unsecured convertible grid promissory note (“Grid Note” until July 10, 2024. The note bears interest at 8% per annum and any outstanding principal and accrued interest under the note is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.10 per share on the maturity date. Any amount of principal not paid when due will bear interest at a default rate of 13% per annum. The Company may prepay the principal amount of the Grid Note together with any accrued and unpaid interest thereon, at any time without penalty. On the Maturity Date, USMC may in its sole discretion, chose to convert all or part of the outstanding principal amount of the Grid Note, together with accrued and unpaid interest due thereon, into shares of the Company’s common stock. The conversion price and number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion are subject to adjustment from time to time for any subdivision or consolidation of the Company’s shares and standard dilutive events. Upon the Company’s voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, the full principal amount of the Grid Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, will automatically become immediately due and payable. Upon the occurrence of any other events of default, as specified in the Grid Note, the full principal amount of the Grid Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, may become immediately due and payable at USMC’s election. As of November 30, 2024, there have been $1,000,000 in advances from USMC under the July 10, 2023 line of credit agreement. Total interest expense was $18,856 for the year ended November 30, 2024. On March 31, 2024, the noteholder converted the July 10, 2023 line of credit principal of $1,000,000 and accrued interest of $25,640 into 10,256,400 shares of common stock.

On February 8, 2024, the Company issued USMC an 8% unsecured convertible promissory note in the principal amount of up to $618,000 (the “Convertible Note”). The principal amount of the Convertible Note was to be funded by USMC in six installments of $103,000 each. The installments were made on the Issuance Date, March 1, 2024, April 1, 2024, May 1, 2024, July 1, 2024, and August 1, 2024. The Company used the proceeds from the Convertible Note to pay the settlement amount agreed to in a binding arbitration with a former officer of the Corporation.

The Convertible Note has a stated maturity date of February 7, 2026. Interest is payable on the unpaid principal amount of the Convertible Note at a rate of 8% per annum; provided, however, that any amount of principal not paid when due will bear interest at a default interest rate equal to 13% per annum. The Company may prepay the principal amount of the Convertible Note, in whole or in part, at any time without penalty or premium. Amounts due under the Convertible Note may be converted into shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Convertible Note Conversion Shares”) at any time, at the option of USMC, at a conversion price of $0.08 per share. The conversion price and number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Note will be subject to adjustment from time to time for any subdivision or consolidation of the Company’s shares and other standard dilutive events. Upon the Company’s voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, the full principal amount of the Convertible Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, will automatically become immediately due and payable. Upon the occurrence of any other event of default, as specified in the Convertible Note, the full principal amount of the Convertible Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, may become immediately due and payable at USMC’s election. Total interest expense was $29,733 for the year ended November 30, 2024.

On March 7, 2024, the Company entered into a line of credit agreement with USMC that provides for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 of advances from USMC under an unsecured convertible grid promissory note (“Grid Note” until March 7, 2025. The note bears interest at 8% per annum and any outstanding principal and accrued interest under the note is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.08 per share on the maturity date. Any amount of principal not paid when due will bear interest at a default rate of 13% per annum. The Company may prepay the principal amount of the Grid Note together with any accrued and unpaid interest thereon, at any time without penalty. On the maturity date, USMC may in its sole discretion, convert all or part of the outstanding principal amount of the Grid Note, together with accrued and unpaid interest due thereon, into shares of the Company’s common stock. The conversion price and number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion are subject to adjustment from time to time for any subdivision or consolidation of the Company’s shares and standard dilutive events. Upon the Company’s voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, the full principal amount of the Grid Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, will automatically become immediately due and payable. Upon the occurrence of any other events of default, as specified in the Grid Note, the full principal amount of the Grid Note, together with any other amounts owing in respect thereof, may become immediately due and payable at USMC’s election. As of November 30, 2024, there have been $898,449 in advances from USMC under the March 7, 2024 line of credit agreement. Total interest expense was $32,410 for the year ended November 30, 2024. The line was fully funded in January 2025.

USMC has advanced an additional $238,449 as of February 28, 2025. Terms of a new line of credit and unsecured convertible grid promissory note have not yet been determined. Currently there are no other arrangements or agreements for financing, and management cannot guarantee any other potential debt or equity financing will be available, or if available, on favorable terms. As such, these matters raise substantial doubt by our independent registered public accounting firm about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months from the issue date of this report. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, or at all, the Company will need to curtail operations, or cease operations completely.

Going Concern

The consolidated financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company has accumulated losses from inception through November 30, 2024 of $64,208,523, as well as negative cash flows from operating activities and a working capital deficiency. During the year ended November 30, 2024, the Company received net cash proceeds of $2,169,714 from USMC from a convertible promissory note and a line of credit. The Company does not have sufficient cash to meet its obligations in the twelve months following the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K if it does not generate additional revenue and continue to obtain additional financing from USMC. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management is in the process of evaluating various financing alternatives in order to finance the capital requirements of the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful with its fund-raising initiatives.

Working Capital Deficiency

The decrease in current liabilities is primarily a result of the decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and the payment of a settlement liability with a long-term note payable, offset by the increase in the line of credit with USMC.

Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $2,167,932 for the year ended November 30, 2024 and was due to a net loss of $1,477,545 and a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities of $796,297, which was offset by non-cash expenses of $105,910.

Net cash used in operating activities was $1,124,290 for the year ended November 30, 2023 and was due to a net loss of $9,087,329 which was offset by non-cash expenses of $7,100,797 and net increase in operating assets and liabilities of $862,242.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $1,538 for the year ended November 30, 2024 due to the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $130,716 for the year ended November 30, 2023 due to the purchase of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

For the year ended November 30, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $2,191,998, of which $618,000 was advances from USMC through a note payable, $1,551,714 was from lines of credit with USMC, and $31,000 was a loan from a company owned by John Bremer, a director of the Company, which were offset by $8,716 in payments to A. Scott Dockter in connection with an outstanding note payable.

For the year ended November 30, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $1,241,523, of which $914,788 was advances from USMC through notes payable and $346,735 was a line of credit with USMC, which were offset by $20,000 in payments to A. Scott Dockter in connection with an outstanding note payable.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Effects of Inflation

Inflationary factors such as increases in the costs to purchase products, acquire mineral rights and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a continued high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues if the selling prices of our services do not increase with these increased costs.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024. We believe that the accounting policies below are critical to fully understand and evaluate our financial condition and results of operations.

Fair Value Measurement

As defined in ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurement). This fair value measurement framework applies at both initial and subsequent measurement.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the operation to which the assets relate to the carrying amount. If the operation is determined to be unable to recover the carrying amount of its assets, then these assets are written down first, followed by other long-lived assets of the operation to fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the assets.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets, including tax loss and credit carry forwards, and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company utilizes ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method to compute the differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the related financial amounts, using currently enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is “more likely-than-not” that a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

For uncertain tax positions that meet a “more likely than not” threshold, the Company recognizes the benefit of uncertain tax positions in the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company derives revenues from the sale of its agricultural products. The Company’s contracted transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation which are not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied upon the transfer of risk of loss to the customer.

Exploration Stage

In accordance with GAAP, expenditures relating to the acquisition of mineral rights are initially capitalized as incurred while exploration and pre-extraction expenditures are expensed as incurred until such time as the Company exits the exploration stage by establishing proven or probable reserves. Expenditures relating to exploration activities such as drill programs to establish mineralized materials are expensed as incurred. Expenditures relating to pre-extraction activities are expensed as incurred until such time proven or probable reserves are established for that project, after which expenditures relating to mine development activities for that particular project are capitalized as incurred.

Mineral Rights

Acquisition costs of mineral rights are capitalized as incurred while exploration and pre-extraction expenditures are expensed as incurred until such time as the Company exits the exploration stage by establishing proven or probable reserves, as defined by the SEC under Industry Guide 7, through the completion of a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study. Expenditures relating to exploration activities are expensed as incurred and expenditures relating to pre-extraction activities are expensed as incurred until such time proven or probable reserves are established for that project, after which subsequent expenditures relating to development activities for that particular project are capitalized as incurred.

Where proven and probable reserves have been established, the project’s capitalized expenditures are depleted over proven and probable reserves upon commencement of production using the units-of-production method. Where proven and probable reserves have not been established, such capitalized expenditures are depleted over the estimated production life upon commencement of extraction using the straight-line method.

The carrying values of the mineral rights are assessed for impairment by management on a quarterly basis or when indicators of impairment exist. Should management determine that these carrying values cannot be recovered, the unrecoverable amounts are written off against earnings.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees, including employee stock options, in its statements of operations.

For stock options issued to employees and members of the Company’s board of directors for their services, the Company estimates the grant date fair value of each option using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the Common Stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the Common Stock. For awards subject to service-based vesting conditions, including those with a graded vesting schedule, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense equal to the grant date fair value of stock options on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term. Forfeitures are recorded as they are incurred as opposed to being estimated at the time of grant and revised.

Pursuant to ASU 2018-07 Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, the Company accounts for stock options issued to non-employees for their services in accordance ASC 718. The Company uses valuation methods and assumptions to value the stock options that are in line with the process for valuing employee stock options noted above.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Any new and recently adopted accounting pronouncements are more fully described in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2024.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information called for by Item 8 is included following the “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15I and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation and subject to the foregoing, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of November 30, 2024 due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of its principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of its consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2024 based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2024 was not effective.

A material weakness, as defined in the standards established by Sarbanes-Oxley is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The ineffectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was due to the following material weaknesses:

Management’s Plan to Remediate the Material Weakness

Management has been implementing and continues to implement measures designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weakness are remediated, such that these controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively. The remediation actions include:

We engaged a third-party financial operations consulting firm to assist with the preparation of SEC reporting through August 31, 2023 and hired a chief financial officer in December 2023.

Management will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and procedures over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and is committed to taking further action and implementing additional enhancements or improvements, as necessary and as funds allow.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that exempt smaller reporting companies from this requirement.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our fourth quarter that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Set forth below are the present directors and executive officers of the Company.

Our directors are elected for a term of one year and serve until such director’s successor is duly elected and qualified. Each executive officer serves at the pleasure of the Board.

A. Scott Dockter – Chief Executive Officer, President and Director

A Scott Dockter has been Chief Executive Officer, President and a director of the Company since September 24, 2014, Chief Financial Officer from May 24, 2019 to January 21, 2021, and from March 25, 2021 to December 12, 2023, and President and a director of PureBase AG since January 22, 2014. Mr. Dockter has also served as the chief executive officer and a director of USMC since 2012. Mr. Dockter was a manager-member of US Agricultural Minerals, LLC (“USAM”) from its inception in June 2013 until its acquisition by PureBase AG on November 24, 2014. Mr. Dockter is a manager-member of US Mine, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company, which owns a 3,306-acre mining property located in Ione, California. From July 2010 to June 2012, Mr. Dockter served as Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman of Steele Resources Corp., a public company and its subsidiary Steele Resources, Inc. which were involved in the property evaluation and exploration for gold. Over the course of his 30-year career, Mr. Dockter has been responsible for the development of several large open pit and underground mines in the United States, having worked extensively in the states of Nevada, California, Idaho, and Montana. Mr. Dockter has a comprehensive involvement in the mining business, including exploration, permitting, mine development, construction, financing, operations, asset acquisitions, and marketing and sales, with a wide range of commodities including industrial minerals, gold, silver, copper and other precious metals.

Mr. Dockter’s significant experience relating to operational management, industry expertise and as Chief Executive Officer of the Company led to his appointment as a director of our company.

Stephen Gillings – Chief Financial Officer

Stephen Gillings has been Chief Financial Officer of the Company since December 13, 2023. Mr. Gillings has been a controller/consultant with Now CFO of Newport Beach, California, a consulting firm, for the past six years. As a consultant, Mr. Gillings assisted various business clients with the preparation of quarterly financial statements and notes and annual financial statements for year-end audits. Mr. Gillings also prepared and filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Annual Reports on Form 10-K for SEC reporting companies. Prior to joining Now CFO, Mr. Gillings served for four years as chief financial officer for QuantumSphere, Inc. (“QuantumSphere”) of Santa Ana, California, a manufacturer of nanometals, where his responsibilities included preparing public company SEC filings, developing policies and procedures and preparing monthly financial reports and analysis. Prior thereto, Mr. Gillings served for seven years as vice president finance at QuantumSphere. Prior to joining QuantumSphere, Mr. Gillings served as controller for AllDigital of Irvine, California, which provides digital broadcasting solutions and chief financial officer of I/OMagic of Irvine, California, a distributor of computer peripherals. Mr. Gillings has a Bachelor of Science in Accounting degree from the University of California, Berkeley and a Master of Business Administration degree from California State University, Fullerton.

Dr. Kimberly Kurtis – Director

Dr. Kimberly Kurtis has been a director of the Company since August 10, 2021. Dr. Kurtis has been Associate Dean and a professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology (“Georgia Tech”) since 2014. Dr. Kurtis joined Georgia Tech’s faculty in January 1999. Dr. Kurtis has served as Georgie Tech’s ADVANCE Professor from 2012 to 2014, and she holds a courtesy appointment in the School of Materials Science and Engineering. Dr. Kurtis earned a BSE in Civil Engineering in 1994 from Tulane University under a Dean’s Honor Scholarship, and a M.S. in 1995 and PhD in 1998 in Civil Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, where Dr. Kurtis was a Henry Hilp Fellow and a National Science Foundation Fellow. Dr. Kurtis’s research on the multi-scale structure and performance of cement-based materials has resulted in more than 200 technical publications and three U.S. patents.

Dr. Kurtis was appointed to the Board because of her expertise in the development of supplementary cementitious materials.

John Bremer – Director

John Bremer has been a director of the Company since December 24, 2014 and a director of PureBase Ag since February 5, 2015. Mr. Bremer has served as a director and President of USMC since February 2014. Mr. Bremer was also a manager-member of USAM from its inception in June 2013 until its acquisition by PureBase AG on November 24, 2014. Mr. Bremer is also a manager-member of US Mine, LLC which owns a 3,306-acre mining property located in Ione, California. For the past 21 years Mr. Bremer has been the chief executive officer of GroWest, Inc. a holding company with subsidiary companies in the heavy equipment rental and property development business in California. Mr. Bremer started his career teaching college level horticulture and soil science classes, opened and managed large mining operations for Riverside Cement and California Portland Cement Company and has worked with cement producers including to help design material input methodologies to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from calcining cement. Mr. Bremer developed a large organic composting operation in Riverside County, California which he sold to Synagro Technologies, Inc., currently part of The Carlyle Group. Mr. Bremer has been involved in property development in Riverside County and Napa Valley in California including permitting processes. Mr. Bremer earned his Bachelor’s degree in Agri-Business from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California.

Mr. Bremer was appointed to the Board because of his industry experience.

Jeffrey Guzy – Director

Jeffrey Guzy has been a director since April 8, 2020. Mr. Guzy has served as a director of Leatt Corporation (OTC: LEAT) since May 2007 and Capstone Companies (OTC: CAPC) since May 2007. Mr. Guzy has served as a director of Brownie’s Marine Group Inc. (OTC: BWMG) and Life on Earth, Inc. (OTC:LFER) since 2019. Mr. Guzy held executive positions at several large international companies, including Loral Space, Sprint International, Verizon and IBM. Mr. Guzy founded and has served as executive chairman, president and chief executive officer at CoJax Oil & Gas Corporation (OTC: CJAX) since 2017. Mr. Guzy served as chief executive officer for Central Oil & Gas Corp. of America from 2013 through 2020. Mr. Guzy founded Facilicom International, Inc., an international telephone company is 1994. Mr. Guzy has also served as an executive manager of business development to several telecom companies including Bell Atlantic Corp. Mr. Guzy received an MBA from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, an MS in Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania, and a BS in Electrical Engineering from Pennsylvania State University.

Mr. Guzy was appointed to the Board because of his business acumen as well as his business development experience.

Stephen Gillings Employment Agreement

The Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Gillings dated December 13, 2023, pursuant to which Mr. Gillings will be paid a base salary of $100,000 per year to serve as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. The agreement may be terminated by Mr. Gillings at any time upon 90 days prior notice and by the Company, at any time, with or without “cause.” If the agreement is terminated by the Company without cause, so long as Mr. Gillings is employed six months, Mr. Gillings will be entitled to three months’ salary plus one additional month for every year of employment as a severance payment.

In addition, the agreement provides for the grant to Mr. Gillings of an option to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock on each of December 11, 2023 and the first and second anniversaries thereof, at a purchase price per share equal to the fair market value of the Company’s publicly traded common stock on the date of grant. Each option grant vests one year from the date of grant, and is exercisable for three years, provided that Mr. Gillings is then employed by the Company. Upon termination of Mr. Gillings’ employment, other than for cause, any vested option will remain exercisable for 30 days after such termination. Mr. Gillings will also be eligible for discretionary annual bonuses based on performance. The agreement also contains customary confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation and non-disparagement provisions.

Family Relationships

There are no arrangements or understandings between our directors and any other person pursuant to which they were appointed as an officer and director of the Company. There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

There are no legal proceedings that have occurred within the past ten years concerning our directors, or control persons which involved a criminal conviction, a criminal proceeding, an administrative or civil proceeding limiting one’s participation in the securities or banking industries, or a finding of securities or commodities law violations.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established two committees under the Board of Directors, an audit committee and a compensation committee.

The Company does not have a nominating committee. The full Board of Directors considers nominations for new members to the Board.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee currently has two members, Jeffrey Guzy, Chairman, and Kimberly Kurtis. The Compensation Committee initially determines matters relating to executive officer compensation, including the issuances of stock options and other compensatory matters. The Compensation Committee then makes recommendations to the Board of Directors, concerning such executive officer compensation.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee currently has two members Jeffrey Guzy, Chairman, and John Bremer. The Audit Committee is responsible for: (i) selection and oversight of our independent accountants; (ii) establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal controls, and auditing matters; (iii) establishing procedures for the confidential, anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding accounting and auditing matters; (iv) engaging outside advisors; and (v) funding for the outside auditor and any outside advisors engagement by the audit committee.

Our board has determined that Mr. Guzy qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined in Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC.

Director Compensation

The following table sets forth certain information concerning compensation earned by the Company’s non-employee directors for services rendered as a director during the year ended November 30, 2024:

Director Compensation

On April 8, 2021, the Company entered into a twelve-month director agreement with Jeffrey Guzy, as amended on August 26, 2022 pursuant to which Mr. Guzy will serve as a director of the Company. Such agreement will automatically renew (the “Guzy Renewal Date”) for successive one-year terms unless either party notifies the other of its desire not to renew the agreement within 30 days of the expiration of the then current term. As compensation therefor, Mr. Guzy is entitled to a cash fee of $1,000 per month which accrues as debt to the Company until the Company has its first cash-flow positive month. Effective March 1, 2023, Mr. Guzy’s monthly compensation was increased to $1,500. Any amounts owed to Mr. Guzy at the Guzy Renewal Date or upon Mr. Guzy’ resignation or removal (the “Guzy Termination Date”) will be converted into common stock at the lower of the price per share of $0.10 or the volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the common stock for the 20-days immediately preceding the Guzy Renewal Date or the Guzy Termination Date, as the case may be. The agreement also includes a non-competition provision during the term of the agreement and for twelve months thereafter. As of November 30, 2024, there were no cash fees owed to Mr. Guzy.

On August 13, 2021, the Company entered into a twelve-month director agreement with Kimberly Kurtis, as amended on August 26, 2022 (the “Kurtis Director Agreement”) pursuant to which Dr. Kurtis will serve as a director and provide board services. Such agreement will automatically renew (the “Kurtis Renewal Date”) for successive one-year terms unless either party notifies the other of its desire not to renew the agreement within 30 days of the expiration of the then current term. As compensation therefor, Dr. Kurtis is entitled to a cash fee of $1,000 per month which accrues as debt to the Company until the Company has its first cash-flow positive month. Any amounts owed to Dr. Kurtis at the Renewal Date or upon Dr. Kurtis’ resignation or removal (the “Kurtis Termination Date”) will be converted into common stock at the lower of a price of $0.15 per share or the VWAP of the common stock for the 20-days immediately preceding the Kurtis Termination Date, as the case may be. On August 13, 2021, Dr. Kurtis was also issued a five-year stock option to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock at $0.15. The agreement includes a non-competition provision during the term of the agreement and for twelve months thereafter. As of November 30, 2024, the Company had debt in the amount of $28,000 owed to Dr. Kurtis.

On September 11, 2023, the Company entered into a twelve-month director agreement with Brady Barto pursuant to which Mr. Barto agrees to devote as much time as is necessary to perform completely the duties as a director. As compensation therefor, Mr. Barto was entitled to a cash fee of $1,000 per month which accrued as debt to the Company until the Company has its first cash-flow positive month. Any amounts owed to Mr. Barto at the end of the twelve-month term or at his earlier removal or resignation will be converted into common stock at the lower price of $0.15 per share or the VWAP of the common stock for the 20-days from the last date of Mr. Barto service as a director. On September 11, 2023, Mr. Barto was also issued a five-year stock option to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock at $0.15. The agreement included a non-competition provision during the term of the agreement and for twelve months thereafter. As of November 30, 2024, the Company has debt in the amount of $15,000 owed to Mr. Barto. Mr. Barto resigned as director on February 5, 2025. The amount owed to Mr. Barto on February 5, 2025 was $17,000.

Code of Ethics

Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) that applies to the directors, officers and employees of the Company. We have filed a copy of our Code as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018. Our Code may be reviewed by accessing our public filings at the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov. In addition, a copy of the Code will be provided without charge upon request from us.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our equity securities (“Reporting Persons”), to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Based solely on our review of copies of such reports and representation from Reporting Persons, we believe that during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024, the Reporting Persons timely filed all such reports, except that USMC failed to timely file a Form 4 reporting the conversion of debt of $2,638,527 into 19,134,323 shares of common stock.

Changes in Nominating Process

There are no material changes to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to our board of directors.

Insider Trading Policies

The Company has adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sales or other dispositions of its securities by directors, officers, employees, or the Company that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Summary Compensation Table

The following table shows the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer and our other executive officer receiving annual compensation in excess of $100,000 during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 (each a “Named Executive Officer”). No other executive officer received compensation in excess of $100,000 during the year ended November 30, 2024.

Change-in-Control Agreements

The Company does not have any change-in-control agreements with its executive officers.

Outstanding Equity Awards

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARD AT NOVEMBER 30, 2024

The table below reflects all equity awards made to named Executive Officers that were outstanding at November 30, 2024.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table lists, as of February 28, 2025, the number shares of common stock beneficially owned by (i) each person or entity known to the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock; (ii) each Named Executive Officer; and (iii) all officers and directors as a group. Information relating to beneficial ownership of Common Stock by our principal shareholders and management is based upon information furnished by each person using “beneficial ownership” concepts under the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or direct the voting of the security, or investment power, which includes the power to vote or direct the voting of the security. The person is also deemed to be a beneficial owner of any security of which that person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days. Under the SEC rules, more than one person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same securities, and a person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of securities as to which he or she may not have any pecuniary beneficial interest. Except as noted below, each person has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned. Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each such person is c/o PureBase Corporation, 8625 Highway 124, Ione, California 95640. The percentages below are calculated based on 250,497,328 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of February 28, 2025.

*Represents less than 1%

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Transactions with Related Persons

Except as set forth below, since December 1, 2022, there have been no transactions, or currently proposed transactions, in which we were or are to be a participant and the amount involved exceeds $120,000, and in which any of the following persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest:

The following table outlines the related parties associated with the Company and amounts due for each period indicated:

US Mine Corporation

On December 1, 2013, the Company entered into a contract mining agreement with USMC, a 5% shareholder and a company 25% owned by A. Scott Dockter, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and a director, and 25% owned by John Bremer, a director, pursuant to which USMC will provide various technical evaluations and mine development services to the Company. No services were rendered by USMC for the fiscal years ended November 30, 2024 and 2023. For the year ended November 30, 2024, the Company paid USMC $68,801 under the mining agreement and $450 was unpaid at November 30, 2024. For the year ended November 30, 2023, the Company paid USMC $80,602 under the mining agreement and there was no unpaid amount at November 30, 2023.

During the fiscal years ended November 30, 2024 and 2023, USMC paid $13,632 and $15,853, respectively, of expenses to the Company’s vendors and creditors on behalf of the Company and also made cash advances to the Company of $2,169,714 and $1,261,523, respectively

On April 7, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with USMC pursuant to which USMC may purchase up to $1,000,000 of the Company’s 5% unsecured two-year promissory notes in one or more closings. The notes are convertible into the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.39 per share. USMC purchased notes in the principal amounts of $470,862, $140,027, and $308,320 on August 30, 2022, November 29, 2022, and February 28, 2023, respectively. On January 31, 2024, USMC converted the outstanding principal of the three notes and accrued interest of $33,476, $8,210, and $14,233 on the August 30, 2022, the November 29, 2022, and the February 28, 2023 notes, respectively, into a total of 2,500,330 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On March 20, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with USMC pursuant to which USMC may purchase up to $1,000,000 of the Company’s 5% unsecured two-year promissory notes in one or more closings. The notes are convertible into the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.10 per share. USMC purchased notes in the principal amounts of $412,533 and $193,935 on May 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. On January 31, 2024, USMC converted the outstanding principal of both notes and accrued interest of $22,152 and $9,139 on the May 31, 2023 and the June 30, 2023 notes, respectively, into a total of 6,377,593 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On April 1, 2020, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with the Bremer Family 1995 Living Trust, a trust controlled by John Bremer, a director of the Company, pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase the Snow White Mine for $836,000 plus 5% interest payable at the closing which was to occur at any time before April 1, 2022. On April 14, 2022, the agreement was amended to extend the closing date to April 14, 2023. On April 7, 2023, the agreement was further amended to extend the closing date to April 1, 2024. On July 12, 2024, the agreement was further amended to extend the closing date to July 12, 2026.The Company is required to make minimum royalty payments of $3,500 per year. The Company has not made royalty payments to Mr. Bremer since December 31, 2018.

US Mine LLC

On May 27, 2021, the Company entered into a materials extraction agreement with US Mine, LLC, (the “Materials Extraction Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company acquired the right to extract up to 100,000,000 tons of certain raw clay materials. A. Scott Dockter, John Bremer, and Craig Barto each own 33% of US Mine LLC. The Materials Extraction Agreement is effective until 100,000,000 tons of material are extracted. As compensation for such right, the Company issued a ten-year convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $50,000,000 to US Mine, LLC (the “US Mine Note”). The US Mine Note bears interest at the rate of 2.5% per annum which is payable upon maturity. Amounts due under the US Mine Note may be converted into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the noteholder, at a conversion price of $0.43 per share. The noteholder may convert (i) up to 50% of the outstanding balance on or after such date as the Company’s common stock is listed for trading on any national securities exchange, (ii) up to an additional 25% of the outstanding balance on or after the six-month anniversary of such initial trading date, and (iii) the remaining 25% on or after the twelve-month anniversary of such initial trading date. In addition, the Company will pay US Mine, LLC a royalty fee of $5.00 per ton of materials extracted and any royalty not paid in a timely manner with be subject to 15% interest per annum and compounded monthly.

On October 6, 2021, and prior to consummation of activities under the Materials Extraction Agreement, the Company and US Mine, LLC executed an amendment to the Materials Extraction Agreement, pursuant to which the US Mine Note was terminated and of no further force and an option to purchase an aggregate of 116,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.38 per share until April 6, 2028, was issued to US Mine, LLC as compensation. Shares subject to the option vested as to 58,000,000 shares on April 6, 2022, 29,000,000 shares on October 6, 2022, and 29,000,000 shares on April 6, 2023. This Materials Extraction Agreement was further amended and restated in June 2022 to state that the Note was retroactively rescinded ab initio.

Note payable – USMC

On February 8, 2024, the Company issued a two-year $618,000 unsecured convertible note to USMC for the payment by USMC of attorney fees on behalf of the Company for the settlement of a lawsuit with a third party. The note bears interest at 8% per annum and any outstanding principal and accrued interest are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.08 per share at the sole discretion of the noteholder. As of February 28, 2025, there have been $618,000 in advances from USMC under the note and accrued interest on the note was $42,093.

Lines of Credit – USMC

On July 10, 2023, the Company entered into a line of credit agreement and unsecured convertible grid promissory note with USMC which provides for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 of advances from USMC under an unsecured convertible grid promissory note until July 10, 2024. The note bears interest at 8% per annum and any outstanding principal or accrued interest under the note is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.10 per share on the maturity date. As of February 28, 2025, the accrued interest on the July 10, 2023 line of credit was $0. On March 31, 2024, the noteholder converted the line of credit principal of $1,000,000 and accrued interest of $25,640 into 10,256,400 shares of common stock.

On March 7, 2024, the Company entered into a line of credit agreement and unsecured convertible grid promissory note with USMC which provides for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 of advances from USMC under an unsecured convertible grid promissory note (See Note 12) until March 7, 2025. The note bears interest at 8% per annum and any outstanding principal or accrued interest under the note is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $0.08 per share on the maturity date. As of February 28, 2025, there have been $1,000,000 total advances from USMC under the line of credit agreement. As of February 28, 2025, the accrued interest on the July 10, 2023 line of credit was $51,928.

USMC has advanced the Company $238,449 as of February 28, 2025.

Board of Directors

On April 8, 2023, the Company issued an immediately exercisable five-year option to Jeffrey Guzy, a director, to purchase 350,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.10 per share for board services.

On August 10, 2023, the Company issued an immediately exercisable five-year option to Dr. Kimberly Kurtis, a director, to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.15 per share for board services.

On September 13, 2023, the Company issued an immediately exercisable five-year option to Brady Barto, a former director, to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.15 per share for board services.

Executive Officers

On August 31, 2017, the Company issued a promissory note in the principal amount of $197,096 to A. Scott Dockter, President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company to consolidate total amounts of indebtedness due to Mr. Dockter. The note bears interest at 6% and is due upon demand. Since December 1, 2020, the Company has repaid $127,816 towards the balance of the note. As of February 28, 2025 the outstanding principal balance due on this note is $0 and the accrued interest is $42,263.

In connection with Stephen Gillings’ appointment as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, on December 13, 2023, the Company granted Mr. Gillings a five-year stock option to purchase 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.09 per share. The shares subject to the option became exercisable on December 13, 2024.

Bayshore Capital Advisors, LLC

On February 26, 2016, the Company issued a 6% promissory note in the principal amount of $25,000 to Bayshore Capital Advisors, LLC (“Bayshore Capital”), a former 5% shareholder of the Company. The note was payable upon the earlier of August 26, 2016 or the closing of a bridge financing by the Company. As of November 30, 2022, the Company was in default on this note. On February 4, 2023, Bayshore Capital agreed to cancel the $25,000 debt, plus $10,401 of accrued and unpaid interest.

Director Independence

We believe that Jeffrey Guzy and Kimberly Kurtis would be deemed “independent” under the applicable NASDAQ definition.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Audit and Accounting Fees

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed to the Company for professional services rendered by our principal accountants, Turner, Stone & Company, LLP (“TSC”) for the years ended November 30, 2024 and 2023:

Audit Fees

Audit fees consist of fees incurred for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements, the review of our interim consolidated financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and for services that are normally provided in connection with statutory or regulatory filings or engagements.

Audit-Related Fees

Audit-related fees consist of fees billed for professional services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements but are not reported under “Audit fees.”

Tax Fees

Tax fees consist of fees billed for professional services relating to tax compliance, tax planning, and tax advice. including the preparation of our corporate tax returns.

All Other Fees

All other fees consist of fees billed for services not associated with audit or tax.

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Practice

Prior to the engagement of our independent auditor, such engagement was approved by our audit committee. The services provided under this engagement may include audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services. Pre-approval is generally provided for up to one year and any pre-approval is detailed as to the particular service or category of services and is generally subject to a specific budget. The independent auditors and management are required to report to our audit committee at least quarterly regarding the extent of services provided by the independent auditors in accordance with this pre-approval, and the fees for the services performed to date. Our audit committee may also pre-approve particular services on a case-by-case basis. All audit-related fees, tax fees and other fees incurred by us were approved by our audit committee.

Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services

The percentage of hours expended TSC’s engagement to audit our financial statements for the most recent fiscal year that were attributed to work performed by persons other than the principal accountant’s full-time, permanent employees was 0%.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following exhibits are included as part of this Annual Report: