EX-21.1 10 ex-21112312023.htm EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

IQVIA Holdings Inc. Subsidiary Listing - as of 12/31/2023
Subsidiary			Jurisdiction or State of Organization
159 Solutions, LLC			California
159 Technology Solutions Private Ltd			India
AECIO IT Solutions India Private Ltd.			India
AHM Global Services, LLC			New Jersey
AIT Bioscience LLC			Indiana
Albatross Financial Solutions Limited			United Kingdom
ALIMED Egeszsegugyi Szolgaltato Kft.			Hungary
Allcare Plus Pharmacy LLC			Massachusetts
Apuro.com K.K.			Japan
Ardentia International Limited			United Kingdom
Ascott Sales Integration Pty Ltd			Australia
Asesorias IQVIA Solutions Chile Limitada			Chile
Asserta Centroamerica Medicion de Mercados, S.A.			Guatemala
Avacare Clinical Research Network (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
Battaerd Mansley Pty. Ltd.			Australia
Benefit Holding, Inc.			North Carolina
Bioaxis Healthcare Southeast Europe Home Health Services Single Member Societe Anonyme			Greece
Biofortis, LLC			Delaware
BITAC MAP S.L.U.			Spain
BuzzeoPDMA LLC			Delaware
Cambridge Pharma Consultancy Inc.			Delaware
Cambridge Pharma Consultancy Limited			United Kingdom
CDS - Centre de Service SAS			France
Cegedim Venezuela C.A.			Venezuela
Cenduit Limited			United Kingdom
Centrix Innovations (Pty) Ltd.			South Africa
CFS Clinical UK Limited			United Kingdom
Clinical Financial Services, LLC			Pennsylvania
Clinical Lab Minority Shareholder Limited			United Kingdom
Clintec CRO Services (India) Private Limited			India
Clintec International (Pty) Ltd.			South Africa
Clintec International (Thailand) Limited			Thailand
Clintec International Bulgaria OOD			Bulgaria
Clintec International doo			Serbia
Clintec International FZ-LLC			United Arab Emirates
Clintec International Limited			Kenya
Clintec International LLC			Ukraine

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Clintec International Ltd.			United Kingdom
Clintec International Norway AS			Norway
Clintec International Off-Shore S.A.L.			Lebanon
Clintec International Pharmaceutical Services Ltd			Israel
Clintec International Pte Ltd.			Singapore
Clintec International RUS LLC			Russia
Clintec Luxembourg S.A.			Luxembourg
Clintec Turkey Medikal ve Farmasotik Hizmetler Ticaret Limited Sirketi			Turkey
Cognitive Clinical Trials, LLC			Delaware
Comline GmbH			Germany
Compliant Community Projects (Pty) Ltd.			South Africa
Concentrics Research LLC			Indiana
CoreZetta Co Ltd.			Republic of Korea
CROnos Clinical Consulting Services Inc.			New Jersey
CT Consulting Inc.			Philippines
Data Niche Associates, Inc.			Illinois
Dataline Software Limited			United Kingdom
Datandina Ecuador S.A.			Ecuador
Datec Industria e Comercio, Distribudora Grafica e Mala Direta Ltda.			Brazil
DAVASO GmbH			Germany
DAVASO Holding GmbH			Germany
Dimensions Healthcare Company Ltd			Palestine, State of
Dimensions Healthcare FZ-LLC			United Arab Emirates
IQVIA Healthcare – Sole Proprietorship LLC			United Arab Emirates
Doe Acquisition Sub Inc.			Delaware
DrugDev Inc.			Delaware
DrugDev Limited			United Kingdom
Educom S.r.l.			Italy
Emerald Star Holdings LLC			Washington
Epernicus, LLC			Delaware
EPG Communication Holdings Limited			United Kingdom
EPS Research Limited			United Kingdom
EPS Software Limited			United Kingdom
Evigrade - Health Care Research Consulting, Unipessoal, LDA			Portugal
Excel Life Sciences Inc.			Delaware
Excel Life Sciences Private Limited			India
Farmacja.hr Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością			Poland
Farmacja.net Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością			Poland
Forcea NV			Belgium
Foresight IT Solutions and Consulting India Private Limited			India
Foundry Health, LLC			Wisconsin
GCE Clin Solutions Limited			United Kingdom
GCE Global Solutions, LLC			Delaware
GCE Solutions International, LLC			Delaware
GCE Solutions, S. de R.L. de C.V.			Mexico

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Global Crown Investment Limited			Hong Kong
Grace Data Corp.			California
gradient.Systemintegration GmbH			Germany
Healthcare Business Information Limited			United Kingdom
Hospital Marketing Services Ltd.			United Kingdom
Hotel Lot C-8B, LLC			North Carolina
Iasist Holdco Limited			United Kingdom
Iasist Portugal, Consultadoria na Área de Saúde, Unipessoal, Lda			Portugal
Iasist SAU Agencia en Chile			Chile
IM Associates BV			Belgium
ImmunXperts			Belgium
Impact RX Data Management (Pty) Ltd.			South Africa
IMR International (Australia) PTY Ltd			Australia
IMS (UK) Pension Plan Trustee Company Limited			United Kingdom
IMS AB			Sweden
IMS Health de Venezuela C.A.			Venezuela
IMS Health Group Limited			United Kingdom
IMS Health Information Solutions Australia Pty. Ltd			Australia
IMS Health Information Solutions India Private Ltd.			India
IMS Health Networks Limited			United Kingdom
IMS Health Paraguay Srl			Paraguay
IMS Health Surveys Limited			United Kingdom
IMS Health Uruguay S.A.			Uruguay
IMS Hospital Group Limited			United Kingdom
IMS Information Solutions Medical Research Limited			United Kingdom
IMS Information Solutions UK Ltd.			United Kingdom
IMS Meridian Limited			Hong Kong
IMS Meridian Research Limited			British Virgin Islands
IMS Software Services Ltd.			Delaware
IMS Technology Solutions UK Limited			United Kingdom
Incarnus Malaysia Sdn Bhd			Malaysia
Infocus Health Limited			United Kingdom
Infopharm Ltd.			United Kingdom
Innovex Merger Corp.			North Carolina
Innovex Saglik Urunleri Pazarlama ve Hizmet Danismanlik Anonim Sirketi			Turkey
Innovex Sağlık Hizmetleri Araştırma Pazarlama Danışmanlık Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Şirketi			Turkey
Inteliquet, Inc.			Delaware
Intercontinental Medical Statistics International, Ltd.			Delaware
Intercontinental Medical Statistics Kenya Ltd.			Kenya
Interface Clinical Services Ltd.			United Kingdom
Interstatistik AG			Switzerland
IPP Informacion Promocional y Publicitaria S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
IQVIA Medical Development (Dalian) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA (Thailand) Co., Ltd.			Thailand

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IQVIA AB			Sweden
IQVIA Adriatic d.o.o. za Konzalting			Croatia
IQVIA Afrique de l’Ouest Francophone			Cote d'Ivoire
IQVIA AG			Switzerland
IQVIA Analytics Services Private Limited			India
IQVIA Asia Pacific Commercial Holdings LLC			North Carolina
IQVIA Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH			Germany
IQVIA BioSciences Holdings, LLC			Delaware
IQVIA Biotech LLC			Delaware
IQVIA Biotech Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Cancer Research			Belgium
IQVIA Chinametrik Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Clinical AB			Sweden
IQVIA Clinical, Filial af IQVIA Clinical AB			Denmark
IQVIA Commercial Consulting Sp. z.o.o.			Poland
IQVIA Commercial Deutschland Gmbh			Germany
IQVIA Commercial Finance Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Commercial GmbH & Co. OHG			Germany
IQVIA Commercial I LLC			Delaware
IQVIA Commercial India Holdings Corp.			Delaware
IQVIA Commercial Sp. z.o.o.			Poland
IQVIA Commercial Trading Corp.			Delaware
IQVIA Consulting and Information Services India Private Limited			India
IQVIA CRM Korea Ltd.			Republic of Korea
IQVIA CSD Korea Ltd.			Republic of Korea
IQVIA CSMS GmbH			Germany
IQVIA CSMS US Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Finance Ireland Designated Activity Company			Ireland
IQVIA Finance Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Finland Oy			Finland
IQVIA FZ-LLC			United Arab Emirates
IQVIA Government Solutions Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Health Transformation Foundation			India
IQVIA Hellas Technology Solutions Single Member S.A.			Greece
IQVIA Holdings (UK) Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Holdings France Sas			France
IQVIA Holdings Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA IES Brasil Ltda.			Brazil
IQVIA IES Denmark ApS			Denmark
IQVIA IES Europe Limited			United Kingdom
IQVIA IES European Holdings			United Kingdom
IQVIA IES Overseas Holdings Limited			United Kingdom
IQVIA IES Oy			Finland
IQVIA IES Portugal Unipessoal LDA			Portugal
IQVIA IES Puerto Rico Inc.			Puerto Rico

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IQVIA IES South Africa (Pty) Limited			South Africa
IQVIA IES UK Limited			United Kingdom
IQVIA II Technology Solutions Portugal, Unipessoal LDA			Portugal
IQVIA Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Information Medical Statistics (Israel) Ltd.			Israel
IQVIA Information Solutions (China) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA Information Solutions GmbH			Austria
IQVIA Information, S.A.			Spain
IQVIA Integrated Services NL			Netherlands
IQVIA Investment Holdings Limited			United Kingdom
IQVIA Korea Co. Ltd.			Republic of Korea
IQVIA Lebanon S.a.r.l.			Lebanon
IQVIA Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Marktforschung GmbH			Austria
IQVIA Maroc S.à r.l.			Morocco
IQVIA Medical Communications & Consulting, Inc.			New Jersey
IQVIA Medical Development (Hefei) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA Medical Education Inc.			New York
IQVIA Medical Radar AB			Sweden
IQVIA MedTech Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA MedTech NV			Belgium
IQVIA Operations France SAS			France
IQVIA Patients Solutions S.r.l.			Italy
IQVIA Pharma Inc.			North Carolina
IQVIA Pharma Services Corp.			North Carolina
IQVIA Pharmaceutical Marketing Services Ltd.			Slovenia
IQVIA Phase One Services LLC			Kansas
IQVIA Quality Metric Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA RDS (India) Private Ltd.			India
IQVIA RDS (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA RDS and Integrated Services Belgium NV			Belgium
IQVIA RDS Argentina S.R.L.			Argentina
IQVIA RDS Asia Inc.			North Carolina
IQVIA RDS Austria GmbH			Austria
IQVIA RDS Brasil Ltda.			Brazil
IQVIA RDS Bulgaria EOOD			Bulgaria
IQVIA RDS Canada ULC			Canada
IQVIA RDS Chile			Chile
IQVIA RDS Clindata (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa
IQVIA RDS Clindepharm (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa
IQVIA RDS Colombia S.A.S.			Colombia
IQVIA RDS Costa Rica S.A.			Costa Rica
IQVIA RDS Czech Republic s.r.o.			Czechia
IQVIA RDS d.o.o. Beograd			Serbia
IQVIA RDS East Africa Limited			Kenya

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IQVIA RDS East Asia Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
IQVIA RDS Eastern Holdings GmbH			Austria
IQVIA RDS Egypt LLC			Egypt
IQVIA RDS Estonia OU			Estonia
IQVIA RDS Finland Oy			Finland
IQVIA RDS France SAS			France
IQVIA RDS Funding LLC			North Carolina
IQVIA RDS GesmbH			Austria
IQVIA RDS GmbH			Germany
IQVIA RDS Guatemala S.A.			Guatemala
IQVIA RDS Hellas Single Member S.A.			Greece
IQVIA RDS Holdings			United Kingdom
IQVIA RDS Hong Kong Limited			Hong Kong
IQVIA RDS Hungary Pharmaceutical Development and Consulting Limited Liability Company			Hungary
IQVIA RDS Inc.			North Carolina
IQVIA RDS Ireland (Finance) Ltd.			Ireland
IQVIA RDS Ireland Ltd.			Ireland
IQVIA RDS Israel Ltd.			Israel
IQVIA RDS Italy S.r.l.			Italy
IQVIA RDS Latin America LLC			North Carolina
IQVIA RDS Latvia SIA			Latvia
IQVIA RDS Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.			Malaysia
IQVIA RDS Netherlands B.V.			Netherlands
IQVIA RDS Nigeria Limited			Nigeria
IQVIA RDS Norway			Norway
IQVIA RDS Panama Inc.			Panama
IQVIA RDS Peru S.r.l.			Peru
IQVIA RDS Philippines Inc.			Philippines
IQVIA RDS Poland Sp. Zoo			Poland
IQVIA RDS Pty. Limited			Australia
IQVIA RDS Pty. Ltd.			New Zealand
IQVIA RDS Slovakia, s.r.o.			Slovakia
IQVIA RDS South Africa (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa
IQVIA RDS Spain S.L.			Spain
IQVIA RDS Taiwan Ltd.			Taiwan
IQVIA RDS UAB			Lithuania
IQVIA RDS UK Holdings Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA RDS Ukraine			Ukraine
IQVIA RDS Vietnam LLC			Vietnam
IQVIA Regional Headquarter			Saudi Arabia
IQVIA Research and Development Solutions Saudi Arabia Limited			Saudi Arabia
IQVIA Romania S.R.L.			Romania
IQVIA Services Japan LLC/IQVIA Services Japan G.K.			Delaware
IQVIA Solutions (NZ) Limited			New Zealand

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IQVIA Solutions (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa
IQVIA Solutions a.s.			Czechia
IQVIA Solutions Argentina S.A.			Argentina
IQVIA Solutions Asia Pte. Ltd			Singapore
IQVIA Solutions Australia Holdings Pty. Ltd.			Australia
IQVIA Solutions Australia Pty. Ltd.			Australia
IQVIA Solutions B.V.			Netherlands
IQVIA Solutions Bangladesh Limited			Bangladesh
IQVIA Solutions Belgium BV			Belgium
IQVIA Solutions Bolivia S.R.L.			Bolivia
IQVIA Solutions Bulgaria Eood			Bulgaria
IQVIA Solutions Canada Inc.			Canada
IQVIA Solutions Colombia S.A.			Colombia
IQVIA Solutions Consulting Myanmar Company Limited			Myanmar
IQVIA Solutions del Peru S.A.			Peru
IQVIA Solutions Denmark AS			Denmark
IQVIA Solutions do Brasil Ltda.			Brazil
IQVIA Solutions Egypt Ltd.			Egypt
IQVIA Solutions Enterprise Management Consulting (Hainan) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA Solutions Enterprise Management Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA Solutions Finance B.V.			Netherlands
IQVIA Solutions Finance UK I Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Finance UK II Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Finance UK III Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Finance UK V Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Global Holdings UK Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Holdings (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa
IQVIA Solutions Hong Kong Limited			Hong Kong
IQVIA Solutions HQ Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions Ireland Limited			Ireland
IQVIA Solutions Italy S.r.l.			Italy
IQVIA Solutions Japan LLC/IQVIA Solutions Japan G.K.			Delaware
IQVIA Solutions Kazakhstan LLC			Kazakhstan
IQVIA Solutions Korea Ltd.			Republic of Korea
IQVIA Solutions Kuwait for Technical Consultations			Kuwait
IQVIA Solutions Lanka (Private) Limited			Sri Lanka
IQVIA Solutions LLC			Russia
IQVIA Solutions Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.			Malaysia
IQVIA Solutions Norway AS			Norway
IQVIA Solutions Operations Center Philippines Inc.			Philippines
IQVIA Solutions Pakistan (Private) Limited			Pakistan
IQVIA Solutions Pharmaceutical Srl			Romania
IQVIA Solutions Philippines Inc.			Philippines
IQVIA Solutions Portugal, Lda			Portugal
IQVIA Solutions Puerto Rico Inc.			Puerto Rico

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IQVIA Solutions Regional Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
IQVIA Solutions Republica Dominicana, S.R.L.			Dominican Republic
IQVIA Solutions s.r.o.			Slovakia
IQVIA Solutions Saudi Arabia Limited			Saudi Arabia
IQVIA Solutions Services Ltd.			Hungary
IQVIA Solutions Sweden AB			Sweden
IQVIA Solutions Taiwan Ltd.			Taiwan
IQVIA Solutions Tunisia S.à r.l.			Tunisia
IQVIA Solutions UK Investments Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Solutions UK Limited			United Kingdom
IQVIA Soluções de Tecnologia do Brasil Ltda			Brazil
IQVIA Technology Services Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Technology Solutions (China) Co., Ltd.			China
IQVIA Technology Solutions Colombia Ltda.			Colombia
IQVIA Technology Solutions Egypt LLC			Egypt
IQVIA Technology Solutions Poland SP. z.o.o			Poland
IQVIA Technology Solutions Romania Srl			Romania
IQVIA Technology Solutions s.r.o.			Slovakia
IQVIA Technology Solutions s.r.o.			Czechia
IQVIA Technology Solutions Ukraine LLC			Ukraine
IQVIA Technology Tunisia S.à r.l.			Tunisia
IQVIA Tibbi Istatistik Ticaret ve Musavirlik Ltd. Sirketi			Turkey
IQVIA Trading Management Inc.			Delaware
IQVIA Transportation Services Corp.			Delaware
IQVIA West Africa			Senegal
IQVIA World Publications Ltd.			United Kingdom
IQVIA Zagreb d.o.o.			Croatia
Kairos GmbH			Germany
Kun Tai Medical Development Hong Kong Limited			Hong Kong
Kun Tuo Medical Research & Development (Beijing) Co. Ltd.			China
Laboratorio Commuq Pharma SLU			Spain
Lasso Marketing, Inc.			Delaware
LH Perspectives Limited Sucursal en Espana			Spain
LH Perspectives Ltd			United Kingdom
Linguamatics Limited			United Kingdom
Linguamatics Solutions Limited			United Kingdom
LSB Research Group, LLC			Texas
M&H Informatics (BD) Ltd.			Bangladesh
Market Dynamics, L.L.C.			Tennessee
Med-Vantage, Inc.			Delaware
Meddata Group, LLC			Massachusetts
Medineos S.r.l.			Italy
Medpages International Proprietary Limited			South Africa
Mercados Y Analisis, S.A.			Spain
Mercurial Insights Holding Pty. Ltd.			Australia

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Mercurial Insights Pty. Ltd.			Australia
Meridian Research Vietnam Ltd.			Vietnam
Metrika Business Intelligence Consulting, Inc.			QC, Canada
MMK Communications Co., Ltd.			Republic of Korea
MTouch SRL			Belgium
Nexelis Europe			Belgium
Nexelis Group Inc.			Delaware
Nexelis Laboratories Canada Inc.			Canada
Nexelis Marburg GmbH			Germany
Novasyte, LLC			California
Novex Pharma Laboratorio S.L.			Spain
Novex Pharma Limited			United Kingdom
Nuevo Health Pty Limited			Australia
Omni Care Consult			Belgium
Open Applications Consulting Limited			Ireland
Operaciones Centralizadas Latinoamericana Limitada			Chile
Optimum Contact Limited			United Kingdom
Outcome Sciences, LLC			Delaware
Penderwood Limited			United Kingdom
Pharma Deals Limited			United Kingdom
Pharma Strategy Group Limited			United Kingdom
Pharmaforce, S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
PharmaReview Inc.			Delaware
PharmaReview Limited			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra Dollarco Ltd			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra Group Ltd.			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra Informatics Private Limited			India
Pharmaspectra Midco 1 Ltd.			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra Midco 2 Ltd.			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra Topco Ltd			United Kingdom
Pharmaspectra US LLC			Delaware
Phoenix Group Holdings, LLC			New Jersey
PhR BidCo Limited			United Kingdom
PhR Lower Midco Limited			United Kingdom
PHR Topco Limited			United Kingdom
PhR Upper Midco Limited			United Kingdom
PhR Warehouse Limited			United Kingdom
Polaris Management Partners, LLC			New Jersey
Polaris Solutions Ltd.			Hong Kong
Polaris Solutions, LLC			New York
PR Editions S.A.S.			France
Prioritis Limited			United Kingdom
PRIORITIS SAS			France
Privacy Analytics Inc.			Canada
Professional Pharmaceutical Marketing Services (Pty.) Ltd.			South Africa

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Prometheus Research, LLC			Connecticut
PT IQVIA RDS Indonesia			Indonesia
PT IQVIA Solutions Indonesia			Indonesia
Public Relations Algeria			Algeria
Q Squared Solutions (Beijing) Co., Ltd.			China
Q Squared Solutions (Pty) Ltd			South Africa
Q Squared Solutions (Quest) Limited			United Kingdom
Q Squared Solutions (Quest) LLC			Delaware
Q Squared Solutions B.V.			Netherlands
Q Squared Solutions BioSciences LLC			Delaware
Q Squared Solutions China (Quest) Limited			United Kingdom
Q Squared Solutions China Limited			United Kingdom
Q Squared Solutions Expression Analysis LLC			Delaware
Q Squared Solutions Group Inc.			Delaware
Q Squared Solutions Holdings B.V.			Netherlands
Q Squared Solutions Holdings Limited			United Kingdom
Q Squared Solutions Holdings LLC			Delaware
Q Squared Solutions KK			Japan
Q Squared Solutions Limited			United Kingdom
Q Squared Solutions LLC			North Carolina
Q Squared Solutions Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
Q Squared Solutions S.A.			Argentina
Qcare Site Services, Inc.			North Carolina
QH Research Limited			United Kingdom
QIMS Pharma Services Sa De Cv			Mexico
Quality Health Limited			United Kingdom
QualityMetric Incorporated, LLC			Delaware
QuarterMaster Blocker, LLC			Delaware
QuarterMaster Holdco, LLC			Delaware
QuarterMaster Intermediate Holdco, LLC			Delaware
Quintiles Benin S.A.R.L.U.			Benin
Quintiles Commercial Laboratorio S.L.U.			Spain
Quintiles Commercial Rus LLC			Russia
Quintiles Finance Uruguay S.r.L.			Uruguay
Quintiles IMS Japan GK			Japan
Quintiles Lanka (Private) Limited			Sri Lanka
Quintiles Mauritius Holdings			Mauritius
Quintiles Medical Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
Quintiles Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V.			Mexico
Quintiles West Africa Limited			Ghana
Radar Acquisition Blocker, Inc.			Delaware
RedPharma SA			Belgium
Redsite Limited			United Kingdom
Rules-Based Medicine, Inc.			Delaware
RX India, LLC			Delaware

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Secureconsent, LLC			Delaware
Silverbullet A/S			Denmark
Source Informatics Limited			United Kingdom
StatFin Estonia OÜ			Estonia
STI Technologies Limited			Canada
Targeted Molecular Diagnostics, LLC			Illinois
Themis Limited			United Kingdom
UAB IQVIA Commercial			Lithuania
Valuecentric Privacy Solutions LLC			Delaware
Valuemedics Research, LLC			Delaware
VCG&A, Inc.			Massachusetts
VCG-BIO, Inc.			Delaware
Vivacity Health Pty. Ltd.			Australia
ZhiWeiYunChuang Solutions Enterprise Management Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd			China