NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORP

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-35654

NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

27-0563799

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

7800 East Orchard Road, Suite 300, Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone, including area code:

(303) 892-8715

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, Par Value $0.01	NBHC	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $1,457,000,000 based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

As of February 21, 2025, NBHC had outstanding 38,055,322 shares of Class A voting common stock with $0.01 par value per share, excluding 286,815 shares of restricted Class A common stock issued but not yet vested.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2024 will be incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

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INDEX


			Page
Cautionary Notes Regarding Forward Looking Statements			3
PART I	Item 1.	Business	4

	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	21

	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	35

	Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	35

	Item 2.	Properties	36

	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	37

	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	37

PART II	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	37

	Item 6.	[Reserved]	39

	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	40

	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	72

	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	72

	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	136

	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	136

	Item 9B.	Other Information	138

	Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	138

PART III	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	138

	Item 11.	Executive Compensation	138

	Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters	138

	Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	138

	Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	138

PART IV	Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	139

Signatures			143

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements do not discuss historical facts but instead relate to expectations, beliefs, plans, predictions, forecasts, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance. Forward-looking statements are generally identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “predict,” “seek,” “potential,” “will,” “estimate,” “target,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “intend,” “goal,” “focus,” “maintains,” “future,” “ultimately, ” “likely,” “anticipate,” “ensure,” “strategy,” “objective,” and similar words or phrases. These statements are only predictions and involve estimates, known and unknown risks, assumptions and uncertainties. We have based these statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, business strategy and growth prospects.

Forward-looking statements involve certain important risks, uncertainties and other factors, any of which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements and, therefore, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

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business and economic conditions along with external events both generally and in the financial services industry;

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susceptibility to credit risk and fluctuations in the value of real estate and other collateral securing a significant portion of our loan portfolio, including with regards to real estate acquired through foreclosure, and the accuracy of appraisals related to such real estate;

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the allowance for credit losses and fair value adjustments may be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio;

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our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet the requirements of deposit withdrawals and other business needs;

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changes impacting monetary supply and the businesses of our clients and counterparties, including levels of market interest rates, inflation, currency values, monetary and fiscal policies, and the volatility of trading markets;

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changes in the fair value of our investment securities and the ability of companies in which we invest to commercialize their technology or product concepts;

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the loss of certain executive officers and key personnel;

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any service interruptions, cyber incidents or other breaches relating to our technology systems, security systems or infrastructure or those of our third-party providers;

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the occurrence of fraud or other financial crimes within our business;

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competition from other financial institutions and financial services providers and the effects of disintermediation within the banking business including consolidation within the industry;

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changes to federal government lending programs like the Small Business Administration’s Preferred Lender Program and the Federal Housing Administration’s insurance programs, including the impact of a government shutdown on such programs;

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impairment of our mortgage servicing rights, disruption in the secondary market for mortgage loans, declines in real estate values, or being required to repurchase mortgage loans or reimburse investors;

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developments in technology, such as artificial intelligence, the success of our digital growth strategy, and our ability to incorporate innovative technologies in our business and provide products and services that satisfy our clients’ expectations for convenience and security;

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our ability to execute our organic growth and acquisition strategies;

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the accuracy of projected operating results for assets and businesses we acquire as well as our ability to drive organic loan growth to replace loans in our existing portfolio with comparable loans as loans are paid down;

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changes to federal, state and local laws and regulations along with executive orders applicable to our business, including tax laws;

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our ability to comply with and manage costs related to extensive government regulation and supervision, including current and future regulations affecting bank holding companies and depository institutions;

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the application of any increased assessment rates imposed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”);

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claims or legal action brought against us by third parties or government agencies; and

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other factors, risks, trends and uncertainties described under “Part I, Item 1. Business”, “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Annual Report and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or circumstances, except as required by applicable law.

PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. BUSINESS.

Summary

National Bank Holdings Corporation ("NBHC" or the "Company") is a financial holding company that was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 2009. The Company is headquartered in Greenwood Village, Colorado, and its primary operations are conducted through its wholly owned subsidiaries, NBH Bank and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust (“the Banks”). The Company provides a variety of banking products and services to both commercial and consumer clients through a network of over 90 banking centers, as of December 31, 2024, located primarily in Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho, as well as through online and mobile banking products and services. As of December 31, 2024, we had $9.8 billion in assets, $7.8 billion in loans, $8.2 billion in deposits, $1.3 billion in shareholders’ equity and $994.3 million in assets under management in our trust and wealth management business.

NBH Bank is a Colorado state-chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) of Kansas City. We operate under the following brand names as divisions of NBH Bank: in Colorado, Community Banks of Colorado and Community Banks Mortgage; in Kansas and Missouri, Bank Midwest and Bank Midwest Mortgage; in Wyoming, Bank of Jackson Hole and Bank of Jackson Hole Mortgage; and in Texas, Utah, New Mexico and Idaho, Hillcrest Bank and Hillcrest Bank Mortgage.

Bank of Jackson Hole Trust (“BOJHT”) is a Wyoming state-chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Our trust and wealth business currently operates under the Wyoming charter as Bank of Jackson Hole Trust and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust and Wealth Partners.

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The Company continues to develop our digital solution 2UniFi, a national platform for providing banking services to small and medium-sized businesses, digital payment tools and financial services information management. 2Unifi, LLC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NBHC. We believe these services will address borrowings, depository and cash management needs for our clients by providing digital access to financial services, real-time information and digital payment solutions. We continue to focus on growing our core business while also innovating and building partnerships that will help us deliver a comprehensive digital financial ecosystem.

Our Acquisitions

We began banking operations in October 2010 and, as of December 31, 2024, we have completed eight bank acquisitions and one non-bank acquisition of a deposit processing technology company. We have transformed these acquisitions into one collective banking operation with a strong capital position, organic growth, prudent underwriting, a granular and well-diversified loan portfolio and meaningful market share with continued opportunity for expansion. Our historical growth coincides with the Company’s initial strategic goals of becoming a leading regional bank holding company through selective acquisitions and strong organic growth. Thus, we have had a framework in place since inception to support crossing $10 billion in assets and continue to invest in our risk management and operational infrastructure to meet regulatory standards and expectations.

Recent acquisitions

All of our acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, all assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their respective acquisition date fair values and the fair value discounts/premiums on loans are being accreted over the lives of the loans.

Cambr Solutions, LLC

On April 3, 2023, NBH Bank completed the acquisition of Cambr Solutions, LLC (“Cambr”). Upon closing, Cambr^® became a stand-alone subsidiary of NBH Bank. Cambr is a deposit acquisition and processing platform that generates deposits from accounts offered through embedded finance companies. At the time of acquisition, Cambr administered approximately $1.7 billion of deposits comprising more than 500,000 FDIC-insured deposit accounts.

Bank of Jackson Hole Acquisition

On October 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Bancshares of Jackson Hole, the bank holding company of Wyoming-based Bank of Jackson Hole (“BOJH”). Pursuant to the merger agreement executed in March 2022, the Company paid $51.0 million of cash consideration and issued 4,391,964 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Bancshares of Jackson Hole. The transaction was valued at $213.4 million in the aggregate, based on the Company’s closing price of $36.99 on September 30, 2022. Immediately following the closing of the acquisition, BOJH sold substantially all of its assets and liabilities to NBH Bank, with the exception of assets and liabilities related to its trust business. Effective October 1, 2022, BOJH was renamed as Bank of Jackson Hole Trust. The Bank of Jackson Hole Trust also operates under the brand Jackson Hole Trust.

Rock Canyon Bank Acquisition

On September 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Community Bancorporation, the bank holding company of Utah-based Rock Canyon Bank (“RCB”). Immediately following the completion of the acquisition, RCB merged into NBH Bank. Pursuant to the merger agreement executed in April 2022, the Company paid $16.1 million of cash consideration and issued 3,096,745 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Community Bancorporation. The transaction was valued at $140.4 million in the aggregate, based on the Company’s closing price of $40.13 on August 31, 2022.

Our Market Area

Our core markets are broadly defined as Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho. We are the third largest banking center network among Colorado-based banks and the sixth largest banking center

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network in the greater Kansas City metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) among Missouri- and Kansas-based banks ranked by deposits as of June 30, 2024 (the last date as of which data are available), according to S&P Global. Other major MSAs in which we operate include Salt Lake City, Utah; Jackson, Wyoming; Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington and Austin-Round Rock, Texas; and Boise City, Idaho.

We believe that our established presence in our markets positions us well for growth opportunities. An integral component of our foundation and growth strategy has been to capitalize on market opportunities and acquire financial services franchises. Our primary focus has been on markets that we believe are characterized by some or all of the following: (i) attractive demographics with household income and population growth above the national average; (ii) concentration of business activity; (iii) high quality deposit bases; (iv) an advantageous competitive landscape that provides opportunity to achieve meaningful market presence; (v) consolidation opportunities as well as potential for add-on transactions; and (vi) markets sizeable enough to support our long-term organic growth objectives.

The table below describes certain key demographic statistics regarding our markets:


									Top 3
									competitor
			# of				Median		combined
	Deposits		businesses	Population	Unemployment	Population	household		deposit
	(billions)		(thousands)	(millions)	rate⁽¹⁾	growth⁽²⁾	income		market share
Denver, CO	$	111.0	>250.0	3.0	4.5%	11.9%	$	98,538	50%
Front Range, CO⁽³⁾		150.2	>250.0	4.9	4.5%	13.8%		95,403	50%
Kansas City, MO-KS MSA		88.5	>250.0	2.2	3.6%	8.4%		80,505	47%
Austin, TX		66.7	>250.0	2.5	3.5%	32.1%		94,515	47%
Dallas, TX		396.9	>250.0	8.1	3.9%	18.0%		82,998	59%
Salt Lake City, UT⁽⁴⁾		107.1	>250.0	2.8	3.4%	18.3%		92,020	68%
Jackson, WY-ID		3.0	9.4	0.0	—	13.5%		104,686	77%
Boise City, ID		16.8	120.6	0.8	3.6%	28.0%		79,919	52%
U.S.(5)					4.1%	6.0%		75,874	59%


(1)		Unemployment data is as of December 31, 2024.
(2)		For the period 2014 through 2024.
(3)		Colorado Front Range is a population weighted average of the following Colorado MSAs: Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins and Greeley.
(4)		Salt Lake City is a population weighted average of the following Utah MSAs: Salt Lake City, Ogden and Provo-Orem.
(5)		Top 3 competitor combined deposit market share based on U.S. Top 20 MSAs (determined by population).

Source: S&P Global as of December 31, 2024, except Deposits and Top 3 Competitor Combined Deposit Market Shares, which reflects data as of June 30, 2024.

Our Business Strategy

As part of our goal of becoming a leading regional community financial services company, we seek to continue to generate strong organic growth, as well as pursue selective acquisitions of financial institutions and other complementary businesses. Our focus is on building organic growth through strong banking relationships with small and medium-sized businesses and consumers in our primary markets, while maintaining a low-risk profile designed to generate reliable income streams and attractive returns.

The key components of our strategic plan are:

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Focus on client-centered, relationship-driven banking strategy. Our business and commercial bankers focus on small- to medium-sized businesses with an advisory approach that emphasizes understanding the client’s business and offering a complete array of loan, deposit and treasury management products and services. Our business and commercial bankers are supported by treasury management teams in each of their markets, which allows us to more effectively deliver a comprehensive suite of products and services to our business clients and further deepen our

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banking relationships. Our consumer bankers focus on knowing their clients in order to best meet their financial needs, offering a full complement of loan, deposit, online and mobile banking solutions, mortgages and trust and wealth management services.

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Expansion of commercial banking, business banking and specialty businesses. We have made significant investments in our commercial relationship managers, as well as developed significant capabilities across our business banking and several specialty commercial banking offerings. Our strategy is to originate a high-quality loan portfolio that is diversified across industries and granular in loan size. We have preferred lender status with the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) providing a leveraged platform for growth in the business lending segment. We believe we are well-positioned to leverage our operating and risk management infrastructure through organic growth, and we intend to continue to drive profitable growth through our commercial relationship managers within our markets.

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Expansion through organic growth, competitive product and digital offerings. We believe that our focus on serving consumers and small- to medium-sized businesses, coupled with our competitive product offerings, trust and wealth management services offered through Bank of Jackson Hole Trust and our digital solution 2UniFi, will provide an expanded revenue base and new sources of fee income. We conduct regular market and competitive analysis to determine which products and services are best suited for our clients. Our teams also continue to pursue opportunities to deepen client relationships, which we believe will further increase our organic loan origination volumes and attract new transaction accounts that offer lower cost of funds and higher fee generating activity.

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Expansion through our digital solution 2UniFi. We are designing a platform for small and medium-sized businesses that we believe will increase access to financial services while reducing the costs of banking services. We are focused on providing small and medium-sized businesses with alternative digital access to address borrowing, depository and cash management needs, while also providing information management and access to digital payment tools, under the safety of a regulated bank. We will continue to invest with fintech solution providers to support our ecosystem buildout, support our core bank products and offerings, and to leverage efficiencies and technological solutions in our shared services areas. We believe the expansion into the digital financial ecosystem through our platform will provide an expanded revenue base, new sources of fee income and drive growth in our low cost deposit base on a national scale.

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Continue to strengthen profitability through organic growth and operating efficiencies. We utilize a centralized core technology platform and operating policies while maintaining local branding and leadership, which allows us to support growth and realize operating efficiencies throughout our enterprise. We believe that we have the infrastructure in place to support our future revenue growth without causing non-interest expenses to increase by a corresponding amount. Our growth strategy is focused on organic initiatives in order to accelerate our growth in profitability. Key priorities to strengthen profitability include the continued ramp-up of loan production, growing lower-cost core deposits, implementing additional fee-based business initiatives and further enhancing operational efficiencies, including banking center consolidations.

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Maintain conservative risk profile and sound risk management practices. Strong risk management is an important element of our operating philosophy. We maintain a conservative risk culture with adherence to comprehensive and seasoned policies across all areas of the organization. We implement self-imposed concentration limits on our loan portfolio to ensure a granular and diverse loan portfolio and protect against downside risk to any particular industry or real estate sector. To manage credit risk and yield, we take a careful approach to extending new credit. Our risk management approach seeks to identify, assess and mitigate risk and minimize any resulting losses. We have implemented processes to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject. To manage liquidity risk, the Company maintains a liquidity profile focused on core deposits and stable long-term funding sources. Our investment security portfolio has a short average duration and is largely backed by U.S. government or government sponsored entities. We believe our risk management policies establish appropriate limitations that allow for the prudent oversight of such risks that include, but are not limited to the following: credit, liquidity, market, operational, legal and compliance, reputational, and strategic and business risk.

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Pursue disciplined acquisitions or other expansionary opportunities. Acquisitions or other expansionary opportunities can be complementary to our growth strategy. We intend to carefully select opportunities that we believe have stable core franchises, have significant growth potential or will add asset generation capabilities or fee income streams while structuring the opportunities to limit risk. Further, we seek transactions that offer opportunities for clear financial benefits with valuations that have acceptable levels of earnings accretion, tangible book value dilution/earn-back, and internal rates of return. We seek to acquire or expand into financial services franchises in markets that exhibit attractive demographic attributes and business growth trends, and we believe that our focus on attractive markets will provide long-term opportunities for organic growth. Our main focus is on our primary markets of Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho, including teams, asset portfolios, specialty commercial finance businesses, and whole banks. From time to time, we also consider other types of opportunities that would be expected to improve our profitability, leverage greater scale and/or leverage technology to grow our digital offerings.

We believe our strategy of strong organic growth through the retention, expansion and development of client-centered relationships and growth through selective acquisitions or other expansionary opportunities in attractive markets provides flexibility regardless of economic conditions. Our established platform for assessing, executing and integrating acquisitions, our attractive market factors, our franchise scale in our targeted markets, and our relationship-centered banking focus provide growth opportunities for our banking franchise. While the current inflationary environment has created operating stress for many businesses, our teams continually monitor the financial health of our clients in order to manage risk. Our strong capital, liquidity and diversified sources of fee revenue have allowed us to prudently navigate changes in economic conditions. We believe we are well positioned to continue to support our clients and communities.

Products and Services

Through NBH Bank, our primary business is to offer a full range of banking products and financial services to our commercial, business and consumer clients, who are predominantly located in Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho. Through the Bank of Jackson Hole Trust, our primary business is to offer trust and wealth management services to our clients. We conduct our banking business with over 90 banking centers across our footprint as of December 31, 2024. Our distribution network also includes 120 ATMs as well as fully integrated online banking and mobile banking services. We offer a high level of personalized service to our clients through our relationship managers and banking center associates. We believe that a personalized banking relationship that includes multiple services, such as loan and deposit services, online and mobile banking solutions, treasury management products and services and trust and wealth management services, is the key to profitable and long-lasting client relationships. We believe that our local focus and decision making provide us with a competitive advantage.

Our primary strategic objective is to serve small- to medium-sized businesses in our markets with a variety of unique solutions and useful services, including a full array of banking products, while maintaining a strong and disciplined credit culture and delivering excellent client service. We offer a variety of products and services that are focused on the following areas:

Commercial and Specialty Banking

Our commercial bankers focus on small- to medium-sized businesses and commercial real estate investors/developers with an advisory approach that emphasizes understanding the client’s business and offering a complete suite of loan, deposit and treasury management products and services. We have invested significantly in our commercial banking capabilities, attracting experienced commercial bankers from competing institutions in our markets, which positions us well for continued growth in our originated loan portfolio. Our commercial relationship managers offer a wide range of commercial loan products, including:

Commercial and Industrial Loans—We originate commercial and industrial loans and leases, including working capital loans, equipment loans, lender finance loans, food and agribusiness loans, government and non-profit loans, owner occupied commercial real estate loans and other commercial loans and leases. The terms of these loans vary by purpose and by type of underlying collateral, if any.

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Working capital loans generally have terms of one to three years, are usually secured by accounts receivable and inventory and carry the personal guarantees of the principals of the business. Equipment loans are generally secured by the financed equipment at advance rates that we believe are appropriate for the equipment type. In the case of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, we are usually the primary provider of financial services for the company and/or the principals and the primary source of repayment is through the cash flows generated by the borrowers’ business operations. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are typically secured by a first lien mortgage on real property plus assignments of all leases related to the properties. Underwriting guidelines generally require borrowers to contribute cash equity that results in an 80% or less loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio on owner-occupied properties. As of December 31, 2024, substantially all of our commercial and industrial loans were secured.

Non-Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Loans—Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans (“CRE”) consist of loans to finance the purchase of commercial real estate and development loans. Our non-owner occupied CRE loans include commercial properties such as multi-family, hospitality, office buildings, warehouse/distribution buildings and retail buildings. These loans are typically secured by a first lien mortgage or deed of trust, as well as assignments of all related leases. Underwriting guidelines generally require borrowers to contribute cash equity that results in the lessor of a 75 percent or less loan to cost or loan to value ratio.

We seek to reduce the risks associated with commercial mortgage lending by focusing our lending in our primary markets. Although non-owner occupied CRE is not a primary focus of our lending strategy, we have developed teams of dedicated CRE bankers in each of our markets who possess the depth and breadth of both market knowledge and industry expertise, which serves to further mitigate risk of this product type.

Small Business Administration Loans— We offer a range of U.S. Small Business Administration, or SBA, loans to support small businesses and entrepreneurs seeking growth capital, working capital, or other capital investments. As a Preferred Lender Provider of the SBA, we are able to expedite SBA loan approval, closing, and servicing functions through delegated authority to underwrite and approve loans on behalf of the SBA. We utilize the SBA 7(a), SBA 504, SBA Express, and SBA CAPLine loan programs. In addition to the SBA programs, we also originate U.S. Department of Agriculture and Farm Service Agency loans.

Commercial Deposit and Treasury Management Products (including business online and mobile banking)—Our commercial bankers are focused on providing value-added deposit products to our clients that optimize their cash management. We are focused on full-relationship banking, including banking core operating accounts and ancillary accounts. We also provide our commercial clients with money market accounts and short-term repurchase reserve accounts depending on their individual needs. In addition, we provide a wide array of treasury management solutions to our clients, including: business online and mobile banking, commercial credit card services, wire transfers, automated clearing house services, electronic bill payment, lock box services, remote deposit capture services, merchant processing services, cash vault, controlled disbursements, fraud prevention services through positive pay and other auxiliary services, such as account reconciliation, collections, repurchase accounts, zero balance accounts and sweep accounts.

Business Loans—Business loans consist of term loans, line of credit, and real estate secured loans. The terms of these loans vary by purpose and by type of underlying collateral, if any. Business loans generally require LTV ratios of not more than 75 percent. Business loans also assist in the growth of our deposits because many business loan borrowers establish noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing demand deposit accounts and treasury management relationships with us. Those deposit accounts help us to reduce our overall cost of funds, and those treasury management relationships provide us with a source of non-interest income.

Residential and Personal Banking

Our personal bankers focus on knowing their clients in order to best meet their financial needs, offering a full complement of loan, deposit and online and mobile banking solutions. We strive to do business in the areas served by our banking centers, which is also where our marketing is focused, and the vast majority of our new loan and deposit clients are located in existing market areas.

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All of our newly originated consumer loans are on a direct to consumer basis. We offer a variety of consumer loans, including:

Residential Real Estate Loans—Residential real estate loans consist of loans secured by the primary or secondary residence of the borrower as well as properties the borrower holds for investment. These loans consist of closed loans, which are typically amortizing over a 10 to 30-year term. Our LTV benchmark for these loans will generally be below 80 percent at inception unless related to certain internal or government programs where higher LTV’s may be warranted, along with satisfactory debt-to-income ratios. These residential real estate loans are generally originated under terms and conditions consistent with secondary market guidelines. Some of these loans will be placed in the Bank’s loan portfolio; however, a majority are sold in the secondary market and provide a significant source of fee income. The majority of loans sold are sold with servicing released. We have residential banking products, servicing capabilities and residential loan origination channels. In addition to the referral business through our existing consumer client base, we have a dedicated team of mortgage bankers who focus origination efforts primarily on new purchase activity and secondarily on refinance activity. We also offer open- and closed-ended home equity loans, which are loans generally secured by second lien positions on residential real estate, and residential construction loans to consumers and builders for the construction of residential real estate. We do not originate or purchase negatively amortizing or sub-prime residential loans.

Consumer Loans—Consumer loans are structured as small personal lines of credit and term loans, with the latter generally bearing interest at a higher rate and having a shorter term than residential mortgage loans. Consumer loans are both secured (for example by deposit accounts, brokerage accounts or automobiles) and unsecured and carry either a fixed rate or variable rate. Examples of our consumer loans include home improvement loans not secured by real estate, new and used automobile loans and personal lines of credit.

Deposit Products (including online and mobile banking)—We offer a variety of deposit products to our clients, including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, health savings accounts and other deposit accounts, including fixed-rate, fixed maturity time deposits ranging in terms from three months to five years, and individual retirement accounts. We view deposits as an important part of the overall client relationship and believe they provide opportunities to cross-sell other products and services. We intend to continue our efforts to attract lower-cost transaction deposits from our client relationships. Consumer deposit flows are significantly influenced by general and local economic conditions, changes in prevailing interest rates, internal pricing decisions and competition. Our deposits are primarily obtained from areas surrounding our banking centers. In order to attract and retain deposits, we rely on providing high-quality service, competitive pricing and introducing new products and services that meet our clients' needs.

We also offer comprehensive, user-friendly mobile and online banking platforms allowing our clients to pay bills, access statements, deposit checks and transfer funds, amongst other features, online or on-the-go.

Cambr Deposit Services

Cambr is a digital deposit acquisition and processing platform designed to gather deposits from accounts offered through third-party embedded finance companies. The deposits offer an alternative to traditional wholesale funding sources and provide liquidity to banks within the Cambr network. The platform provides clients with an opportunity to generate increased returns on deposits placed into the network while ensuring the safety of FDIC insurance.

Trust and Wealth Management Services

Through the Bank of Jackson Hole Trust, the Company provides trust, estate and wealth management services. Acting as a trust fiduciary, our trust team provides tailored professional services in the best interest of each trust beneficiary while avoiding conflicts of interest. Through our wealth management services, we offer a customized strategy for each of our clients that supports their long-term financial goals. We manage investment portfolios for individuals, trusts, endowments, charities and entities, and retirement accounts with approximately $1.0 billion of assets under management. Our trust and wealth team rounds out our full-service offerings to provide the complete spectrum of tools and support for our clients’ financial needs.

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Lending Activities

Our loan portfolio includes commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans, business loans and consumer loans. The principal risk evaluated with each category of loans we make is the creditworthiness of the borrower. Borrower creditworthiness is affected by general economic conditions and the attributes of the borrower’s market or industry segment. Attributes of the relevant business market or industry segment include the economic and competitive environment, changes to supply or demand, threat of substitutes and barriers to entry and exit. In our credit underwriting process, we carefully evaluate the borrower’s industry, operating performance, liquidity and financial condition. We underwrite credits based on multiple repayment sources, including operating cash flow, liquidation of collateral and guarantor support, where appropriate. We closely monitor the operating performance, liquidity and financial condition of borrowers through analysis of periodic financial statements and meetings with the borrower’s management. As part of our credit underwriting process, we also review the borrower’s total debt obligations on a global basis. Our credit policy requires that key risks be identified and measured, documented and mitigated, to the extent possible, to seek to ensure the soundness of our loan portfolio.

Our credit policy also provides detailed procedures for making loans to individual and business clients along with the regulatory requirements to ensure that all loan applications are evaluated subject to our fair lending policy. Our credit policy addresses the common credit standards for making loans to clients, the credit analysis and financial statement requirements, the collateral requirements, including insurance coverage where appropriate, as well as the documentation required. Our ability to analyze a borrower’s current financial health and credit history, as well as the value of collateral as a secondary source of repayment, when applicable, are significant factors in determining the creditworthiness of loans to clients. We require various levels of internal approvals based on the characteristics of such loans, including the size, nature of the exposure and type of collateral, if any. We believe that the procedures required by our credit policies enhance internal responsibility and accountability for underwriting decisions and permit us to monitor the performance of credit decision-making. An integral element of our credit risk management strategy is the establishment and adherence to concentration limits for our portfolio. We have established concentration limits that apply to our portfolio based on product types such as commercial real estate, consumer lending, and various categories of commercial and industrial lending. For more detail on our credit policies, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Financial Condition-Asset Quality.”

Competition

The banking landscape in our primary markets of Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho is highly competitive and quite fragmented, with many small banks having limited market share while the large out-of-state national and super-regional banks control the majority of deposits and profitable banking relationships. We compete actively with national, regional and local financial services providers, including: banks, thrifts, credit unions, mortgage companies, finance companies, trust companies and financial technology (“fintech”) companies.

Competition among providers of financial products and services continues to increase, with consumers having the opportunity to select from a variety of traditional brick and mortar banks and nontraditional alternatives, such as online banks and fintech companies. Competition among providers is based on many factors. The primary factors driving commercial and consumer competition for loans and deposits are interest rates, the fees charged, client service levels and the range of products and services offered. In addition, other competitive factors include the location and hours of our banking centers, the client service orientation of our associates and the availability of digital banking products and services. We believe the most important of these competitive factors that determine our success are our consumer bankers’ focus on knowing their individual clients in order to best meet their financial needs and our business and commercial bankers’ focus on small- to medium-sized businesses with an advisory approach that emphasizes understanding the client’s business and offering a complete array of loan, deposit and treasury management products and services through our banking centers and our digital banking platform.

We recognize that there are banks and other financial services companies with which we compete that have greater financial resources, access to more capital and higher lending capacity and offer a wider range of deposit and lending instruments. However, given our existing capital base, we expect to be able to meet the majority of small- to medium-sized business and consumer credit and depository service needs.

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Human Capital

Our core values Integrity, Meritocracy, Teamwork and Citizenship, represent our belief that our Company’s long-term success is deeply tied to having a dedicated and engaged workforce and a commitment to the communities we serve. We are committed to building and contributing to a healthy workplace environment for our associates by investing in competitive compensation and benefit packages, fostering diverse viewpoints and backgrounds, providing training and career development opportunities and promoting qualified associates within our organization.

Associate Statistics

We work to attract, develop, and retain associates who reflect the communities we serve. Partnerships with professional associations, schools and universities imbedded within our local footprint, and the use of various technology solutions assist us in connecting and building relationships. As of December 31, 2024, we employed 1,259 full-time and 50 part-time associates throughout our business footprint.

The market for top talent is highly competitive. We recognize that workforce turnover is not only financially costly, it also does not align with our commitment to our team. We believe we are best served when we can invest through meritocracy within our current talent pool. The average tenure of service of our associates is approximately six years.

Doing Good Committee

We strongly believe that investing in our associates and communities are important elements in building and sustaining a successful organization and positive, results-driven culture. The Company formed the Doing Good Committee with a focus on associate engagement and strengthening relationships within our Company and communities. The Doing Good Committee is comprised of a multi-disciplinary group of associates throughout our Banks with oversight by the executive management team.

Through the Doing Good initiative, the Company has also implemented programs to provide professional development and leadership opportunities for the entire associate base, including associate peer networks, events with keynote speakers, panels and Q&A forums to enable associate feedback.

Associate Development and Training

We believe that building the best team requires investing in our associates’ professional development. Associates have access to our learning center, NBH University, which offers a variety of courses that center around professional development. Additionally, we have connection mentors in place to assist new associates with expanding their network, building professional skills, helping navigate the organization and assist in onboarding.

Compensation and Benefits

Our Company offers comprehensive benefits packages to our associates, including medical and prescription drug insurance, dental insurance and vision insurance as well as several voluntary benefit options. Our compensation structure recognizes the individual performance of our associates through merit-based salary increases with a focus on variable pay and paying for performance.

We also encourage our associates to think about their long-term financial stability. Our associates have the opportunity to participate in our 401(k) plan, which includes contribution matches from the Company. Additionally, we offer a stock purchase plan (ESPP) to our associates which allows eligible associates to purchase shares in our Company at a 10% discount.

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Community Engagement

We strive to make a positive impact in the communities we serve through consistent engagement, as well as maintaining strong partnerships with a wide range of charitable organizations and causes. All bank associates are granted up to eight paid hours each year to donate their time to non-profit organizations that align with our Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) initiatives, which include financial literacy, affordable housing and workforce development.

Safety and Respect in the Workplace

We are committed to providing a safe and secure work environment in accordance with applicable labor, safety, health, anti-discrimination and other workplace laws. We strive for all of our associates to feel safe and empowered at work. To that end, we maintain a whistleblower hotline that allows associates and others to anonymously voice concerns. We prohibit retaliation against an individual who reported a concern or assisted with an inquiry or investigation.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

The U.S. banking industry is highly regulated under federal and state law. Banking laws, regulations, and policies affect the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries. Investors should understand that the primary objective of the U.S. bank regulatory regime is the protection of depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”), and the banking system as a whole, not the protection of the Company’s shareholders.

As a bank holding company, we are subject to inspection, examination, supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). The Company holds two banking subsidiaries, NBH Bank and BOJHT.

Banking statutes and regulations are subject to continual review and revision by Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in such statutes or regulations, including changes in how they are interpreted or implemented, could have a material effect on our business. In addition to laws and regulations, state and federal bank regulatory agencies may issue policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to us and our subsidiaries.

Banking statutes, regulations and policies could restrict our ability to diversify into other areas of financial services, acquire depository institutions and make distributions or pay dividends on our equity securities. They may also require us to provide financial support to any bank that we control, maintain capital balances in excess of those desired by management and pay higher deposit insurance premiums as a result of a general deterioration in the financial condition of NBH Bank, BOJHT or other depository institutions we control. We are monitoring changes in regulation, supervision and enforcement and uncertainty in their application that could have a material effect on the Company.

The description below summarizes certain elements of the applicable bank regulatory framework. This description is not intended to describe all laws and regulations applicable to us and our subsidiaries. The description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations, policies, interpretive letters and other written guidance that are described.

National Bank Holdings Corporation as a Bank Holding Company

As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act (“BHCA”) and to supervision, examination, and enforcement by the Federal Reserve. Federal Reserve jurisdiction also extends to any company that we may directly or indirectly control, such as non-bank subsidiaries and other companies in which we have a controlling interest.

The BHCA generally prohibits a bank holding company from engaging, directly or indirectly, in activities other than banking or managing or controlling banks, except for activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. In 2021, the Company elected to be treated as a financial holding company pursuant to Section 4(l) of the BHCA. As a financial holding company, the Company is authorized to

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engage in a broader set of financial activities than a bank holding company that has not elected to be a treated as a financial holding company, including insurance underwriting and broker-dealer services as well as activities that are jointly determined by the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury to be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity. Financial holding companies may also engage in activities that are determined by the Federal Reserve to be complementary to financial activities, subject to certain notice requirements.

Maintaining our financial holding company status requires that the Company and our bank subsidiaries, remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” as defined by regulation and that our bank subsidiaries maintain at least a “satisfactory” rating under the CRA. If we or our bank subsidiaries fail to continue to meet these requirements, we could be subject to restrictions on new activities and acquisitions, and/or be required to cease and possibly divest operations that conduct activities that are not permissible for a bank holding company that does not also qualify as a financial holding company.

Subsidiaries as State-Chartered Banks

Our bank subsidiaries are NBH Bank and BOJHT. NBH Bank is a Colorado state-chartered bank and also a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. As such, NBH Bank is subject to examination, supervision and regulation by both the Colorado Division of Banking and the Federal Reserve. BOJHT is a Wyoming state-chartered bank and also a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. As such, BOJHT is subject to examination, supervision and regulation by both the Wyoming Division of Banking and the Federal Reserve. NBH Bank’s and BOJHT’s deposits are insured by the FDIC, in the manner and to the extent provided by law. As insured banks, NBH Bank and BOJHT are subject to the provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (the “FDI Act”), and the FDIC’s implementing regulations thereunder, and may also be subject to supervision and examination by the FDIC under certain circumstances.

Under the FDIC Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), the Banks must submit financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”); reports concerning management’s responsibility for the financial statements signed by the Company’s chief executive officer and chief accounting or financial officer; an assessment of internal controls; and an assessment of the Company’s compliance with various banking laws and regulations. In addition, the Company must submit annual audit reports to federal regulators prepared by independent auditors. As allowed by regulations, we may use our audit report prepared for the Company to satisfy this requirement. The Company must provide auditors with examination reports, supervisory agreements and reports of enforcement actions. The auditors must also attest to and report on the statements of management relating to internal controls. FDICIA also requires that the Banks form an independent audit committee consisting of outside directors only, or that the Company’s audit committee be entirely independent.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had total assets of $9.8 billion. A bank holding company with more than $10 billion in total consolidated assets is subject to requirements such as: (i) the applicability of Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly known as the Volcker Rule; (ii) increased capital, leverage, liquidity and risk management standards; and (iii) limits on interchange fees from debit cards transactions. In addition, an institution with more than $10 billion in total assets is examined by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), rather than its primary federal bank regulator, as to compliance with certain federal consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations.

Broad Supervision, Examination and Enforcement Powers

The Federal Reserve, the FDIC and state bank regulators have broad regulatory, examination and enforcement authority over bank holding companies and banks, as applicable. Bank regulators regularly examine the operations of banks and bank holding companies. In addition, banks and bank holding companies are subject to periodic reporting and filing requirements.

Bank regulators have various remedies available if they determine that a banking organization has violated any law or regulation, that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of a banking organization’s operations are unsatisfactory or that the banking organization is operating in an unsafe or unsound manner. The bank regulators have the power to, among other things: enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices; require affirmative actions to correct any violation or practice; issue administrative orders that can be judicially enforced; direct increases in capital; direct the sale of subsidiaries or other assets; limit dividends and distributions; restrict growth; assess civil monetary penalties; remove officers and directors; terminate deposit insurance; and appoint a conservator or receiver.

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Engaging in unsafe or unsound practices or failing to comply with applicable laws, regulations and supervisory agreements could subject the Company, its subsidiaries and their respective officers, directors and institution-affiliated parties to the remedies described above and other sanctions. In addition, the FDIC could terminate NBH Bank’s or BOJHT’s deposit insurance if it determined that the Banks’ financial condition was unsafe or unsound or that the Banks engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or violated an applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the Banks’ regulators.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

In General

As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulatory capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Federal Reserve. The federal banking agencies have risk-based capital adequacy guidelines intended to provide a measure of capital adequacy that reflects the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s operations. NBH Bank and BOJHT are subject to capital adequacy guidelines as implemented by the relevant federal banking agency. In the case of the Company, NBH Bank and BOJHT, applicable capital guidelines can be found in the Federal Reserve’s Regulations H and Q.

The capital rules require banks and bank holding companies to maintain a minimum common equity tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a total tier 1 capital ratio of 6%, a total capital ratio of 8%, and a leverage ratio of 4%. Additionally, banks and bank holding companies are required to hold a capital conservation buffer of common equity tier 1 capital of 2.5% to avoid limitations on capital distributions and executive compensation payments.

Further, the federal bank regulatory agencies may set higher capital requirements for an individual bank or when a bank’s particular circumstances warrant, and future regulatory change could impose higher capital standards as a routine matter.

The Federal Reserve may also set higher capital requirements for holding companies whose circumstances warrant it. For example, holding companies experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions are expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above the minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets.

In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”), was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act. The EGRRCPA directed the federal banking agencies to develop a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio,” calculated by dividing tangible equity capital by average total consolidated assets. In October 2019, the federal banking agencies adopted a Community Bank Leverage Ratio of 9%. If a “qualified community bank,” generally a depository institution or depository institution holding company with average total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion, has a leverage ratio which exceeds the Community Bank Leverage Ratio, then the institution is considered to have met all generally applicable leverage and risk based capital requirements, the capital ratio requirements for “well capitalized” status under the prompt corrective action rules and any other leverage or capital requirements to which it is subject. At this time the Company, NBH Bank and BOJHT have not elected to apply this regime.

Prompt Corrective Action

The FDI Act requires federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. A depository institution’s treatment for purposes of the prompt corrective action provisions will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. Federal banking regulators are required to take various mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories. The severity of the action depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. Generally, subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator must appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized. Our regulatory capital ratios and those of NBH Bank and BOJHT are in excess of the levels established for “well-capitalized” institutions.

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Bank Holding Companies as a Source of Strength

The Federal Reserve requires that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to each bank that it controls and, under appropriate circumstances, commit resources to support each such controlled bank. This support may be required at times when the bank holding company may not have the resources to provide the support. Because we are a bank holding company, the Federal Reserve views the Company (and its consolidated assets) as a source of financial and managerial strength for any controlled depository institutions.

Under the prompt corrective action provisions, if a controlled bank is undercapitalized, then the regulators could require its bank holding company to guarantee a capital restoration plan. In addition, if the Federal Reserve believes that a bank holding company’s activities, assets or affiliates represent a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of a controlled bank, then the Federal Reserve could require the bank holding company to terminate the activities, liquidate the assets or divest the affiliates. The regulators may require these and other actions in support of controlled banks even if such action is not in the best interests of the bank holding company or its shareholders.

The Dodd-Frank Act codified the requirement that holding companies, like the Company, serve as a source of financial strength for their subsidiary depository institutions, by providing financial assistance to its depository institution subsidiaries in the event of financial distress. Under the source of strength doctrine, the Company could be required to provide financial assistance to each of the Banks should it experience financial distress.

In addition, capital loans by us to either of the Banks will be subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other indebtedness of the Banks. In the event of our bankruptcy, any commitment by us to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of the Banks will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment.

Dividend Restrictions

The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. Because the Company’s consolidated net income consists largely of the net income of NBH Bank and BOJHT, the Company’s ability to pay dividends depends upon its receipt of dividends from its subsidiaries. The ability of a bank to pay dividends and make other distributions is limited by federal and state law. The specific limits depend on a number of factors, including the banks’ type of charter, recent earnings, recent dividends, level of capital and regulatory status. As members of the Federal Reserve System and state-chartered banks, NBH Bank and BOJHT are subject to Regulation H and limitations under state law with respect to the payment of dividends. Non-bank subsidiaries are also limited by certain federal and state statutory provisions and regulations covering the amount of dividends that may be paid in any given year. State member banks, such as NBH Bank and BOJHT, may not declare or pay a cash dividend if the total of all dividends declared during the calendar year, including the proposed dividend, exceeds the Banks’ net income during the current calendar year and the retained net income of the prior two calendar years, unless approved by the Federal Reserve.

The ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends and make other distributions can also be limited. The Federal Reserve has authority to prohibit a bank holding company from paying dividends or making other distributions. A bank holding company should not pay cash dividends that exceed its net income or that can be funded only in ways that weaken the bank holding company’s financial health, such as by borrowing. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, the Company is subject to certain limitations and restrictions under Delaware corporate law with respect to the payment of dividends and other distributions.

Depositor Preference

The FDI Act provides that, in the event of the “liquidation or other resolution” of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution (including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors) and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If one of the Banks were to fail and be placed into receivership, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including us, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution.

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Limits on Transactions with Affiliates

Federal law restricts the amount and the terms of both credit and non-credit transactions (generally referred to as “Covered Transactions”) between a bank and its non-bank affiliates. Covered Transactions with any single affiliate may not exceed 10% of the capital stock and surplus of each Bank, and Covered Transactions with all affiliates may not exceed, in the aggregate, 20% of each Bank’s capital and surplus. For a bank, capital stock and surplus refers to the bank’s tier 1 and tier 2 capital, as calculated under the risk-based capital guidelines, plus the balance of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) excluded from tier 2 capital. Each Bank’s transactions with all of its affiliates in the aggregate are limited to 20% of the foregoing capital. In addition, in connection with Covered Transactions that are extensions of credit, the Banks may be required to hold collateral to provide added security to the Banks, and the types of permissible collateral may be limited. The Dodd-Frank Act generally enhances the restrictions on transactions with affiliates, including an expansion of what types of transactions are Covered Transactions to include credit exposures related to derivatives, repurchase agreements and securities lending arrangements and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding Covered Transactions must be satisfied. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any outstanding Covered Transactions.

Regulatory Notice and Approval Requirements for Acquisitions of Control

We must generally receive federal bank regulatory approval before we can acquire a financial institution. Specifically, as a bank holding company, we must obtain prior approval of the Federal Reserve in connection with any acquisition that would result in the Company owning or controlling 5% or more of any class of voting securities of a bank or another bank holding company, including a financial holding company. Our ability to make investments in depository institutions will depend on our ability to obtain approval for such investments from the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve could deny our application based on the statutory factors outlined in the BHCA, including the financial and managerial resources of the parties and the future prospects of the combined organization, the effects of the transaction on competition, the convenience and needs of the community, including the record of performance of the parties under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, the effectiveness of the Company in combating money-laundering activities and the impact of the transaction on the financial stability of the U.S. banking or financial system, or other considerations. For example, we could be required to sell banking centers as a condition to receiving regulatory approval, which condition may not be acceptable to us, or, if acceptable to us, may reduce the benefit of any acquisition.

In addition, federal and state laws, including the BHCA and the Change in Bank Control Act, impose additional prior notice or approval requirements and ongoing regulatory requirements on any investor that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or bank holding company. Under a rebuttable presumption established by the Federal Reserve, the acquisition of 10% or more of a class of voting stock of a bank holding company with a class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, such as the Company, would, under the circumstances set forth in the presumption, constitute acquisition of control of the Company for purposes of the Change in Bank Control Act.

The BHCA prohibits any entity from acquiring 25% (as noted above, the BHCA has a lower limit for acquirers that are existing bank holding companies) or more of a bank holding company’s or bank’s voting securities, or otherwise obtaining control or a controlling influence over a bank holding company or bank without the approval of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has rule-based standards for determining whether one company has control over another. These rules established four categories of tiered presumptions of non-control that are based on the percentage of voting shares held by the investor (less than 5%, 5-9.9%, 10-14.9% and 15-24.9%) and the presence of other indicia of control. As the percentage of ownership increases, fewer indicia of control are permitted without falling outside of the presumption of non-control. These indicia of control include nonvoting equity ownership, director representation, management interlocks, business relationship and restrictive contractual covenants. Under the Federal Reserve’s rules, investors can hold up to 24.9% of the voting securities and up to 33% of the total equity of a company without necessarily having a controlling influence.

Anti-Money Laundering Requirements

Under federal law, including the Bank Secrecy Act and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”), certain types of financial institutions, including insured depository institutions, must maintain anti-money laundering programs that include established internal policies, procedures and controls; a designated compliance officer; an ongoing associate training program; and

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testing of the program by an independent audit function. Financial institutions are prohibited from entering into specified financial transactions and account relationships and must meet enhanced standards for due diligence, client identification, and recordkeeping, including in their dealings with non-U.S. financial institutions and non-U.S. clients. Financial institutions must take reasonable steps to conduct enhanced scrutiny of account relationships to guard against money laundering and to report any suspicious information maintained by financial institutions. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and must consider an institution’s anti-money laundering compliance when considering regulatory applications filed by the institution, including applications for banking mergers and acquisitions. The regulatory authorities have imposed “cease and desist” orders and civil money penalty sanctions against institutions found to be violating these obligations.

Consumer Laws and Regulations

Banks and other financial institutions are subject to numerous laws and regulations intended to protect consumers in their transactions with banks. These laws include, among others, laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices and usury laws, as well as the following consumer protection statutes: Truth in Lending Act; Truth in Savings Act; Electronic Funds Transfer Act; Flood Disaster Protection Act; Expedited Funds Availability Act; Equal Credit Opportunity Act; Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act; Fair Housing Act; Fair Credit Reporting Act; Fair Debt Collection Act; Gramm-Leach Bliley Financial Modernization Act; Home Mortgage Disclosure Act; Right to Financial Privacy Act and Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act.

Many states and local jurisdictions have consumer protection laws analogous, and in addition, to those listed above. These state and local laws regulate the manner in which financial institutions deal with clients when taking deposits, making loans or conducting other types of transactions.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks. The CFPB is authorized to issue rules for both bank and nonbank companies that offer consumer financial products and services, subject to consultation with the prudential banking regulators. In general, however, banks with total assets of $10 billion or less will continue to be examined for consumer compliance by their primary bank regulator. At this time, neither NBH Bank nor BOJHT is subject to supervision by the CFPB, but will be if either Bank’s assets grow above $10 billion.

Much of the CFPB’s rulemaking has focused on mortgage lending and servicing, including an important rule requiring lenders to ensure that prospective buyers have the ability to repay their mortgages. Other areas of current CFPB focus include consumer protections for prepaid cards, payday lending, debt collection, overdraft services and privacy notices. The CFPB has been particularly active in issuing rules and guidelines concerning residential mortgage lending and servicing, including the “Ability-to-Repay and Qualified Mortgage Standards under the Truth in Lending Act” portions of Regulation Z and the Know Before You Owe guidelines. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, creditors must make a reasonable and good faith determination, based on verified and documented information, that the consumer has a reasonable “ability to repay” a residential mortgage according to its terms as well as clearly and concisely disclose the terms and costs associated with these loans.

The CFPB has actively issued enforcement actions against both large and small entities and to entities across the entire financial services industry. The CFPB has relied upon “unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts” prohibitions as its primary enforcement tool. However, the CFPB and the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) continue to be focused on fair lending in taking enforcement actions against banks with renewed emphasis on alleged redlining practices. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could give rise to regulatory sanctions, client rescission rights, actions by state and local attorneys general and civil or criminal liability.

In December 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule that would amend Regulation Z, which implements the Truth in Lending Act, to apply to overdraft credit provided by insured depository institutions with more than $10 billion in total assets unless the overdraft fee is restricted to a small amount that only recovers applicable costs and losses. Under the rule, covered institutions (which would include NBH Bank or BOJHT if the Company crosses $10 billion in assets) would be allowed to choose to offer overdrafts as a courtesy overdraft service or as a line of credit. If the courtesy overdraft option is chosen, overdrafts would remain exempt from Regulation Z, as long as fees charged are based on the higher of an institution’s breakeven point derived from its own costs and losses, or a benchmark fee established by the CFPB. If the overdraft line of

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credit option is chosen, overdrafts would be considered a loan subject to Regulation Z, and therefore, subject to account opening and loan disclosures, required to be held in an account separate from the client’s checking or transaction account, and may not be conditioned on preauthorized electronic funds transfers. We are in the process of evaluating this rule and assessing its potential impact on the Company and the Banks.

The enforcement of laws, rules and regulations, including consumer protection laws, may be effected by executive orders applying to the CFPB and other government agencies. We are monitoring the effects of executive actions and regulatory and supervisory changes may have on the Company.

The Community Reinvestment Act

The CRA is intended to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. Each of the Banks is examined by the Federal Reserve and assigned a public CRA rating. Institutions are assigned one of four ratings: “Outstanding;” “Satisfactory;” “Needs to Improve;” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” The CRA requires bank regulators to take into account a bank’s record in meeting the needs of its community when considering certain applications by a bank, including applications to establish a banking center or to conduct certain mergers or acquisitions. Failure to adequately meet these criteria could impose additional requirements and limitations on us. Additionally, we must publicly disclose the terms of various CRA-related agreements. The Federal Reserve is required to consider the CRA records of a bank holding company’s controlled banks when considering an application by the bank holding company to acquire a bank or to merge with another bank holding company.

When we apply for regulatory approval to make certain investments, the regulators will consider the CRA record of both the target institution and the relevant Bank. An unsatisfactory CRA record could substantially delay approval or result in denial of an application.

In October 2023, the U.S. banking agencies issued a final rule to amend their regulations implementing the CRA. The rule materially revises the current CRA framework, including the assessment areas in which a bank is evaluated to include activities associated with online and mobile banking, the tests used to evaluate a covered bank in its assessment areas, new methods of calculating credit for lending, investment, and service activities, and additional data collection and reporting requirements. The rule became effective April 1, 2024, with most of its provisions becoming applicable on January 1, 2026. Reporting of the collected data will not be required until 2027. However, the final rule has been challenged in federal court, which has granted a preliminary injunction on enforcement of the rule; litigation remains pending.

Reserve Requirements

Pursuant to regulations of the Federal Reserve, all banks are required to maintain average daily reserves at mandated ratios against their transaction accounts. In addition, reserves must be maintained on certain non-personal time deposits. These reserves must be maintained in the form of vault cash or in an account at a Federal Reserve Bank.

Deposit Insurance Assessments

All of a depositor’s accounts at an insured bank, including all non-interest bearing transaction accounts, are insured by the FDIC up to prescribed limits for each depositor. FDIC-insured banks are required to pay deposit insurance premiums to the FDIC. The FDIC has adopted a risk-based assessment system whereby FDIC-insured depository institutions pay insurance premiums at rates based on their risk classification. An institution’s risk classification is assigned based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the institution poses to the regulators.

Assessments are based on an institution’s average total consolidated assets less average tangible equity (subject to risk-based adjustments that would further reduce the assessment base for custodial banks). The FDIC may impose special assessments that could also increase costs in the future. The Banks may be able to pass part or all of these costs, when applicable, on to its clients, including in the form of lower interest rates on deposits, or fees to some depositors, depending on market conditions.

FDIC assessments for institutions with total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more are primarily based on a scorecard approach by the FDIC, including factors such as examination ratings, financial measures, and modeling measuring the

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institution’s ability to withstand asset-related and funding-related stress and potential loss to the DIF in the event of the institution’s failure.

In October 2022, the FDIC issued a final rule to increase initial base deposit insurance assessment rates for insured depository institutions by two basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The assessment rate schedules under this final rule will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio of the DIF meets or exceeds two percent. Additionally, in November 2023, the FDIC implemented a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF associated with the 2023 bank failures. Under the special assessment, banks with uninsured deposits exceeding $5.0 billion beginning December 31, 2022 were charged an additional assessment commencing with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Banks were not subject to the special assessment.

The FDIC may terminate a depository institution’s deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution’s financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated any applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the institution’s regulatory agency. If deposit insurance for a banking business we invest in or acquire were to be terminated, that would have a material adverse effect on that banking business and on the Company as a whole.

Changes in Laws, Regulations or Policies

Congress and state legislatures may introduce from time to time measures or take actions that would modify the regulation of banks or bank holding companies. In addition, federal and state regulatory agencies also periodically propose and adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. Such changes could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks and other financial institutions, all of which could affect our investment opportunities and our assessment of how attractive such opportunities may be. We cannot predict whether potential legislation will be enacted and, if enacted, the effect that it or any implementing regulations would have on our business, results of operations, liquidity or financial condition. We are expecting regulatory and supervisory changes as a result of the change in administration and are monitoring changes and areas of uncertainty that could have an impact on the Company.

More Information

Our website is www.nationalbankholdings.com. We make available free of charge, through our website, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Relating to Our Banking Operations

Changes in general business and economic conditions as well as external events such as natural disasters, pandemics, cyberattacks, political instability, international trade policies, tariffs, severe weather or acts of war could materially and adversely affect us.

Our business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States and in our core markets of Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico, and Idaho. If the economies in our core markets, or the U.S. economy more generally, experience worsening economic conditions, including industry-specific conditions, we could be materially and adversely affected. Weak economic conditions may be characterized by inflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, including a lack of liquidity and/or depressed prices in the secondary market for mortgage loans, increased delinquencies on loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines, lower home sales and commercial activity, further or prolonged pressure on energy prices, and high unemployment. The U.S. and our core markets may experience these weak or worsening economic conditions due to the adverse economic effects of natural disasters, severe weather conditions, health emergencies or pandemics, cyberattacks, changes in international trade policies, tariffs, outbreaks of hostilities, terrorism or other geopolitical instabilities. All of these factors would be detrimental to our business. Our business is significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. federal government, its agencies and government-sponsored entities. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond our control and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is highly susceptible to credit risk and fluctuations in the value of real estate and other collateral securing such credit.

We are focused on growing our loan portfolio while adhering to our established underwriting standards and self-imposed concentration limits. However, as a lender, we are exposed to the risk that our clients will be unable to repay their loans according to their terms and that the collateral securing the payment of their loans (if any) may not be sufficient to assure repayment. The risks inherent in making any loan include risks with respect to the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and, if applicable, the period of time over which the loan is repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting and guidelines, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions, risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers and risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral. Similarly, we have credit risk embedded in our securities portfolio. Our credit standards, procedures and policies may not prevent us from incurring substantial credit losses.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate and any deterioration in real estate values or credit quality or elevated levels of non-performing assets would ultimately have a negative impact on the quality of our loan portfolio. Although we require an appraisal of the property whenever we consider making a loan secured by real property, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made and requires the exercise of a considerable degree of judgment. Subsequently, there is always a risk that the appraisal, due to unforeseen events, may not accurately reflect the amount that may be obtained upon sale or foreclosure of the property. A decline in residential real estate market prices and reduced levels of home sales could adversely affect the value of collateral securing mortgage loans resulting in greater charge-offs in future periods, as well as adversely impact mortgage loan originations and gains on sale of mortgage loans. In addition, a decline in commercial real estate values would likewise adversely affect the value of collateral securing certain commercial loans and result in greater charge-offs in future periods. Financial stress on borrowers as a result of job losses or other factors, could have further adverse effects on borrowers that result in higher delinquencies and greater charge-offs in future periods, which could materially and adversely affect us. In addition, with heightened interest rates and inflationary pressures, our clients could be impacted by the rising costs of goods and services in their households and businesses, which may have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us.

From time to time, we may hold a varying amount of other real estate owned (“OREO”) as a result of the foreclosure process where we take title to the real estate serving as collateral for our loans. While our OREO portfolio is smaller than it has been in recent years, our OREO balance is subject to change, which could negatively affect our earnings as a result of various expenses associated with OREO, including personnel costs, insurance and taxes, completion and repair costs, valuation

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adjustments and other expenses or potential environmental liabilities associated with property ownership, as well as funding costs associated with OREO assets.

Our allowance for credit losses and fair value adjustments may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses inherent in our loan portfolio.

The Company measures its allowance for credit losses using ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model requires an estimate of expected credit losses for financial assets measured over the contractual life of an instrument based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The standard provides significant flexibility and requires a high degree of judgment in order to develop an estimate of expected lifetime losses. Providing for lifetime losses for our loan portfolio is a change to the previous method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable and incurred. It may also result in even small changes to future forecasts having a significant impact on the allowance, which could make the allowance more volatile, and regulators may impose additional capital buffers to absorb this volatility.

The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding our loans, identification of additional problem loans by us and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses. If the real estate markets deteriorate, we expect that we will experience increased delinquencies and credit losses, particularly with respect to construction, land development and land loans. In addition, our regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. In addition, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses. Any increases in the allowance for credit losses will result in a decrease in net income and capital and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We may not be able to meet the cash flow requirements of deposit withdrawals and other business needs unless we maintain sufficient liquidity.

We require liquidity to make loans and to repay deposit and other liabilities as they become due or are demanded by clients. We principally depend on checking, savings and money market deposit account balances and other forms of client deposits as our primary source of funding for our lending activities. As a result of a decline in overall depositor confidence, an increase in interest rates paid by competitors, general interest rate levels, higher returns being available to clients on alternative investments and general economic conditions, a substantial number of our clients could withdraw their bank deposits with us from time to time, resulting in our deposit levels decreasing substantially, and our cash on hand may not be able to cover such withdrawals and our other business needs, including amounts necessary to operate and grow our business. Furthermore, advancements in technology allow clients to withdraw or otherwise access funds very quickly, which could create additional demand for liquidity. This would require us to seek third party funding or other sources of liquidity, such as asset sales. Our access to third party funding sources, including our ability to raise funds through the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity or equity-related securities, incurrence of debt, or federal funds purchased, may be impacted by our financial strength, performance and prospects and may also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, all of which may make potential funding sources more difficult to access, less reliable and more expensive. We may not have access to third party funding in sufficient amounts on favorable terms, or the ability to undertake asset sales or access other sources of liquidity, when needed, or at all, which could materially and adversely affect us. While the acquisition of Cambr has provided additional liquidity as well as diversification of our sources of liquidity, increased concentration from program deposits or reliance on the Cambr program could have a material adverse effect on us.

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Like other financial services institutions, our asset and liability structures are monetary in nature. Such structures are affected by a variety of factors, including changes in interest rates, which can impact our earnings, cash flows, the value of financial instruments held by us and our mortgage business.

Like other financial services institutions, we have asset and liability structures that are essentially monetary in nature and are directly affected by many factors, including domestic and international economic and political conditions, broad trends in business and finance, legislation and regulation affecting the national and international business and financial communities, monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, currency values, market conditions, the availability and terms (including cost) of short-term or long-term funding and capital, the credit capacity or perceived creditworthiness of clients and counterparties and the level and volatility of trading markets. Such factors can impact clients and counterparties of a financial services institution and may impact the value of financial instruments held by a financial services institution.

Our earnings and cash flows largely depend upon the level of our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income we earn on loans, investments and other interest earning assets, and the interest we pay on interest bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Because different types of assets and liabilities may react differently and at different times to market interest rate changes, changes in interest rates can increase or decrease our net interest income. When interest-bearing liabilities increase at a pace exceeding interest earning assets, an increase in interest rates would reduce net interest income. Also, when interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than interest earning assets in a period, an increase in interest rates would reduce net interest income. Similarly, when interest earning assets mature or reprice more quickly, and because the magnitude of repricing of interest earning assets is often greater than interest bearing liabilities, falling interest rates would reduce net interest income.

Accordingly, changes in the level of market interest rates affect our net yield on interest earning assets and liabilities, loan and investment securities portfolios, the value of our servicing rights and our overall results. Interest rates, including mortgage interest rates, are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions, inflation and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. Changes in interest rates may also have a significant impact on any future loan origination revenues. Historically, there has been an inverse correlation between the demand for loans and interest rates. Loan origination volume and revenues usually decline during periods of rising or high interest rates and increase during periods of declining or low interest rates. Changes in interest rates also have a significant impact on the carrying value of a significant percentage of the assets, both loans and investment securities, on our balance sheet. We may incur debt in the future and that debt may also be sensitive to interest rates and any increase in interest rates could materially and adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

Increases in prevailing interest rates have caused and may continue to cause declines in mortgage originations including declines in mortgage refinance activity, which have impacted and may continue to negatively impact our earnings. A prolonged period of elevated or rising interest rates may result in changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits. Such conditions could have adverse effects on our ability to originate mortgage loans due to reduced consumer demand, increased pressure from competing lenders and increased costs, which could impact earnings in the form of reduced interest from fewer mortgages, reduced fees from loan sales and tighter net interest margins.

The fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to market conditions outside of our control.

We have historically taken a conservative investment strategy with our securities portfolio, with concentrations of securities that are primarily backed by government sponsored enterprises (“GSE”). A portion of our non-marketable securities portfolio is comprised of non-liquid fund investments and direct investments in our fintech partners. Non-marketable securities also include direct investments in convertible preferred stock. As the convertible preferred stock does not have a readily determinable fair value, it is carried at cost. We periodically evaluate our non-marketable securities investments for impairment. The results of testing our investments for potential impairment may be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including market conditions, regulatory expectations, general economic conditions and unfavorable changes in the businesses underlying the investments, which may lead to a partial or full impairment of our fintech investments. Impairments or write-downs of these assets may result in charges that adversely affect our results of operations.

We may seek to increase yields through different strategies, which may include a greater percentage of corporate securities and structured credit products. Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our

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portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the securities, defaults by the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates and instability in the capital markets or an inability of our partners to successfully execute on their strategies. These factors, among others, could cause impairments and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The process for determining whether a security is impaired usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security.

Our investments in financial technology companies and initiatives subject us to material financial, reputational and strategic risks.

Our investments in various financial technology companies, included within non-marketable securities on our balance sheet, may have a significant impact on our results of operations. Investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence but not control over the operating and financial policies of the investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. For investments accounted for under the equity method, we increase or decrease our investment by our proportionate share of the investee’s net income or loss.

The financial technology companies in which we invest often have the need for substantial additional capital to support expansion or to achieve or maintain a competitive position. Less established companies tend to have lower capitalization and fewer resources and, therefore, are often more vulnerable to financial failure. These companies may be dependent upon the success of one product or service, a unique distribution channel, or the effectiveness of a manager or management team. The failure of this one product, service or distribution channel, or the loss or ineffectiveness of a key executive or executives within the management team may have a materially adverse impact on such companies.

The possibility that the companies in which we invest will not be able to commercialize their technology or product concept presents a risk that our investment may become impaired. These companies tend to lack management depth, to have limited or no history of operations and to not have attained profitability. Additionally, although some of these companies may already have a commercially successful product or product line at the time of investment, technology products and services often have a more limited market or life span than products in other industries. Thus, the ultimate success of these companies may depend on their ability to continually innovate in increasingly competitive markets. Most of the companies in which we invest will require substantial additional equity financing to satisfy their continuing growth and working capital requirements. Each round of venture financing is typically intended to provide a company with enough capital to reach the next stage of development. The circumstances or market conditions under which such companies will seek additional capital are unpredictable. It is possible that one or more of such companies will not be able to raise additional financing or may be able to do so only at a price or on terms which are unfavorable.

We depend on our executive officers and key personnel to implement our strategy and the loss of their services could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business operations.

The execution of our strategy depends in large part on the skills of our executive management team and our ability to motivate and retain these and other key personnel, including key personnel added through mergers and acquisitions. Accordingly, the loss of service of one or more of our executive officers or key personnel could reduce our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy and materially and adversely affect us. Our success also depends on the experience of our banking center managers and relationship managers and on their relationships with the clients and communities they serve. The loss of these key personnel could negatively impact our banking operations. Surges in illnesses, or outbreaks, may increase the risk of maintaining adequate staffing in our banking centers and other key areas.

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A failure in or breach of our security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third-party providers, could result in financial losses to us or in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, including client information, or could trigger further regulatory and financial penalties if we are determined to be non-compliant with evolving privacy and data protection laws. These events could also adversely impact our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

We provide our clients with the ability to bank remotely, including via online, mobile and phone. The secure transmission of confidential information over the internet and other remote channels is a critical element of remote banking.

Our systems and network are subject to ongoing cyber incidents such as unauthorized access, loss or destruction of data, account takeovers, unavailability of service, computer viruses or other malicious code, phishing schemes, ransomware and other similar events. Third parties with whom we do business are also sources of cybersecurity risks. We have spent and may be required to spend additional significant capital and other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by potential security breaches or viruses. Given the increasingly high volume of our transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they can be discovered and rectified.

To the extent that our activities or the activities of our clients involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and viruses could cause serious negative consequences, including reputational damage, litigation exposure and regulatory scrutiny, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy and data protection laws or other breach reporting obligations. Any inability to prevent security breaches or computer viruses could also cause prospective and existing clients to lose confidence in our systems and could materially and adversely affect us. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of the evolving nature and complexity of the threats from organized cybercriminals and hackers, and our plans to continue to provide digital banking products and services to our clients.

Information security risks for financial institutions like us have increased recently in part because of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others. In addition to cyberattacks or other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers have engaged in attacks against large financial institutions, particularly denial of service or ransomware attacks are designed to disrupt key business services, such as client-facing web sites. We are not able to anticipate or implement preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently and can originate from a wide variety of sources. We employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents, but early detection may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection.

We also face risks related to cyberattacks and other security breaches in connection with credit or debit card, including ATM-related, transactions that typically involve the transmission of sensitive information regarding our clients through various third parties, including merchant acquiring banks, payment processors, payment card networks (e.g., Visa, MasterCard) and our third-party processors. Some of these parties have in the past been the target of security breaches and cyberattacks, and because the transactions involve third parties and environments such as the point of sale that we do not control or secure, future security breaches or cyberattacks affecting any of these third parties could impact us through no fault of our own, and in some cases we may have exposure and suffer losses for breaches or attacks relating to them. We also rely significantly on numerous other third party service providers to conduct other aspects of our business operations and face similar risks relating to them. While many of our agreements with third parties contain indemnification provisions, we may not be able to recover sufficiently, or at all, under the provisions to offset any losses we may incur from third-party cyber incidents.

We are highly dependent on the internet, cloud technologies and third-party providers. Systems failures or interruptions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our business is highly dependent on the increasing use of the internet, mobile devices and cloud technologies. Further, we have and will continue to be subject to an increasing risk of operational disruption and information security incidents as a result. These events can arise from a variety of sources, many of which are not under our control because of our reliance on third party vendors and technology systems and outsourcing services for key processes including data processing, loan servicing and deposit processing; and for key services including internet, and mobile technology. Potential causes for

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incidents may include human error, electrical or telecommunication outages, hardware failures, and malicious activity. Any of these events could cause interruption to the Company’s operations, as well as the operations of our clients. If significant, sustained or repeated, these events could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of client business, and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our Business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.

As a financial institution, we may be the target of fraudulent activity that may result in financial losses to us or our clients, privacy breaches against our clients or damage to our reputation and regulatory relationships. Such fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, unauthorized intrusion into or use of our systems, ATM skimming or jackpotting, and other dishonest acts. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. In addition, the widespread use of artificial intelligence also has increased potential for fraud and misuse. While we have also experienced losses due to apparent fraud or other crimes, thus far such losses have been relatively insignificant. Although we have implemented and maintained several robust policies, procedures, and trainings to prevent such losses, and have additional fraud tools and resources, such measures may not be able to prevent significant financial losses as a result of fraudulent activity.

We face significant competition from other financial institutions and financial services providers, which may materially and adversely affect us.

Consumer and commercial banking is highly competitive. Our markets contain a large number of community and regional banks as well as a significant presence of the country’s largest commercial banks. We compete with other state and national financial institutions, including savings and loan associations, savings banks and credit unions, for deposits and loans. In addition, we compete with financial intermediaries, such as consumer finance companies, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, securities firms, trust companies, mutual funds and several government agencies, as well as major retailers, in providing various types of loans and other financial services. Some of these competitors have a long history of successful operations in our markets, greater ties to local businesses and more expansive banking relationships, as well as better established depositor bases. Some of our competitors also have greater resources and access to capital and possess an advantage by being capable of maintaining numerous banking locations in more convenient sites, operating more ATMs and conducting extensive promotional and advertising campaigns or operating a more developed online banking platform. Competitors may also exhibit a greater tolerance for risk and behave more aggressively with respect to pricing in order to increase their market share. In addition, the effects of disintermediation can also impact the banking business because of the fast growing body of fintech companies that use software to deliver mortgage lending, payment services and other financial services. We expect competition to intensify due to financial institution consolidation, technological changes, and the emergence of alternative banking services and service providers.

Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among others:


●		the ability to develop, maintain and build upon long-term client relationships based on quality service, effective and efficient products and services, high ethical standards and safe and sound assets;
●		the scope, relevance and pricing of products and services offered to meet client needs and demands;
●		the rate at which we introduce new products and services, including internet-based or other digital services, relative to our competitors;
●		the ability to attract and retain highly qualified associates to operate our business;
●		the ability to expand our market position;
●		client satisfaction with our level of service;
●		the ability to invest in or leverage new technologies such as artificial intelligence and those relative to our digital banking platform;
●		the ability to operate our business effectively and efficiently; and
●		industry and general economic trends.

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Small Business Administration lending is an important and growing part of our business. Our SBA lending program is dependent upon the U.S. federal government, and we face specific risks associated with originating SBA loans.

As an approved participant in the SBA Preferred Lender’s Program (an “SBA Preferred Lender”), we enable our clients to obtain SBA loans without being subject to the potentially lengthy SBA approval process necessary for lenders that are not SBA Preferred Lenders. The SBA periodically reviews the lending operations of participating lenders to assess, among other things, whether the lender exhibits prudent risk management. When weaknesses are identified, the SBA may request corrective actions or impose enforcement actions, including revocation of the lender’s SBA Preferred Lender status.

If we violate U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) lending requirements or if the federal government shuts down or otherwise fails to fully fund the federal budget, our commercial Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) origination business could be adversely affected.

We originate, sell and service loans under FHA insurance programs, and make certifications regarding compliance with applicable requirements and guidelines. If we were to violate these requirements and guidelines, or other applicable laws, or if the FHA loans we originate show a high frequency of loan defaults, we could be subject to monetary penalties and indemnification claims, and could be declared ineligible for FHA programs. Any inability to engage in our commercial FHA origination and servicing business would lead to a decrease in our net income.

In addition, disagreement over the federal budget has caused the U.S. federal government to shut down for periods of time in recent years. Federal governmental entities, such as HUD, that rely on funding from the federal budget, could be adversely affected in the event of a government shutdown, which could have a material adverse effect on our commercial FHA origination business and our results of operations.

The expanding body of federal, state and local regulation of loan servicing, collections or other aspects of our business may increase the cost of compliance and the risks of noncompliance.

We service the loans held on our balance sheet, and loan servicing is subject to extensive regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities as well as to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing requirements and restrictions on those activities. The volume of new or modified laws and regulations has increased in recent years and, in addition, some individual municipalities have begun to enact laws that restrict loan servicing activities such as delaying or temporarily preventing foreclosures or forcing the modification of certain mortgages.

In addition, various consumer lending laws have been adopted to prohibit or restrict certain practices such as steering borrowers away from more affordable products, selling unnecessary insurance to borrowers, repeatedly refinancing loans and making loans without a reasonable expectation that the borrowers will be able to repay the loans irrespective of the value of the underlying property. Despite our efforts to comply with such laws, we may still face liability with respect to our lending and loan investment activities.

These laws increase our cost of doing business, and if regulators impose new or more restrictive requirements, we may incur significant additional costs to comply with such requirements or such requirements may negatively impact our revenues, which may further adversely affect us. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could possibly lead to: civil and criminal liability; damage to our reputation in the industry; fines and penalties and litigation, including class action lawsuits; and administrative enforcement actions. Any of these outcomes could materially and adversely affect us. There is also uncertainty regarding what legislative or regulatory changes may occur as a result of changes in government leadership resulting from elections, or, if changes occur, the ultimate effect they would have upon our financial condition or results of operations.

The value of our mortgage and SBA servicing rights can decline during periods of falling interest rates, and we may be required to take a charge against earnings for the decreased value.

A mortgage servicing right (“MSR”) is the right to service a mortgage loan for a fee. Similarly, an SBA servicing right is the right to service SBA loans sold for a fee. We capitalize servicing rights when we originate mortgage or SBA loans and retain the servicing rights after we sell the loans. We carry servicing rights at the lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value.

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Fair value is the present value of estimated future net servicing income, calculated based on a number of variables, including assumptions about the likelihood of prepayment by borrowers. Changes in interest rates can affect prepayment assumptions. When interest rates fall, borrowers are more likely to prepay their mortgage loans by refinancing them at a lower rate. As the likelihood of prepayment increases, the fair value of our servicing rights can decrease. Each quarter we evaluate our servicing rights for impairment based on the difference between the carrying amount and fair value, and, if a temporary impairment exists, we establish a valuation allowance through a charge that negatively affects our earnings.

Changes in the assumptions underlying our acquisition method of accounting, including methodology regarding the recording of goodwill as a result of acquisitions, or other significant accounting estimates could affect our financial information and have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

A material portion of our financial results is based on, and subject to, significant assumptions and subjective judgments. As a result of our acquisitions, our financial information is influenced by the application of the acquisition method of accounting, which requires us to make complex assumptions, and these assumptions materially affect our financial results. As such, any financial information generated through the use of the acquisition method of accounting is subject to modification or change. If our assumptions are incorrect and we change or modify our assumptions, it could have a material adverse effect on our profitability or our previously reported financial results. Additionally, a change in our accounting estimates, such as our ability to realize deferred tax assets or the need for a valuation allowance could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

In addition, we have recognized goodwill as an intangible asset on the balance sheet in connection with several acquisitions. Under current accounting standards, goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We evaluate goodwill using a combined qualitative and quantitative impairment approach. A significant and sustained decline in the Company’s stock price and market capitalization, a significant decline in the Company’s expected future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower growth rates or other factors could result in a finding of impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets. If we were to conclude that a future write-down of goodwill or other intangible assets is necessary, then the Company would record the appropriate charge to earnings, which could have material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans or reimburse investors and others as a result of breaches in contractual representations and warranties.

We sell residential mortgage loans to various parties, including GSEs and other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. The agreements under which we sell mortgage loans and the insurance or guaranty agreements with the FHA and U.S. Veterans Affairs contain various representations and warranties regarding the origination and characteristics of the mortgage loans, including ownership of the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, validity of the lien securing the loan, absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, fraudulent documentation and compliance with applicable origination laws. If any of these items prove defective or insufficient, we may be required to repurchase mortgage loans, indemnify the investor or insurer, or reimburse the investor or insurer for credit losses incurred on loans in the event of a breach of contractual representations or warranties that is not remedied within a period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach. Contracts for mortgage loan sales to the GSEs include various types of specific remedies and penalties that could be applied to inadequate responses to repurchase requests. Similarly, the agreements under which we sell mortgage loans require us to deliver various documents to the investor, and we may be obligated to repurchase any mortgage loan as to which the required documents are not delivered or are defective. We may see increased rates of repurchase or indemnification demands or indemnification as a result of self-reporting of identified errors in our mortgage loan portfolio. For instance, as part of our normal review process, we discovered irregularities in mortgage loan applications in one of our offices that prompted an internal investigation. While certain loan files may still be under review by outside investors, we do not expect the matter to materially or adversely affect our business or financial condition or results.

We establish a mortgage repurchase liability related to the various representations and warranties that reflect management's estimate of losses for loans which we have a repurchase obligation. Our mortgage repurchase liability represents management's best estimate of the probable loss that we may expect to incur for the representations and warranties in the

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contractual provisions of our sales of mortgage loans. Because the level of mortgage loan repurchase losses depends upon economic factors, investor demand strategies and other external conditions that may change over the life of the underlying loans, the level of the liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. If economic conditions and the housing market deteriorate or future investor repurchase demand and our success at appealing repurchase requests differ from past experience, we could experience increased repurchase obligations and increased loss severity on repurchases, requiring additions to the repurchase liability. Furthermore, such breaches in contractual representations and warranties could adversely affect our reputation.

We face risks due to our mortgage banking activities that could negatively impact net income and profitability.

We sell a majority of the mortgage loans that we originate. The sale of these loans generates non-interest income and can be a source of liquidity for the Banks. Diminished demand in the secondary market for the purchase of residential mortgage loans as well as declines in real estate values could result in various issues including:


●		our inability to sell mortgage loans on the secondary market, which could negatively impact our liquidity position;
●		declines in real estate values could decrease the potential of mortgage originations, which could negatively impact our earnings;
●		if it is determined that loans were made in breach of our representations and warranties to the secondary market, we could incur losses associated with the loans;
●		increased compliance requirements, could result in higher compliance costs, higher foreclosure proceedings or lower loan origination volume, all which could negatively impact future earnings.

Risks Relating to our Growth Strategy

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth or other expansionary activity.

Our expansionary activity, whether through de novo branching, acquisitions (including Cambr), organic growth or the implementation of our digital banking strategy, including through the buildout of 2UniFi, has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our operations and management. The success of our expansionary activity is dependent upon our ability to:


●		continue to implement and improve our operational, credit, financial, legal, management and other internal risk controls and processes and our reporting systems and procedures in order to manage a growing number of client relationships;
●		implement and scale our 2UniFi platform, Cambr deposit gathering platform and other new technologies;
●		integrate our acquisitions and develop consistent policies throughout the various lines of businesses;
●		attract and retain the client base; and
●		attract and retain management talent.

We may not successfully implement improvements to, or integrate, our management information and control systems, procedures and processes in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In particular, our controls and procedures must be able to accommodate an increase in loan volume in various markets and the infrastructure that comes with new banking centers, banks and growth of our client base through our digital banking strategy and our trust and wealth management business. Thus, our growth strategy may divert management from our existing franchises and may require us to incur additional expenditures to expand our administrative and operational infrastructure and, if we are unable to effectively manage and grow our financial services franchise, we could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to manage future expansion in our operations, we may experience compliance and operational problems, have to slow the pace of growth, or have to incur additional expenditures beyond current projections to support such growth, any one of which could materially and adversely affect us.

Our digital growth strategy may subject us to additional operational, strategic, reputational and regulatory risks.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to continue to address the needs of our

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clients by using innovative technologies to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands for convenience and security, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. The implementation of such new technologies may expose us to additional operational, financial, operational, strategic, reputational and regulatory risks.

New technology-driven products and services are rapidly being introduced throughout the financial services industry, often through fintech companies. We have made and will continue to make investments in and also partner with third party fintech companies in connection with our digital growth strategy and the digital solution, 2UniFi. Our investments may include companies that may be unseasoned, unprofitable or have no established operating histories or earnings and may lack technical, marketing, financial and other resources and are therefore more vulnerable to financial failure. The innovations these companies develop for utilization by 2UniFi, may prove more difficult to successfully integrate into our existing operations. We may be required to employ and maintain qualified personnel and as our business expands into new and expanding markets, and we may be required to install additional operational and control systems to manage fraud, operational, legal and compliance risks. Any failure to successfully manage this integration may adversely affect our timeline for our digital strategy, future financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any adverse regulatory treatment of the companies and technologies we have invested in, may impact our digital growth and our ability to satisfy our clients’ demands for digital offerings in the 2UniFi ecosystem.

Our acquisitions generally will require regulatory approvals, and failure to obtain them would restrict our growth.

We intend to complement and expand our business by pursuing strategic acquisitions of financial services franchises. Generally, any acquisition of target financial institutions, banking centers or other banking assets by us will require approval by, and cooperation from, a number of governmental regulatory agencies, including the Federal Reserve, the Colorado Division of Banking and the Wyoming Division of Banking. In acting on applications, our banking regulators consider, among other factors:



●		the effect of the acquisition on competition;
●		the financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, capital levels and future prospects of the applicant and the bank(s) involved;
●		the quantity and complexity of previously consummated acquisitions;
●		the managerial resources of the applicant and the bank(s) involved;
●		the convenience and needs of the community, including the record of performance under the Community Reinvestment Act; and
●		the effectiveness of the applicant in combating money laundering activities.

Such regulators could deny our application based on the above criteria or other considerations, which would restrict our growth, or the regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that are acceptable to us. For example, we could be required to sell banking centers as a condition to receiving regulatory approvals, and such a condition may not be acceptable to us or may reduce the benefit of any acquisition. In addition, prior to the submission of an application our regulators could discourage us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or indicate that regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that would be acceptable to us, which could have the same effect of restricting our growth or reducing the benefit of any acquisitions.

If we are unable to identify and consummate attractive acquisitions, or continue to increase loans through organic loan growth, we may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategy, and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected .

We intend to continue to grow our business through organic loan growth and strategic acquisitions of financial services franchises. Previous availability of attractive acquisition targets may not be indicative of future acquisition opportunities, and we may be unable to identify any acquisition targets that meet our investment objectives. As our acquired loan portfolio is paid down, we expect downward pressure on our income to the extent that the runoff is not replaced with other organically originated loans. As a result of the foregoing, if we are unable to replace loans in our existing portfolio with comparable loans, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our financial condition could also be materially and adversely affected if we choose to pursue riskier higher-yielding loans that fail to perform.

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Projected operating results for businesses acquired by us may be inaccurate and may vary significantly from actual results. To the extent that we make future acquisitions, we may not be able to realize the value we predict from these assets or make sufficient provision for future losses in the value of, or accurately estimate the future write-downs to be taken in respect of, these assets.

We will generally establish the pricing of transactions and the capital structure of financial services franchises to be acquired by us on the basis of financial projections for such financial services franchises. In general, projected operating results will be based on the judgment of our management team. In all cases, projections are only estimates of future results that are based upon assumptions made at the time that the projections are developed and the projected results may vary significantly from actual results. General economic, political and market conditions can have a material adverse impact on the reliability of such projections. In the event that the projections made in connection with our acquisitions, or future projections with respect to new acquisitions, are not accurate, such inaccuracies could materially and adversely affect us.

Delinquencies and losses in the loan portfolios and other assets we acquire may exceed our initial forecasts developed during our due diligence investigation prior to acquisition and, thus, produce lower returns than we believed our purchase price supported. Furthermore, our due diligence investigation may not reveal all material issues. If, during the diligence process, we fail to identify all relevant issues related to an acquisition, we may be forced to later write-down or write off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in significant losses. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect us. Economic conditions may create an uncertain environment with respect to asset valuations and there is no certainty that we will be able to sell assets or institutions after we acquire them if we determine it would be in our best interests to do so. In addition, there may be limited liquidity for certain asset classes we hold, including commercial real estate and construction and development loans. Any of the foregoing matters could materially and adversely affect us.

We may face increased risk of claims and litigation relating to our fiduciary responsibilities in connection with our trust and wealth management business.

Services we provide in connection with our trust and wealth management business may require us to act as fiduciaries for our clients and others. Third parties or government agencies may assert claims and take legal action against us pertaining to the performance of our fiduciary responsibilities. If these claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, we may be exposed to significant financial liability or our reputation could be damaged. Either of these results may adversely impact demand for our products and services or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Risks Relating to the Regulation of Our Industry

We operate in a highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, corporate governance, executive compensation and accounting principles, or changes in them, or our failure to comply with them, could materially and adversely affect us.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, executive orders and legislation by federal and state regulators and bodies, that govern almost all aspects of our operations. Intended to protect clients, depositors and the DIF, these laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on the business activities in which we can engage (including foreclosure and collection practices), limit the dividends or distributions that we can pay, restrict the ability of institutions to guarantee our debt, and impose certain specific accounting requirements on us that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in our capital than GAAP. Compliance with laws and regulations, including the effects of the Dodd Frank Act Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs.

We may face various risks related to the extensive government regulation and supervision of our business, including by our current federal and state regulators, as well as other government entities that may become our regulators in the future. These risks include pending and future laws, executive orders and regulations that may adversely impact our business, as well as supervisory and other actions that may be taken against us by our regulators. The legislative, regulatory and supervisory environment is beyond our control, may change rapidly and unpredictably, and may negatively influence our revenue, costs,

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earnings, growth, liquidity and capital levels. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or effectively navigate this complex regulatory or supervisory landscape, even if the failure follows good faith effort or reflects a difference in interpretation, could negatively impact our revenues or subject us to restrictions on our business activities, fines and other penalties, or damage to our reputation with regulators, our customers or the public, any of which could materially and adversely affect us.

We will be subject to increased regulation once our total consolidated assets exceed $10 billion.

Federal law imposes heightened requirements on bank holding companies and depository institutions that exceed $10 billion in total consolidated assets. An insured depository institution with $10 billion or more in total assets is subject to supervision, examination, and enforcement with respect to consumer protection laws by the CFPB. Additionally, other regulatory requirements apply to insured depository institution holding companies and insured depository institutions with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets, please refer to Item 1: Supervision and Regulation. Further, deposit insurance assessment rates are calculated differently, and may be higher, for insured depository institutions with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets.

Debit card interchange fee restrictions set forth in section 1075 of the Dodd-Frank Act, known as the Durbin Amendment, as implemented by regulations of the Federal Reserve, cap the maximum debit interchange fee that an issuer may receive per transaction. Debit card issuers with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets are exempt from these interchange fee restrictions. The exemption for small issuers ceases to apply as of July 1 of the year following the calendar year in which the issuer’s total consolidated assets exceed $10 billion.

As of December 31, 2024, we had total assets of approximately $9.8 billion. We anticipate that our assets will exceed $10 billion in 2025. When our assets remain above this threshold for the statutorily required time period, we may become subject to heightened regulatory and financial impacts as a result of CFPB oversight. We have incurred and will continue to incur additional costs to implement processes, procedures, and monitoring of compliance with these increased regulatory requirements. The effect of any presently contemplated or future changes in the laws or regulations or their interpretations is uncertain, especially with respect to the current administration’s regulatory position. The results or implementation of these changes could be materially adverse to the Company’s investors and its results of operations.

The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support our subsidiary banks.

As a matter of policy, the Federal Reserve, which examines us and our subsidiaries, expects a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to a subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act directs the federal bank regulators to require that all companies that directly or indirectly control an insured depository institution serve as a source of strength for the institution. Under this requirement, we could be required to provide financial assistance to our subsidiary bank should our subsidiary bank experience financial distress.

A capital injection may be required at times when we do not have the resources to provide it and, therefore, we may be required to borrow the funds or raise additional equity capital from third parties. Any loans by a holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the holding company’s general unsecured creditors, including the holders of its indebtedness. Any financing that must be done by the holding company in order to make the required capital injection may be difficult and expensive and may not be available on attractive terms, or at all, which likely would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our stock price and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

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Our and our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations.

Our ability to declare and pay dividends depends both on the ability of our bank subsidiary to pay dividends to us and on certain federal regulatory considerations, including the guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy and dividends. Because we are a separate legal entity from our bank subsidiary and we do not have significant operations of our own, any dividends paid by us to our shareholders would have to be paid from funds at the holding company level that are legally available therefor. However, as a bank holding company, we are subject to general regulatory restrictions on the payment of cash dividends. Federal bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, which depending on the financial condition and liquidity of the holding company at the time, could include the payment of dividends. Additionally, various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that our bank subsidiary can pay to us as its holding company without regulatory approval. Finally, holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our board of directors may declare in its unilateral discretion. Dividends are paid out of funds legally available for such purpose based on a variety of considerations, including, without limitation, our historical and projected financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, capital levels, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory prohibitions and other limitations, general economic conditions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, we may not pay the amount of dividends referenced in our current intention above, or any dividends at all, to our shareholders in the future.

The FDIC’s restoration plan for the DIF and any related increased assessment rates could materially and adversely affect us.

The FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured depository institutions, such as our subsidiary bank, up to applicable limits. The amount of a particular institution’s deposit insurance assessment is based on that institution’s risk classification under an FDIC risk-based assessment system. An institution’s risk classification is assigned based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the institution poses to its regulators. If current assessments imposed by the FDIC are insufficient for the DIF to meet its funding requirements, there may need to be further special assessments or increases in deposit insurance premiums. We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. Any future additional assessments, increases or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums may materially and adversely affect us, including by reducing our profitability or limiting our ability to pursue certain business opportunities.

Federal and state banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which we become subject as a result of such examinations could materially and adversely affect us.

Federal and state banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, a federal or state banking agency were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we or our management was in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against our officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate our deposit insurance. If we become subject to such regulatory actions, we could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The DOJ and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, and restrictions on expansion activity. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation.

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We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The federal Bank Secrecy Act, the USA PATRIOT Act and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The Federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the U.S. Treasury Department to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements, and engages in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the DOJ, Drug Enforcement Administration, and Internal Revenue Service. There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the rules enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of the financial institutions that we may acquire in the future are deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions (such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including our acquisition plans), which could materially and adversely affect us. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us.

Tax legislation initiatives or challenges to our tax positions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in multiple jurisdictions, and we are subject to tax laws and regulations of the U.S. federal, state and local governments. From time to time, legislative initiatives may be adopted, which may impact our effective tax rate and could adversely affect our deferred tax assets, tax positions and/or our tax liabilities. In addition, U.S. federal, state and local tax laws and regulations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. There can be no assurance that our historical tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in defending our positions in connection with any such challenge.

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Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

Our risk management program is designed to identify, assess, manage, and mitigate risks across various aspects of our Company, including, but not limited to, financial, operational, regulatory, reputational, and legal. Cybersecurity is a critical component of this program, given the increasing reliance on technology and potential of cyber threats.

The Company’s cybersecurity risk management program consists of a layered cybersecurity approach and is organized pursuant to prevailing guidance such as the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, including its underlying handbooks and assessment tools, and incorporates guidance issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Security Agency. The Company’s cybersecurity risk management program is designed to ensure the Company's data, information systems, networks and devices are appropriately protected from a variety of threats and that our third parties with access to the Company’s data take similar precautions. Regular risk assessments are conducted to validate control requirements and ensure that the Company’s information is protected at a level commensurate with its sensitivity and value. Preventative and detective security controls are employed on all media where information is stored, the systems that process it, and infrastructure components that facilitate its transmission to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of Company information. These controls include, but are not limited to, access control, data encryption, data loss prevention, incident response, security monitoring, third-party risk management, and vulnerability management.

The Company's cybersecurity risk management program and strategy are regularly assessed by consultants, regulatory authorities, and external auditors. The Company’s Enterprise Risk Management department also plays a crucial role in monitoring the program by internally conducting regular cyber maturity assessments. Cybersecurity processes are adjusted as needed based on the information gathered from these internal and external assessments to ensure that the program is aligned with the Company's business objectives, is designed to address evolving cybersecurity threats, satisfies regulatory requirements, and conforms with industry standards.

The Company, through its Enterprise Risk Management, Enterprise Technology, and Internal Audit departments, actively maintains and monitors various systems, controls and surveillance measures that are intended to mitigate cybersecurity risks including:

●

Layered security controls monitoring traffic to and within the Company that identify and block suspicious activity, with system configurations that align with industry best practices.

●

Preventative and detective controls to identify adverse internal and external trends and analyze the Company’s response mechanisms.

●

Annual network and penetration testing by reputable third parties to evaluate the Company's suite of security controls and tools and identify potential vulnerabilities.

●

Regular cybersecurity and information security awareness training for associates, supplemented with recurring social engineering tests.

●

Conducting regular cyber maturity assessments to ensure the Company is prepared to manage and respond to cybersecurity threats.

●

An incident response plan that outlines the steps the Company will take to respond to a cybersecurity incident, which is tested on a periodic basis.

●

Recurring audit and oversight of all critical third parties within the Company's digital ecosystem to identify risks and adverse trends and monitor their compliance with our cybersecurity requirements.

●

Use of external subject matter experts to provide threat intelligence and updates on trends and emerging schemes.

●

Annual risk and self-assessments against established industry frameworks to ensure best practices are in place and the Company’s risk assessment continues to evolve.

●

Carrying out regular trainings and tests, including phishing simulation tests, to ensure the Company’s associates remain vigilant with regards to cybersecurity threats.

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●

Annual testing from a business continuity perspective, including annual business impact analysis reviews, annual testing of all critical departments, systems and third parties, and established back-up, replication, and restoration to help ensure continuity of operations.

Our internal systems, processes, and controls are designed to mitigate loss from cyberattacks and, if necessary, remediate any potential damage. While we have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, to date, risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations. However, the sophistication of cyber threats continues to increase, and the Company’s cybersecurity risk management and strategy may be insufficient or may not be successful in protecting against all cyber incidents. Accordingly, no matter how well designed or implemented the Company’s controls are, it will not be able to anticipate all cybersecurity breaches, and it may not be able to implement effective preventive measures against such security breaches in a timely manner. For more information on how cybersecurity risk may materially affect the Company’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, please refer to Item 1A Risk Factors.

Governance

The Company’s Board of Directors is charged with overseeing the establishment and execution of the Company’s Risk Management program and monitoring adherence to related policies required by applicable statutes, regulations and principles of safety and soundness. Consistent with this responsibility, the Board has delegated primary oversight responsibility over the Company’s risk management program, including oversight of cybersecurity risk management, to the Audit & Risk Committee of the Board.

The Company’s Chief Risk Management Officer reports directly to the CEO and chairs the Company’s management-level Enterprise Risk Management Committee, through which the Company’s executive team manages and oversees the Company’s entire risk management program, including cybersecurity risk management. In addition, the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) reports directly to the Chief Risk Management Officer and works in tandem with the Company’s Enterprise Technology Department. The Enterprise Technology department is responsible for the Company’s information systems and for building and maintaining cybersecurity defenses within the Company’s technology systems. The Company’s Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) reports directly to the CEO and leads the Enterprise Technology Department. Collectively, the Enterprise Technology and Enterprise Risk Management Departments work together to oversee the day-to-day management and implementation of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program.

The Company’s Internal Audit Department, including third parties engaged by Internal Audit, evaluate the overall effectiveness of the Bank’s cybersecurity risk management strategy which is reported to the Audit & Risk Committee of the Board. In addition, the Enterprise Technology and Enterprise Risk Management Departments provide reports to the Audit & Risk Committee of the Board discussing items such as the Departments’ efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and potentially remediate cybersecurity risks, cybersecurity status updates, and current cybersecurity trends in the banking industry. Finally, the Company’s Board participates in training at least annually on the Directors’ role in managing cybersecurity risks.

The Company’s CISO has over 15 years of prior work experience, which includes managing information security and operational risk, developing cybersecurity strategy and incident responses, implementing effective information and cybersecurity programs, preventing fraud and social engineering, and ensuring business continuity and proper third party management. The Company’s CTO has over 25 years of prior work experience in cybersecurity and data center management and design, 16 years of which has been devoted to the financial and banking sectors. The Enterprise Technology Department is comprised of a team of subject matter experts in security operations, network architecture, cyber and information security governance and cybersecurity/network operations.

Item 2. PROPERTIES.

Our principal executive offices are located in the Denver Tech Center area immediately south of Denver, Colorado and cover approximately 47,000 square feet. We also have approximately 57,000 square feet of office and operations space in Kansas City, Missouri. At December 31, 2024, we operated 37 banking centers in Colorado, 21 in Missouri, 11 in Kansas, nine in

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Wyoming, eight in Utah, two in Texas, four in New Mexico and two in Idaho. Of these banking centers, 65 were owned and 29 locations were leased.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we are a party to various litigation matters incidental to the conduct of our business. We do not believe that any of our pending legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

None.

PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity

Shares of the Company’s common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NBHC”. The Company had 212 shareholders of record as of February 21, 2025. Management estimates that the number of beneficial owners is significantly greater.

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Performance Graph

The following graph presents a comparison of the Company’s performance to the indices named below. It assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2019, with dividends invested on a total return basis.


	Period Ending
Index	12/31/19	12/31/20	12/31/21	12/31/22	12/31/23	12/31/24
NBHC	100.00	95.54	130.93	128.11	116.81	139.10
KBW Regional Banking Index	100.00	91.32	124.78	116.15	115.69	130.96
Russell 2000 Index	100.00	119.93	137.67	109.50	127.98	142.73

The following table sets forth information about our repurchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2024:


					Maximum
				Total number of	approximate dollar
				shares purchased	value of shares
				as part of publicly	that may yet be
	Total number	Average price		announced plans	purchased under the
Period	of shares purchased	paid per share		or programs	plans or programs⁽²⁾
October 1 - October 31, 2024⁽¹⁾	7,206	$	44.37	—	$	50,000,000
November 1 - November 30, 2024⁽¹⁾	552		48.57	—		50,000,000
Total	7,758		44.67	—


(1)		Represents shares purchased other than through publicly announced plans purchased pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plans at the then current market value in satisfaction of stock option exercise prices, settlements of restricted stock and tax withholdings.
(2)		On May 9, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s stock from time to time in either the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The remaining authorization under the program as of December 31, 2024 was $50.0 million.

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Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

During the second quarter of 2023, shareholders approved the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”). The 2023 Plan replaces the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“the Prior Plan”), pursuant to which the Company granted equity awards prior to the approval of the 2023 Plan. Under the 2023 Plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the authority to grant, from time to time, awards of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, other stock-based awards, or any combination thereof to eligible persons. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate number of Company common stock available for issuance under the 2023 Plan was 1,000,062 shares.

During the second quarter of 2015, shareholders approved the Company’s 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock up to a limit of $25,000 per calendar year or 2,000 shares per offering period. The price an employee pays for shares is 90% of the fair market value of Company common stock on the last day of the offering period. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate number of Company common stock available for issuance under the ESPP was 214,530 shares.

See note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for further detail related to these equity compensation plans.


Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans
Equity plans approved by security holders	563,992	$	32.90	1,214,592
Equity plans not approved by security holders	—		—	—
Total	563,992		32.90	1,214,592

Item 6. [RESERVED]

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and with the other financial and statistical data presented in this annual report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause actual results to differ materially from management's expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” and should be read herewith.

Management’s discussion focuses on 2024 results compared to 2023. For a discussion of 2023 results compared to 2022, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

All amounts are in thousands, except share and per share data, or as otherwise noted.

Overview

Our focus is on building relationships by creating a win-win scenario for our clients and our Company. We believe in providing solutions and services to our clients that are based on fairness and simplicity. We have established a solid financial services franchise with a sizable presence for deposit gathering and building client relationships necessary for growth. We have executed on strategic acquisition opportunities to expand our presence in attractive markets and to diversify our revenue streams. Additionally, we are innovating and building strategic fintech partnerships with the goal of delivering a comprehensive digital financial ecosystem for our clients. We are focused on providing small and medium-sized businesses with alternative digital access to address borrowing, depository and cash management needs, while also providing information management and access to digital payment tools, under the safety of a regulated bank. We believe that our established presence in our core markets of Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho, as well as our ongoing investment in digital solutions and strategic acquisitions, position us well for growth opportunities. As of December 31, 2024, we had $9.8 billion in assets, $7.8 billion in loans, $8.2 billion in deposits, $1.3 billion in equity and $994.3 million in assets under management in our trust and wealth management business.

Operating Highlights

Profitability and returns


●		Net income totaled $118.8 million, or $3.08 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net income of $142.0 million, or $3.72 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company sold $132.1 million of available-for-sale (“AFS”) investment securities on the open market as part of the Company’s strategic balance sheet management resulting in a pre-tax loss of $6.6 million. Proceeds from the sale have been redeployed into higher yielding securities. Adjusting for the non-recurring loss on AFS security sales included in 2024, net income totaled $123.9 million and diluted earnings per share totaled $3.22.
●		The return on average tangible assets was 1.30% for 2024, compared to 1.57% for 2023. Adjusting for the non-recurring loss on AFS security sales included in 2024, the return on average tangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 1.36%.
●		The return on average tangible common equity was 13.65% for 2024, compared to 18.23% for 2023. Adjusting for the non-recurring loss on AFS security sales included in 2024, the return on average tangible common equity for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 14.20%.

Strategic execution


●		Delivered tangible book value per share growth of 11.0% over the prior year to $25.28.
●		Continued to invest in digital solutions for our clients through our financial eco-system, 2UniFi, for small and medium-sized businesses that we believe will increase access to financial services while reducing the costs of banking services. In conjunction with the continued investment in the 2UniFi buildout, the Company incurred $13.0

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		million of non-interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily within salaries and benefits, occupancy and equipment, and professional fees.
●		Continued to expand diversified fee income with growth from Cambr, trust and wealth, SBA gain on sale and swap fee revenue streams.
●		Fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) net interest margin expanded 12 basis points to 3.99% during the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to the third quarter of 2024 as a result of disciplined deposit pricing.
●		The Company prudently manages liquidity and maintains a profile focused on core deposits and stable, long-term and diversified funding sources. The investment securities portfolio has a short average duration, and, at December 31, 2024, the Company’s interest rate risk model indicated a fairly neutral position in terms of interest rate sensitivity.
●		During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company utilized funding provided by 4.7% growth in average total deposits to pay down Federal Home Loan Bank advances from $340.0 million at December 31, 2023 to $50.0 million at December 31, 2024, improving the Company’s balance sheet funding mix.

Loan portfolio


●		Total loans ended the year at $7.8 billion increasing $52.4 million, or 0.7%, since December 31, 2023.
●		Generated loan fundings totaling $1.5 billion, during the year ended December 31, 2024, with a weighted average new loan origination rate of 8.3%. Commercial loan fundings totaled $1.0 billion with a weighted average new loan origination rate of 8.3%.
●		Maintained a conservatively structured loan portfolio represented by diverse industries and concentrations with most industry sector concentrations at 15% or less of total loans and all concentration levels remain well below our self-imposed limits.
●		Non-owner occupied CRE loans were 152.6% of the Company’s risk based capital, or 23.4% of total loans, and no specific property type comprised more than 10.0% of total loans at December 31, 2024.
●		The Company maintains very little exposure to non-owner occupied CRE retail properties and office properties, comprising 2.0% and 1.3% of total loans, respectively, at December 31, 2024.
●		Multi-family loans totaled $321.8 million, or 4.2% of total loans as of December 31, 2024.
●		We do not originate high-dollar non-amortizing or balloon payment mortgage loans to our clients.

Credit quality


●		Allowance for credit losses totaled 1.22% of total loans at December 31, 2024, compared to 1.27% at December 31, 2023.
●		The Company recorded provision expense for credit losses of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, driven by loan growth and higher reserve requirements. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded provision expense for credit losses of $8.3 million, primarily driven by loan growth and higher reserve requirements.
●		Credit quality remained solid, as non-performing loans (comprised of non-accrual loans and non-accrual modified loans) totaled 0.46% of total loans at December 31, 2024, compared to 0.37% at December 31, 2023. Non-performing assets to total loans and OREO totaled 0.47% at December 31, 2024, compared to 0.42% at December 31, 2023.
●		Net charge-offs of $9.8 million and $1.1 million were recorded during 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net charge-offs to average total loans totaled 0.13% and 0.02% for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Client deposit funded balance sheet

		.9
●		Average total deposits for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $374.4 million, or 4.7%, to $8.3 billion.
●		Average transaction deposits for the years ended December 31, 2024 increased $325.4 million, or 4.7%, to $7.3 billion.
●		The mix of transaction deposits to total deposits was 87.6% and 88.0% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
●		Cost of deposits totaled 2.23% during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 1.37% for the prior year.
●		Approximately 78% of our deposits were FDIC insured as of December 31, 2024.

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Liquidity

		.9
●		On-balance sheet liquidity totaled $447.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and was comprised of $127.8 million of cash and $320.0 million of unencumbered investments.
●		Liquidity is monitored and managed to ensure that sufficient funds are available on-demand to meet our business needs. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s available secured and committed borrowing capacity at the FHLB and Federal Reserve totaled $2.7 billion. The Company also accesses a variety of other short-term and long-term unsecured funding sources, which includes access to Cambr platform deposits, multiple brokered deposit platform options and lines of credit.
●		Our investment securities portfolio has a short average duration and is largely backed by U.S government or government sponsored entities giving us confidence we will not realize material losses. Regarding the fair value of investment securities, our accumulated other comprehensive loss does not have a material impact on our capital position. Our tangible common equity capital ratio, which includes the accumulated other comprehensive loss, totaled 10.2% at December 31, 2024, compared to 9.0% as of December 31, 2023.

Revenues


●		FTE net interest income totaled $352.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $368.1 million for the prior year.
●		The FTE net interest margin narrowed 23 basis points to 3.85% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year. The yield on earning assets increased 40 basis points, which was more than offset by an increase in the costs of funds. The cost of funds totaled 2.27% during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 1.58% during 2023.
●		Non-interest income totaled $61.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $63.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Excluding $6.6 million of pre-tax non-recurring loss on AFS security sales in 2024, non-interest income increased $3.9 million primarily driven by our diversified sources of fee revenue including increases in SBA gain on sale income, trust income, Cambr income and swap fee income. Partially offsetting these increases was a $2.4 million decrease in mortgage banking income, as the sustained higher-interest rate environment during the year resulted in lower mortgage volume.

Expenses


●		During the year ended December 31, 2024, the FTE efficiency ratio, excluding other intangible assets amortization and adjusted for loss on AFS security sales, improved 438 basis points to 58.69%.
●		Non-interest expense totaled $254.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, representing an increase of $12.6 million, or 5.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, largely due to an ongoing investment in technology including specialized technology associates hired in 2024.
●		Income tax expense totaled $26.4 million during 2024, compared to $33.6 million during 2023, driven by lower pre-tax income. The 2024 and 2023 effective tax rates were 18.2% and 19.1%, respectively.

Strong capital position


●		Capital ratios continue to be strong and in excess of federal bank regulatory agency “well capitalized” thresholds. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated tier 1 leverage ratio was 10.69%, and our common equity tier 1 and consolidated tier 1 risk based capital ratios were 13.20%.
●		Common book value per share increased $2.19 to $34.29 at December 31, 2024. The tangible common book value per share increased $2.51, or 11.0%, to $25.28 from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 as earnings and a $0.17 improvement in accumulated other comprehensive loss driven by changes in the interest rate environment, outpaced the quarterly dividends.

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Key Challenges

Macroeconomic pressures have resulted in volatility and uncertainty in the banking industry. The sustained higher-interest rate environment, declines in the fair value of securities, lack of available funding, uninsured deposits and risk from concentrations in loan and deposit segments along with declines in commercial real estate property values are drawing increased scrutiny on financial institutions. Liquidity within the financial services sector has tightened, and we expect the intense competition for deposits throughout our markets to continue. While these are widespread challenges for the banking industry, the Company has not experienced a material impact to our financial condition, operations, client base, liquidity, capital position or risk profile.

Additionally, we face continual challenges implementing our business strategy. These include growing our assets, particularly loans, and deposits amidst intense competition, changing interest rates, adhering to changes in the regulatory environment and identifying and consummating disciplined acquisition and other expansionary opportunities in a very competitive and inflationary environment. In connection with our digital growth strategy and our digital solution 2UniFi, we have made and will continue to make investments in and also partner with third party fintech companies. The innovations these companies develop for utilization by 2UniFi may prove difficult to successfully integrate into our existing operations and may require additional operational and control systems to manage fraud, cybersecurity, operational, legal and compliance risks.

Future growth in our interest income will ultimately be dependent on our ability to originate high-quality loans and other high-quality earning assets such as investment securities as well as our ability to access liquidity and manage our cost of funds. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Federal Reserve increased prevailing interest rates by a total of 100 and 425 basis points, respectively. In the second half of 2024, the Federal Reserve decreased the prevailing interest rates by a total of 100 basis points. While further cuts in 2025 remain unclear, our future earnings will be impacted by the Federal Reserve’s future interest rate policy decisions. Management employs risk management policies to monitor and limit exposure to changes in market rates, which is discussed in more detail in the Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

Summary of Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data

The following table sets forth a summary of selected historical financial information derived from our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2024. This information should be read together with the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report. Such information is not necessarily indicative of anticipated future results. All amounts are presented in thousands, except share and per share data, or as otherwise noted.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data:


	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	127,848	$	190,826	$	195,505	$	845,695	$	605,565
Investment securities available-for-sale (at fair value)		527,547		628,829		706,289		691,847		661,955
Investment securities held-to-maturity		533,108		585,052		651,527		609,012		376,615
Non-marketable securities		76,462		90,477		89,049		50,740		17,260
Loans⁽¹⁾		7,751,143		7,698,758		7,220,469		4,513,383		4,353,726
Allowance for credit losses		(94,455)		(97,947)		(89,553)		(49,694)		(59,777)
Loans, net		7,656,688		7,600,811		7,130,916		4,463,689		4,293,949
Loans held for sale		24,495		18,854		22,767		139,142		247,813
Other real estate owned		662		4,088		3,731		7,005		4,730
Premises and equipment, net		196,773		162,733		136,111		96,747		106,982
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net		364,475		372,068		339,019		127,349		132,955
Other assets		299,635		297,326		298,329		182,785		212,126
Total assets	$	9,807,693	$	9,951,064	$	9,573,243	$	7,214,011	$	6,659,950
Deposits	$	8,237,893	$	8,190,391	$	7,872,626	$	6,228,173	$	5,676,232
Long-term debt, net		54,511		54,200		53,890		39,478		—
Other liabilities		210,214		493,666		554,525		106,254		163,027
Total liabilities		8,502,618		8,738,257		8,481,041		6,373,905		5,839,259
Total shareholders' equity		1,305,075		1,212,807		1,092,202		840,106		820,691
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	9,807,693	$	9,951,064	$	9,573,243	$	7,214,011	$	6,659,950

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(1)		Total loans are net of unearned discounts and deferred fees and costs.

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:


	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	538,268	$	495,415	$	284,688	$	200,965	$	218,002
Interest expense		192,880		133,464		17,853		13,821		25,056
Net interest income		345,388		361,951		266,835		187,144		192,946
Provision expense (release) for credit losses		6,755		8,295		36,729		(9,293)		17,630
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		338,633		353,656		230,106		196,437		175,316
Non-interest income		61,231		63,917		67,312		110,364		140,258
Non-interest expense		254,617		241,971		211,234		191,830		206,177
Income before income taxes		145,247		175,602		86,184		114,971		109,397
Income tax expense		26,432		33,554		14,910		21,365		20,806
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274	$	93,606	$	88,591
Share Information:
Earnings per share, basic	$	3.10	$	3.74	$	2.20	$	3.04	$	2.87
Earnings per share, diluted		3.08		3.72		2.18		3.01		2.85
Dividends paid		1.12		1.04		0.94		0.87		0.80
Book value per share		34.29		32.10		29.04		28.04		26.79
Tangible common book value per share⁽¹⁾		25.28		22.77		20.63		24.33		23.09
Total shareholders' equity to total assets		13.31%		12.19%		11.41%		11.65%		12.32%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets⁽¹⁾		10.16%		8.96%		8.38%		10.26%		10.80%
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic		38,212,304		37,937,579		32,360,005		30,727,566		30,857,086
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted		38,419,125		38,111,208		32,680,932		31,068,159		31,075,857
Common shares outstanding		38,054,482		37,784,851		37,608,519		29,958,764		30,634,291


(1)		Tangible book value per share and tangible common equity to tangible assets are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are book value per share and total shareholders’ equity to total assets. See the reconciliation under “About Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

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Key Metrics


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Return on average assets		1.20%		1.45%		0.91%		1.33%		1.40%
Return on average tangible assets⁽¹⁾		1.30%		1.57%		0.95%		1.37%		1.44%
Return on average tangible assets, adjusted⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		1.36%		1.57%		1.32%		1.37%		1.44%
Return on average equity		9.41%		12.29%		7.88%		11.06%		11.24%
Return on average tangible common equity⁽¹⁾		13.65%		18.23%		9.91%		12.87%		13.27%
Return on average tangible common equity, adjusted⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		14.20%		18.23%		13.75%		12.87%		13.27%
Loan to deposit ratio (end of period)⁽³⁾		94.09%		94.00%		91.72%		72.47%		76.70%
Non-interest bearing deposits to total deposits (end of period)		26.87%		28.83%		39.82%		40.24%		37.19%
Net interest margin⁽⁴⁾		3.77%		4.01%		3.65%		2.87%		3.33%
Net interest margin FTE^(1)(4)(5)		3.85%		4.08%		3.73%		2.95%		3.42%
Interest rate spread FTE^(1)(5)(6)		2.87%		3.26%		3.54%		2.79%		3.21%
Yield on earning assets⁽⁷⁾		5.88%		5.49%		3.90%		3.08%		3.76%
Yield on earning assets FTE^(1)(5)(7)		5.96%		5.56%		3.97%		3.16%		3.85%
Cost of funds		2.27%		1.58%		0.26%		0.23%		0.46%
Cost of deposits		2.23%		1.37%		0.22%		0.23%		0.45%
Non-interest income to total revenue FTE⁽⁵⁾⁽⁸⁾		14.80%		14.80%		19.82%		36.46%		41.46%
Non-interest expense to average assets		2.57%		2.48%		2.70%		2.73%		3.26%
Efficiency ratio		62.62%		56.82%		63.22%		64.48%		61.88%
Efficiency ratio excluding other intangible assets amortization FTE, adjusted^(1)(2)(5)		58.69%		54.31%		57.07%		62.99%		60.59%
Pre-provision net revenue	$	152,002	$	183,897	$	122,913	$	105,678	$	127,027
Pre-provision net revenue FTE⁽¹⁾⁽⁵⁾		159,096		189,996		128,425		110,839		132,130
Pre-provision net revenue FTE, adjusted^(1)(2)(5)		165,678		189,996		143,492		110,839		132,130

Total Loans Asset Quality Data^(3)(9)(10)
Non-performing loans to total loans		0.46%		0.37%		0.23%		0.24%		0.47%
Non-performing assets to total loans and OREO		0.47%		0.42%		0.28%		0.39%		0.58%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans		1.22%		1.27%		1.24%		1.10%		1.37%
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans		262.42%		346.99%		542.35%		458.77%		293.21%
Net charge-offs to average loans		0.13%		0.02%		0.03%		0.03%		0.06%


(1)		Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See non-GAAP reconciliation below.
(2)		Ratios are adjusted for loss on security sales in 2024 and acquisition-related expenses in 2022. See non-GAAP reconciliation below.
(3)		Total loans are net of unearned discounts and fees.
(4)		Net interest margin represents net interest income, including accretion income on interest earning assets, as a percentage of average interest earning assets.
(5)		Presented on an FTE basis using the statutory rate of 21% for all periods presented. The taxable equivalent adjustments included above are $7,094, $6,099, $5,512, $5,161 and $5,103 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(6)		Interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest earning assets, including FTE income, and the weighted average cost of interest bearing liabilities.
(7)		Interest earning assets include assets that earn interest/accretion or dividends. Any market value adjustments on investment securities or loans are excluded from interest-earning assets.
(8)		Non-interest income to total revenue represents non-interest income divided by the sum of net interest income FTE and non-interest income.
(9)		Non-performing loans consist of non-accruing loans and restructured loans on non-accrual.
(10)		Non-performing assets include non-performing loans, other real estate owned and other repossessed assets.

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About Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Certain of the financial measures and ratios we present, including “tangible assets,” “average tangible assets,” “return on average tangible assets,” “tangible common equity,” “tangible common equity to tangible assets,” “return on average tangible common equity,” “tangible common book value,” “tangible common book value per share,” “tangible common equity to tangible assets,” “tangible common book value, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax,” “tangible common book value per share, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax,” “net income excluding the impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, after tax,” “adjusted net income,” “adjusted net income, after tax,” “adjusted net income excluding the impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, after tax,” “adjusted earnings per share – diluted,” “adjusted return on average tangible assets,” “adjusted return on average tangible common equity,” “efficiency ratio excluding other intangible assets amortization FTE, adjusted,” “efficiency ratio excluding other intangible assets amortization, loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses FTE,” “pre-provision net revenue,” “pre-provision net revenue FTE, adjusted for loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses,” “non-interest income adjusted for loss on security sales,” “non-interest expense adjusted for acquisition-related expenses,” “non-interest expense excluding other intangible assets amortization and acquisition-related expenses,” and “fully taxable equivalent” metrics, are supplemental measures that are not required by, or are not presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We refer to these financial measures and ratios as “non-GAAP financial measures.” We consider the use of select non-GAAP financial measures and ratios to be useful for financial and operational decision making and useful in evaluating period-to-period comparisons. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding certain expenditures or assets that we believe are not indicative of our primary business operating results or by presenting certain metrics on an FTE basis. We believe that management and investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our performance and when planning, forecasting, analyzing and comparing past, present and future periods.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and you should not rely on non-GAAP financial measures alone as measures of our performance. The non-GAAP financial measures we present may differ from non-GAAP financial measures used by our peers or other companies. We compensate for these limitations by providing the equivalent GAAP measures whenever we present the non-GAAP financial measures and by including a reconciliation of the impact of the components adjusted for in the non-GAAP financial measure so that both measures and the individual components may be considered when analyzing our performance.

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A reconciliation of our GAAP financial measures to the comparable non-GAAP financial measures is as follows:

Tangible Common Book Value Ratios


	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Total shareholders' equity	$	1,305,075	$	1,212,807	$	1,092,202	$	840,106	$	820,691
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net		(356,777)		(364,716)		(327,191)		(121,392)		(122,575)
Add: deferred tax liability related to goodwill		13,535		12,208		10,984		10,070		9,155
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	$	961,833	$	860,299	$	775,995	$	728,784	$	707,271

Total assets		9,807,693		9,951,064		9,573,243		7,214,011		6,659,950
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net		(356,777)		(364,716)		(327,191)		(121,392)		(122,575)
Add: deferred tax liability related to goodwill		13,535		12,208		10,984		10,070		9,155
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)	$	9,464,451	$	9,598,556	$	9,257,036	$	7,102,689	$	6,546,530

Tangible common equity to tangible assets calculations:
Total shareholders' equity to total assets		13.31%		12.19%		11.41%		11.65%		12.32%
Less: impact of goodwill and other intangible assets, net		(3.15)%		(3.23)%		(3.03)%		(1.39)%		(1.52)%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)		10.16%		8.96%		8.38%		10.26%		10.80%

Tangible common book value per share calculations:
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	$	961,833	$	860,299	$	775,995	$	728,784	$	707,271
Divided by: ending shares outstanding		38,054,482		37,784,851		37,608,519		29,958,764		30,634,291
Tangible common book value per share (non-GAAP)	$	25.28	$	22.77	$	20.63	$	24.33	$	23.09

Tangible common book value per share, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss calculations:
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	$	961,833	$	860,299	$	775,995	$	728,784	$	707,271
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income), net of tax		70,041		76,401		88,204		6,963		(9,766)
Tangible common book value, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (non-GAAP)		1,031,874		936,700		864,199		735,747		697,505
Divided by: ending shares outstanding		38,054,482		37,784,851		37,608,519		29,958,764		30,634,291
Tangible common book value per share, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (non-GAAP)	$	27.12	$	24.79	$	22.98	$	24.56	$	22.77

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Return on Average Tangible Assets and Return on Average Tangible Equity


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274	$	93,606	$	88,591
Add: adjustments, after tax (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾		5,048		—		28,303		—		—
Net income adjusted for the loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses, after tax (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾	$	123,863	$	142,048	$	99,577	$	93,606	$	88,591

Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274	$	93,606	$	88,591
Add: impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, after tax		6,089		5,668		1,799		909		910
Net income excluding the impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, after tax (non-GAAP)	$	124,904	$	147,716	$	73,073	$	94,515	$	89,501

Net income excluding the impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, after tax (non-GAAP)	$	124,904	$	147,716	$	73,073	$	94,515	$	89,501
Add: adjustments, after tax (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾		5,048		—		28,303		—		—
Net income excluding the impact of other intangible assets amortization expense, adjusted for the loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses, after tax (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾	$	129,952	$	147,716	$	101,376	$	94,515	$	89,501

Average assets	$	9,924,651	$	9,766,448	$	7,829,792	$	7,020,111	$	6,326,268
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets, net of deferred tax liability related to goodwill		(347,388)		(345,321)		(166,857)		(111,944)		(114,031)
Average tangible assets (non-GAAP)	$	9,577,263	$	9,421,127	$	7,662,935	$	6,908,167	$	6,212,237

Average shareholders' equity	$	1,262,386	$	1,155,777	$	904,381	$	846,539	$	788,286
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets, net of deferred tax liability related to goodwill		(347,388)		(345,321)		(166,857)		(111,944)		(114,031)
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	$	914,998	$	810,456	$	737,524	$	734,595	$	674,255

Return on average assets		1.20%		1.45%		0.91%		1.33%		1.40%
Adjusted return on average assets (non-GAAP)		1.25%		1.45%		1.27%		1.33%		1.40%
Return on average tangible assets (non-GAAP)		1.30%		1.57%		0.95%		1.37%		1.44%
Adjusted return on average tangible assets (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾		1.36%		1.57%		1.32%		1.37%		1.44%
Return on average equity		9.41%		12.29%		7.88%		11.06%		11.24%
Adjusted return on average equity (non-GAAP)		9.81%		12.29%		11.01%		11.06%		11.24%
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)		13.65%		18.23%		9.91%		12.87%		13.27%
Adjusted return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾		14.20%		18.23%		13.75%		12.87%		13.27%

(1) Adjustments:
Provision expense adjustments:
Day 1 CECL provision expense	$	—	$	—	$	21,706	$	—	$	—
Non-interest income adjustments:
Loss on security sales		6,582		—		—		—		—
Non-interest expense adjustments:
Acquisition-related expenses		—		—		15,067		—		—
Total adjustments before tax (non-GAAP)		6,582		—		36,773		—		—
Tax benefit impact		(1,534)		—		(8,470)		—		—
Total adjustments after tax (non-GAAP)	$	5,048	$	—	$	28,303	$	—	$	—

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Fully Taxable Equivalent Yield on Earning Assets and Net Interest Margin


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	538,268	$	495,415	$	284,688	$	200,965	$	218,002
Add: impact of taxable equivalent adjustment		7,094		6,099		5,512		5,161		5,103
Interest income FTE (non-GAAP)	$	545,362	$	501,514	$	290,200	$	206,126	$	223,105

Net interest income	$	345,388	$	361,951	$	266,835	$	187,144	$	192,946
Add: impact of taxable equivalent adjustment		7,094		6,099		5,512		5,161		5,103
Net interest income FTE (non-GAAP)	$	352,482	$	368,050	$	272,347	$	192,305	$	198,049

Average earning assets	$	9,154,018	$	9,023,111	$	7,308,753	$	6,521,300	$	5,795,864
Yield on earning assets		5.88%		5.49%		3.90%		3.08%		3.76%
Yield on earning assets FTE (non-GAAP)		5.96%		5.56%		3.97%		3.16%		3.85%
Net interest margin		3.77%		4.01%		3.65%		2.87%		3.33%
Net interest margin FTE (non-GAAP)		3.85%		4.08%		3.73%		2.95%		3.42%

Efficiency Ratio and Pre-provision Net Revenue


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Net interest income	$	345,388	$	361,951	$	266,835	$	187,144	$	192,946
Add: impact of taxable equivalent adjustment		7,094		6,099		5,512		5,161		5,103
Net interest income FTE (non-GAAP)	$	352,482	$	368,050	$	272,347	$	192,305	$	198,049

Non-interest income	$	61,231	$	63,917	$	67,312	$	110,364	$	140,258
Add: loss on security sales (non-GAAP)		6,582		—		—		—		—
Non-interest income adjusted for loss on security sales (non-GAAP)	$	67,813	$	63,917	$	67,312	$	110,364	$	140,258

Non-interest expense	$	254,617	$	241,971	$	211,234	$	191,830	$	206,177
Less: other intangible assets amortization		(7,939)		(7,386)		(2,338)		(1,183)		(1,183)
Less: acquisition-related expenses (non-GAAP)		—		—		(15,067)		—		—
Non-interest expense excluding other intangible assets amortization adjusted for acquisition-related expenses (non-GAAP)	$	246,678	$	234,585	$	193,829	$	190,647	$	204,994

Non-interest expense	$	254,617	$	241,971	$	211,234	$	191,830	$	206,177
Less: acquisition-related expenses (non-GAAP)		—		—		(15,067)		—		—
Non-interest expense adjusted for acquisition-related expenses (non-GAAP)	$	254,617	$	241,971	$	196,167	$	191,830	$	206,177

Efficiency ratio		62.62%		56.82%		63.22%		64.48%		61.88%
Efficiency ratio excluding other intangible assets amortization, adjusted for the loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses FTE (non-GAAP)		58.69%		54.31%		57.07%		62.99%		60.59%
Pre-provision net revenue (non-GAAP)	$	152,002	$	183,897	$	122,913	$	105,678	$	127,027
Pre-provision net revenue, FTE (non-GAAP)		159,096		189,996		128,425		110,839		132,130
Pre-provision net revenue FTE, adjusted for loss on security sales and acquisition-related expenses (non-GAAP)		165,678		189,996		143,492		110,839		132,130

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Adjusted Net Income and Earnings Per Share


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Adjustments to net income:
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274	$	93,606	$	88,591
Add: loss on security sales, after tax (non-GAAP)		5,048		—		—		—		—
Add: acquisition-related expenses, after tax (non-GAAP)		—		—		28,303		—		—
Adjusted net income (non-GAAP)	$	123,863	$	142,048	$	99,577	$	93,606	$	88,591

Adjustments to earnings per share:
Earnings per share - diluted	$	3.08	$	3.72	$	2.18	$	3.01	$	2.85
Add: loss on security sales, after tax (non-GAAP)		0.14		—		—		—		—
Add: acquisition-related expenses, after tax (non-GAAP)		—		—		0.87		—		—
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted (non-GAAP)	$	3.22	$	3.72	$	3.05	$	3.01	$	2.85

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

We use accounting principles and methods that conform to GAAP and general banking practices. We are required to apply significant judgment and make material estimates in the preparation of our financial statements and with regard to various accounting, reporting and disclosure matters. Assumptions and estimates are required to apply these principles where actual measurement is not possible or practical. The most significant of these estimates relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses and accounting for acquired loans. See additional discussion of our ACL policy in note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Allowance for credit losses

The determination of the ACL, which represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date, involves a high degree of judgment and complexity. The Company estimates the ACL by first disaggregating the loan portfolio into segments based upon broad characteristics such as primary use and underlying collateral. Within these segments, the portfolio is further disaggregated into classes of loans with similar attributes and risk characteristics. The ACL is determined at the class level, analyzing loss history based upon specific loss drivers and risk factors affecting each loan class. The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model developed within a third-party software tool that incorporates forecasts of certain national macroeconomic factors (reasonable and supportable forecasts) which drive the losses predicted in establishing the Company’s ACL. Management accounts for the inherent uncertainty of the underlying economic forecast by reviewing and weighting alternate forecast scenarios. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to historical long-term average loss rates on a straight-line basis. Additionally, the ACL calculation includes subjective adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience. Changes in these assumptions, estimates or the conditions surrounding them may have a material impact on our financial condition. For further discussion of the ACL, see notes 2 and 7 to our consolidated financial statements.

Future Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The update requires public business entities to disclose specific components of certain expense categories. This includes expense categories such as employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and are to be applied on a prospective basis with an option for retrospective application. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact from ASU 2024-03, and does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on its financial statements apart from the inclusion of additional disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The update requires public business entities to disclose specific categories related to rate reconciliation. It also requires more detailed information for reconciling items, provided certain quantitative thresholds are met. The amendments in this update

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are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and are to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact from ASU 2023-09, and does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on its financial statements apart from the inclusion of additional disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards. This update improves GAAP by adding an illustrative example that includes four fact patterns to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether a profit interest award should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is evaluating the impact from ASU 2024-01, and does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on its financial statements.

On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted a new set of rules that require a wide range of climate-related disclosures. The disclosures will include material climate-related risks, information on any climate-related targets or goals that are material to the registrant’s business, results of operations, or financial condition, Scope 1 and Scope 2 Greenhouse Gas emissions and disclosure of the financial statement effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions including costs and losses. Disclosures on Greenhouse Gas emissions will be subject to adoption on a phased-in basis by certain larger registrants when those emissions are material, and an attestation report covering the same will also need to be filed. Compliance dates under the final rule are phased in by registrant category. Multiple lawsuits have been filed challenging the SEC’s new climate rules, which have been consolidated and will be heard in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued an order staying the final rules until judicial review is complete.

Financial Condition

Total assets were $9.8 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $9.9 billion at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents decreased $63.0 million, compared to December 31, 2023, and investment securities decreased $153.2 million, or 12.6%, primarily due to sales during the fourth quarter of 2024 as part of the Company’s strategic balance sheet management. Total loans increased $52.4 million, or 0.7% compared to December 31, 2023, and the allowance for credit losses totaled $94.5 million, or 1.22% of total loans, at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, lower cost demand, savings, and money market deposits ("transaction deposits") totaled $7.2 billion, representing 87.6% and 88.0% of total deposits, respectively. Total deposits increased $47.5 million to $8.2 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023. FHLB advances totaled $50.0 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $340.0 million at December 31, 2023.

Investment securities

Available-for-sale

Total investment securities available-for-sale were $527.5 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $628.8 million at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $101.3 million, or 16.1%. During the year ended December 31, 2024, purchases of available-for-sale securities totaled $185.7 million. During 2024, the Company sold $132.1 million of AFS investment securities on the open market as part of the Company’s strategic balance sheet management resulting in a pre-tax loss of $6.6 million. Proceeds from the sale have been redeployed into higher yielding securities during the first quarter of 2025. During 2023, the Company did not purchase or sell available-for-sale securities. Maturities and paydowns of available-for-sale securities during 2024 and 2023 totaled $157.5 million and $92.0 million, respectively.

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Available-for-sale investment securities are summarized in the following table as of the dates indicated. The weighted average yield was calculated based on amortized cost. Yields on tax exempt securities have not been adjusted for tax exempt status.


	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
						Weighted						Weighted
	Amortized		Fair		Percent of	average	Amortized		Fair		Percent of	average
	cost		value		portfolio	yield	cost		value		portfolio	yield
Treasury securities	$	24,958	$	24,874	4.7%	2.55%	$	74,508	$	73,044	11.6%	2.54%
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		164,785		135,045	25.6%	1.48%		233,264		201,809	32.1%	1.71%
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		425,476		364,938	69.2%	2.52%		417,155		351,242	55.9%	1.69%
Municipal securities		—		—	0.0%	—		80		79	0.0%	3.17%
Corporate debt		2,000		1,962	0.4%	5.86%		2,000		1,843	0.3%	5.87%
Other securities		728		728	0.1%	0.00%		812		812	0.1%	0.00%
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	617,947	$	527,547	100.0%	2.25%	$	727,819	$	628,829	100.0%	1.80%

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, nearly all of the available-for-sale investment portfolio was backed by mortgages. The residential mortgage pass-through securities portfolio is comprised of both fixed rate and adjustable rate Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) securities. The other mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are comprised of securities backed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA securities.

Mortgage-backed securities may have actual maturities that differ from contractual maturities depending on the repayment characteristics and experience of the underlying financial instruments. The estimated weighted average life of the available-for-sale mortgage-backed securities portfolio was 5.3 years and 5.2 years at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. This estimate is based on assumptions and actual results may differ. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the duration of the total available-for-sale investment portfolio was 4.3 years.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, adjustable rate securities comprised 5.9% and 13.0%, respectively, of the available-for-sale mortgage-backed security portfolio. The remainder of the portfolio was comprised of fixed rate amortizing securities with 10 to 30 year contractual maturities, with a weighted average coupon of 2.31% per annum and 1.73% per annum at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The available-for-sale investment portfolio included $90.9 million of unrealized losses and $0.5 million of unrealized gains at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the available-for-sale investment portfolio included $99.0 million of unrealized losses and $57 thousand of unrealized gains. We believe any unrealized losses are a result of prevailing interest rates, and as such, we do not believe that any of the securities with unrealized losses were impaired. Management believes that default of the available-for-sale securities is highly unlikely. FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities have a long history of zero credit losses, an explicit guarantee by the U.S. government (although limited for FNMA and FHLMC securities) and yields that generally trade based on market views of prepayment and liquidity risk rather than credit risk.

Our investment security portfolio consists of high-quality securities, which are largely backed by either U.S. government agencies or U.S. government sponsored entities. We regularly model liquidity stress scenarios to assess potential liquidity issues.

Held-to-maturity

At December 31, 2024, we held $533.1 million of held-to-maturity investment securities, compared to $585.1 million at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $51.9 million, or 8.9%. Purchases of held-to-maturity securities totaled $10.5 million and $2.5 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively. Maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity securities totaled $63.1 million and $69.6 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Held-to-maturity investment securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
						Weighted						Weighted
	Amortized		Fair		Percent of	average	Amortized		Fair		Percent of	average
	cost		value		portfolio	yield	cost		value		portfolio	yield
Treasury securities	$	49,639	$	49,159	9.3%	3.14%	$	49,338	$	48,334	8.4%	3.14%
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		271,105		234,286	50.9%	2.31%		299,337		265,011	51.2%	2.20%
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		212,364		167,941	39.8%	1.58%		236,377		190,983	40.4%	1.60%
Total investment securities held-to-maturity	$	533,108	$	451,386	100.0%	2.10%	$	585,052	$	504,328	100.0%	2.04%

The residential mortgage pass-through and other residential MBS held-to-maturity investment portfolios are comprised of fixed rate FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA securities.

The fair value of the held-to-maturity investment portfolio included $81.8 million of unrealized losses and $51 thousand of unrealized gains at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the held-to-maturity investment portfolio included $81.0 million of unrealized losses and $0.2 million of unrealized gains.

The Company does not measure expected credit losses on a financial asset, or groups of financial assets, in which historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts results in an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. Management evaluated held-to-maturity securities noting they are backed by loans guaranteed by either U.S. government agencies or U.S. government sponsored entities, and management believes that default is highly unlikely given this governmental backing and long history without credit losses. Additionally, management notes that yields on which the portfolio generally trades are based upon market views of prepayment and liquidity risk and not credit risk. The Company has no intention to sell the securities and believes it will not be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost.

Mortgage-backed securities may have actual maturities that differ from contractual maturities depending on the repayment characteristics and experience of the underlying financial instruments. The estimated weighted average expected life of the held-to-maturity mortgage-backed securities portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was 5.6 years and 5.7 years, respectively. This estimate is based on assumptions and actual results may differ. The duration of the total held-to-maturity investment portfolio was 4.4 years and 4.6 years as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Non-marketable securities

The carrying balance of non-marketable securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Federal Reserve Bank stock	$	24,062	$	24,062
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		3,922		16,828
Convertible preferred stock		20,508		25,000
Equity method investments		27,970		24,587
Total	$	76,462	$	90,477

Non-marketable securities included FRB stock, FHLB stock, convertible preferred stock and equity method investments. During the year ended December 31, 2024, purchases of non-marketable securities totaled $44.9 million, and proceeds from redemptions and sales of non-marketable securities totaled $57.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, purchases of non-marketable securities totaled $106.2 million, and proceeds from redemptions and sales of non-marketable securities totaled $100.0 million. Changes in the Company’s FHLB stock holdings were directly correlated to FHLB line of credit advances and paydowns. Purchases consisted primarily of FHLB stock, and proceeds consisted primarily of redemptions of FHLB stock.

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FRB and FHLB stock

At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held FRB stock and FHLB stock for regulatory or debt facility purposes. These are restricted securities which, lacking a market, are carried at cost. There have been no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have an adverse effect on the FRB and FHLB stock carried at cost.

Convertible preferred stock

Non-marketable securities include convertible preferred stock without a readily determinable fair value. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased $0.4 million of convertible preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, convertible preferred stock was redeemed upon the sale of a single investment position that totaled $1.0 million, which generated realized gains of $0.1 million recorded in other non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded $3.9 million of impairment during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $4.0 million during 2023, on convertible preferred stock related to venture capital investments, included in other non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Equity method investments

Non-marketable securities also include equity method investments totaling $26.2 million and $24.6 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value totaling $1.8 million and zero at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Purchases of equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $1.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded net unrealized gains totaling $1.0 million and net unrealized losses totaling $35 thousand, respectively, on equity method investments. These gains and losses were recorded in other non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Carrying values of equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value are updated periodically and impairments may be taken to reflect a new basis. The Company recorded no impairment related to equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

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Loans overview

At December 31, 2024, our loan portfolio was comprised of new loans that we have originated and loans that were acquired in connection with our acquisitions.

The table below shows the loan portfolio composition at the respective dates:


					December 31, 2024 vs.
					December 31, 2023
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		% Change
Originated:
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	1,881,570	$	1,825,425	3.1%
Municipal and non-profit		1,106,865		1,083,457	2.2%
Owner-occupied commercial real estate		1,048,481		879,686	19.2%
Food and agribusiness		266,332		265,902	0.2%
Total commercial		4,303,248		4,054,470	6.1%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,123,718		1,071,529	4.9%
Residential real estate		922,328		919,139	0.3%
Consumer		12,773		16,686	(23.5)%
Total originated		6,362,067		6,061,824	5.0%

Acquired:
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial		114,255		141,484	(19.2)%
Municipal and non-profit		277		299	(7.4)%
Owner-occupied commercial real estate		215,663		244,087	(11.6)%
Food and agribusiness		36,987		58,695	(37.0)%
Total commercial		367,182		444,565	(17.4)%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		688,620		785,221	(12.3)%
Residential real estate		331,510		404,648	(18.1)%
Consumer		1,764		2,500	(29.4)%
Total acquired		1,389,076		1,636,934	(15.1)%
Total loans	$	7,751,143	$	7,698,758	0.7%

The Company maintains a granular and well-diversified loan portfolio with self-imposed concentration limits. The loan portfolio increased $52.4 million, or 0.7%, from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, led by an increase in commercial loans of $171.4 million.

Our commercial and industrial loan portfolio is highly diversified across industry sectors and geography. As of December 31, 2024, there were no industry sectors representing more than 15.0% of our total loan portfolio. Key sectors included government/non-profit loans of $825.6 million, or 10.7% of total loans, and health care/hospital loans of $584.9 million, or 7.5% of total loans. The commercial and industrial portfolio also includes loans to companies that operate in the transportation industry. The transportation industry, trucking in particular, experienced some economic challenges in 2024. As a result of these industry challenges, some of the transportation loans may be subject to higher credit risk. The Company’s exposure to this industry is small, consisting of $205.2 million, or 2.6% of total loans, at December 31, 2024.

Non-owner occupied CRE loans were 152.6% of the Company’s risk based capital, or 23.4% of total loans, and no specific property type comprised more than 10.0% of total loans. The Company maintains very little exposure to non-owner occupied CRE retail properties and office properties, comprising 2.0% and 1.3% of total loans, respectively. Multi-family loans totaled $321.8 million, or 4.2% of total loans as of December 31, 2024.

The agriculture industry continues to be impacted by volatile commodity prices and generally by higher input costs, combining to stress margins. Our food and agribusiness portfolio is 3.9% of total loans and is well-diversified across food production, crop and livestock types. Crop and livestock loans represent 1.1% of total loans. We have maintained relationships with food and agribusiness clients that generally possess low leverage and, correspondingly, low bank debt to assets, minimizing any potential credit losses in the future.

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New loan origination is a direct result of our ability to recruit and retain top banking talent, connect with clients in our markets and provide needed services at competitive rates. Loan fundings totaled $1.5 billion during 2024, led by commercial loan fundings of $1.0 billion. Fundings are defined as closed end funded loans and revolving lines of credit advances net of any current period paydowns. Management utilizes this definition of fundings to better approximate the impact of fundings on loans outstanding and ultimately net interest income.

The following tables represent new loan fundings during 2024 and 2023:


	Fourth quarter		Third quarter		Second quarter		First quarter		Total
	2024		2024		2024		2024		2024
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	146,600	$	93,711	$	241,910	$	53,978	$	536,199
Municipal and non-profit		49,175		35,677		28,785		14,564		128,201
Owner occupied commercial real estate		117,850		70,517		102,615		35,128		326,110
Food and agribusiness		15,796		19,205		11,040		(7,204)		38,837
Total commercial		329,421		219,110		384,350		96,466		1,029,347
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		119,132		91,809		83,184		73,789		367,914
Residential real estate		30,750		47,322		36,124		29,468		143,664
Consumer		726		1,010		1,547		234		3,517
Total	$	480,029	$	359,251	$	505,205	$	199,957	$	1,544,442

Included in fundings are net fundings (paydowns) under revolving lines of credit totaling $64,375, $16,302, $19,281 and $(59,523) for the dates noted in the table above, respectively.


	Fourth quarter		Third quarter		Second quarter		First quarter		Total
	2023		2023		2023		2023		2023
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	135,954	$	89,297	$	111,717	$	107,013	$	443,981
Municipal and non-profit		79,650		18,657		39,331		22,526		160,164
Owner occupied commercial real estate		75,631		67,322		62,649		33,912		239,514
Food and agribusiness		10,646		16,191		6,017		(6,564)		26,290
Total commercial		301,881		191,467		219,714		156,887		869,949
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		107,738		88,434		99,984		185,875		482,031
Residential real estate		48,925		42,514		40,814		49,406		181,659
Consumer		1,849		1,689		1,777		1,717		7,032
Total	$	460,393	$	324,104	$	362,289	$	393,885	$	1,540,671

Included in the table above are quarterly net fundings (paydowns) under revolving lines of credit totaling $16,954, ($12,877), $13,766 and ($7,096) for the dates noted in the table above, respectively.

The tables below show the contractual maturities of our total loans for the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024
	Due within		Due after 1 but		Due after 5 but		Due after
	1 year		within 5 years		within 15 years		15 years		Total
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	252,560	$	1,415,682	$	316,882	$	10,701	$	1,995,825
Municipal and non-profit		37,020		150,070		619,109		300,943		1,107,142
Owner occupied commercial real estate		117,650		571,133		483,754		91,607		1,264,144
Food and agribusiness		156,834		41,751		90,363		14,371		303,319
Total commercial		564,064		2,178,636		1,510,108		417,622		4,670,430
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		501,501		860,890		437,674		12,273		1,812,338
Residential real estate		23,654		199,339		291,077		739,768		1,253,838
Consumer		4,967		7,418		2,152		—		14,537
Total loans	$	1,094,186	$	3,246,283	$	2,241,011	$	1,169,663	$	7,751,143

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	December 31, 2023
	Due within		Due after 1 but		Due after 5 but		Due after
	1 year		within 5 years		within 15 years		15 years		Total
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	282,560	$	1,377,991	$	295,659	$	10,699	$	1,966,909
Municipal and non-profit		36,505		158,561		561,112		327,578		1,083,756
Owner occupied commercial real estate		86,299		413,032		518,950		105,492		1,123,773
Food and agribusiness		121,595		93,227		94,591		15,184		324,597
Total commercial		526,959		2,042,811		1,470,312		458,953		4,499,035
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		395,426		921,056		527,645		12,623		1,856,750
Residential real estate		58,323		188,452		350,519		726,493		1,323,787
Consumer		6,459		10,871		1,851		5		19,186
Total loans	$	987,167	$	3,163,190	$	2,350,327	$	1,198,074	$	7,698,758

The stated interest rate (which excludes the effects of non-refundable loan origination and commitment fees, net of costs and the accretion of fair value marks) of total loans with maturities over one year is as follows at the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024
	Fixed			Variable			Total
			Weighted			Weighted			Weighted
	Balance		average rate	Balance		average rate	Balance		average rate
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	513,847	5.62%	$	1,229,419	7.40%	$	1,743,266	6.88%
Municipal and non-profit⁽¹⁾		1,079,285	4.05%		19,535	5.42%		1,098,820	4.19%
Owner occupied commercial real estate		336,279	4.98%		810,215	7.34%		1,146,494	6.77%
Food and agribusiness		31,291	6.65%		115,193	8.49%		146,484	8.10%
Total commercial		1,960,702	4.73%		2,174,362	7.42%		4,135,064	6.19%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		476,661	4.71%		834,175	6.29%		1,310,836	5.71%
Residential real estate		501,738	4.27%		728,446	5.32%		1,230,184	4.89%
Consumer		6,917	6.49%		2,654	7.39%		9,571	6.74%
Total loans with > 1 year maturity	$	2,946,018	4.65%	$	3,739,637	6.76%	$	6,685,655	5.86%


	December 31, 2023
	Fixed			Variable			Total
			Weighted			Weighted			Weighted
	Balance		average rate	Balance		average rate	Balance		average rate
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	644,128	5.37%	$	1,040,219	8.30%	$	1,684,347	7.18%
Municipal and non-profit⁽¹⁾		1,048,816	3.81%		21,029	5.46%		1,069,845	3.93%
Owner occupied commercial real estate		401,464	4.67%		636,010	7.12%		1,037,474	6.27%
Food and agribusiness		33,539	5.73%		169,464	8.07%		203,003	7.68%
Total commercial		2,127,947	4.52%		1,866,722	7.84%		3,994,669	6.11%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		533,105	4.54%		928,219	6.55%		1,461,324	5.82%
Residential real estate		550,974	4.16%		714,490	5.29%		1,265,464	4.80%
Consumer		8,931	5.88%		3,796	8.32%		12,727	6.60%
Total loans with > 1 year maturity	$	3,220,957	4.47%	$	3,513,227	6.98%	$	6,734,184	5.80%


(1)		Included in municipal and non-profit fixed rate loans are loans totaling $348,473 and $351,015 that have been swapped to variable rates at current market pricing at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Included in the municipal and non-profit segment are tax exempt loans totaling $920,425 and $868,842 with an FTE weighted average rate of 4.68% and 4.31% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Asset quality

Asset quality is fundamental to our success and remains a strong point, driven by our disciplined adherence to our self-imposed concentration limits across industry sector and real estate property type. Accordingly, for the origination of loans, we

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have established a credit policy that allows for responsive, yet controlled lending with credit approval requirements that are scaled to loan size. Within the scope of the credit policy, each prospective loan is reviewed in order to determine the appropriateness and the adequacy of the loan characteristics and the security or collateral prior to making a loan. We have established underwriting standards and loan origination procedures that require appropriate documentation, including financial data and credit reports. For loans secured by real property, we require property appraisals, title insurance or a title opinion, hazard insurance and flood insurance, in each case where appropriate.

Additionally, we have implemented procedures to timely identify loans that may become problematic in order to ensure the most beneficial resolution for the Company. Asset quality is monitored by our credit risk management department and evaluated based on quantitative and subjective factors such as the timeliness of contractual payments received. Additional factors that are considered, particularly with commercial loans over $500,000, include the financial condition and liquidity of individual borrowers and guarantors, if any, and the value of our collateral. To facilitate the oversight of asset quality, loans are categorized based on the number of days past due and on an internal risk rating system, and both are discussed in more detail below.

Our internal risk rating system uses a series of grades which reflect our assessment of the credit quality of loans based on an analysis of the borrower's financial condition, liquidity and ability to meet contractual debt service requirements. Loans that are perceived to have acceptable risk are categorized as “Pass” loans. “Special mention” loans represent loans that have potential credit weaknesses that deserve close attention. Special mention loans include borrowers that have potential weaknesses or unwarranted risks that, unless corrected, may threaten the borrower's ability to meet debt service requirements. However, these borrowers are still believed to have the ability to respond to and resolve the financial issues that threaten their financial situation. Loans classified as “Substandard” have a well-defined credit weakness and are inadequately protected by the current paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Although these loans are identified as potential problem loans, they may never become non-performing. Substandard loans have a distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Doubtful” loans are loans that management believes that collection of payments in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement are highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful loans are deemed impaired and put on non-accrual status.

The Company’s policy is to review each prospective credit to determine the appropriateness and the adequacy of security or collateral prior to making a loan. In the event of borrower default, the Company seeks recovery in compliance with lending laws, the respective loan agreements, and credit monitoring and remediation procedures that may include modifying a loan to provide a concession by the Company to the borrower from their original terms due to borrower financial difficulties in order to facilitate repayment. Such modified loans are considered troubled debt modifications (“TDMs”). TDMs may include principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant-payment delays, term extensions or any combination thereof. Assets that have been foreclosed on or acquired through deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are classified as OREO until sold, and are carried at the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, with any initial valuation adjustments charged to the ACL and any subsequent declines in carrying value charged to impairments on OREO.

Non-performing assets and past due loans

Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans and OREO. Interest income that would have been recorded had non-accrual loans performed in accordance with their original contract terms during 2024 and 2023 was $2.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Past due status is monitored as an indicator of credit deterioration. Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Loans that are 90 days or more past due are put on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection.

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The following table sets forth the non-performing assets and past due loans as of the dates presented:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Non-accrual loans:
Non-accrual loans, excluding modified loans	$	32,556	$	14,756	$	14,034	$	8,466	$	12,190
Modified loans on non-accrual⁽¹⁾		3,438		13,472		2,478		2,366		8,197
Non-performing loans		35,994		28,228		16,512		10,832		20,387
OREO		662		4,088		3,731		7,005		4,730
Other repossessed assets		—		—		—		—		17
Total non-performing assets	$	36,656	$	32,316	$	20,243	$	17,837	$	25,134

Loans 30-89 days past due and still accruing interest	$	23,164	$	12,232	$	2,986	$	1,687	$	968
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest		14,940		591		95		420		162
Non-accrual loans		35,994		28,228		16,512		10,832		20,387
Total past due and non-accrual loans	$	74,098	$	41,051	$	19,593	$	12,939	$	21,517
Accruing modified loans⁽¹⁾	$	15,282	$	15,148	$	4,654	$	7,186	$	13,945
Allowance for credit losses		94,455		97,947		89,553		49,694		59,777
Non-performing loans to total loans		0.46%		0.37%		0.23%		0.24%		0.47%
Total 90 days past due and still accruing interest and non-accrual loans to total loans		0.66%		0.37%		0.23%		0.25%		0.47%
Total non-performing assets to total loans and OREO		0.47%		0.42%		0.28%		0.39%		0.58%
ACL to non-performing loans		262.42%		346.99%		542.35%		458.77%		293.21%


(1)		Reflects loan modifications as defined under ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures adopted in the first quarter of 2023. The prior periods include troubled debt restructured loans consistent with historical disclosures.

During 2024 and 2023, total non-performing loans totaled $36.0 million and $28.2 million, respectively. During 2024 and 2023, accruing TDMs totaled $15.3 million and $15.1 million, respectively. Total non-performing assets to total loans and OREO totaled 0.47% and 0.42% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Loans 30-89 days past due and still accruing interest were 0.30% and 0.16% of total loans at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest were 0.19% and 0.01% of total loans for December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Allowance for credit losses

The ACL represents the amount that we believe is necessary to absorb estimated lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and involves a high degree of judgment and complexity. The Company utilizes a DCF model developed within a third-party software tool to establish expected lifetime credit losses for the loan portfolio. The ACL is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the projections from the DCF analysis. The DCF model allows for individual lifetime loan cash flow modeling, excluding extensions and renewals, using loan-specific interest rates and repayment schedules including estimated prepayment rates and loss recovery timing delays. The model incorporates forecasts of certain national macro-economic factors, including unemployment rates, home price index (“HPI”), retail sales and gross domestic product (“GDP”), which drive correlated loss rates. The determination and application of the ACL accounting policy involves judgments, estimates and uncertainties that are subject to change. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to historical long-term average loss rates on a straight-line basis.

We measure expected credit losses for groups of loans included in segments with similar risk characteristics. We have identified four primary loan segments within the ACL model that are further stratified into 11 loan classes to provide more granularity in analyzing loss history and to allow for more definitive qualitative adjustments based upon specific risk factors

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affecting each loan class. Generally, the underlying risk of loss for each of these loan segments will follow certain norms/trends in various economic environments. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not included in the collective evaluation. Following are the loan classes within each of the four primary loan segments:


	Non-owner occupied
Commercial	commercial real estate	Residential real estate	Consumer
Commercial and industrial	Construction	Senior lien	Consumer
Owner occupied commercial real estate	Acquisition and development	Junior lien
Food and agribusiness	Multifamily
Municipal and non-profit	Non-owner occupied

Loans on non-accrual, in bankruptcy and TDMs with a balance greater than $250 thousand are excluded from the pooled analysis and are evaluated individually. If management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are evaluated based on the criteria listed below, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Typically, these loans consist of commercial, commercial real estate and agriculture loans and exclude homogeneous loans such as residential real estate and consumer loans. Specific allowances are determined by collectively analyzing:


●		the borrower’s resources, ability and willingness to repay in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement;
●		the likelihood of receiving financial support from any guarantors;
●		the adequacy and present value of future cash flows, less disposal costs, of any collateral; and
●		the impact current economic conditions may have on the borrower’s financial condition and liquidity or the value of the collateral.

The resulting ACL for loans is calculated as the sum of the general reserves, specific reserves on individually evaluated loans, and qualitative factor adjustments. While these amounts are calculated by individual loan or by segment and class, the entire ACL is available for any loan that, in our judgment, should be charged off. The determination and application of the ACL accounting policy involves judgments, estimates, and uncertainties that are subject to change. Changes in these assumptions, estimates or the conditions surrounding them may have a material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for credit losses totaled $94.5 million and $97.9 million, respectively. The decrease during 2024 was driven by the resolution of non-performing loans and changes in the CECL model’s underlying macro-economic forecast. Specific reserves on loans totaled $6.4 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $8.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Net charge-offs on loans during the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $9.8 million, and the ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans totaled 0.13%. Net charge-offs on loans during the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $1.1 million, and the ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans totaled 0.02%.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the ACL calculation. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, AIR from loans totaled $41.5 million and $42.4 million, respectively. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, any recorded AIR is reversed against interest income.

Total ACL

After considering the above mentioned factors, we believe that the ACL of $94.5 million is adequate to cover estimated lifetime losses inherent in the loan portfolio at December 31, 2024. However, it is likely that future adjustments to the ACL will be necessary. Any changes to the underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates, including but not limited to changes in the underlying macro-economic forecast, used in determining the ACL, could negatively or positively affect the Company's results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

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The following schedule presents, by class stratification, the changes in the ACL during the years listed:


	As of and for the years ended
	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
	Total ACL		% NCOs⁽¹⁾	Total ACL		% NCOs⁽¹⁾	Total ACL		% NCOs⁽¹⁾	Total ACL		% NCOs⁽¹⁾	Total ACL		% NCOs⁽¹⁾
Beginning allowance for credit losses	$	97,947		$	89,553		$	49,694		$	59,777		$	39,064
Cumulative effect adjustment⁽²⁾		—			—			—			—			5,836
Day 1 CECL provision expense⁽³⁾		—			—			21,228			—			—
PCD allowance for credit loss at acquisition		—			—			6,238			—			—
Charge-offs:
Commercial		(5,082)	0.06%		(277)	0.00%		(1,340)	0.02%		(1,171)	0.02%		(2,023)	0.04%
Commercial real estate non owner-occupied		(4,715)	0.06%		—	0.00%		—	0.00%		—	0.00%		(412)	0.01%
Residential real estate		—	0.00%		(48)	0.00%		(2)	0.00%		(24)	0.00%		(67)	0.00%
Consumer		(981)	0.01%		(1,250)	0.02%		(845)	0.01%		(621)	0.01%		(726)	0.01%
Total charge-offs		(10,778)			(1,575)			(2,187)			(1,816)			(3,228)
Recoveries		956			444			385			552			571
Net charge-offs		(9,822)	0.13%		(1,131)	0.02%		(1,802)	0.03%		(1,264)	0.03%		(2,657)	0.06%
Provision expense for credit losses		6,330			9,525			14,195			(8,819)			17,534
Ending allowance for credit losses	$	94,455		$	97,947		$	89,553		$	49,694		$	59,777
Ratio of ACL to total loans outstanding at period end		1.22%			1.27%			1.24%			1.10%			1.37%
Ratio of ACL to total non-performing loans at period end		262.42%			346.99%			542.35%			458.77%			293.21%
Total loans	$	7,751,143		$	7,698,758		$	7,220,469		$	4,513,383		$	4,353,726
Average total loans outstanding during the period		7,676,026			7,409,724			5,349,916			4,358,707			4,578,894
Non-performing loans		35,994			28,228			16,512			10,832			20,387


(1)		Ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans.
(2)		Related to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
(3)		Related to the Day 1 allowance reserve recorded as part of the RCB and BOJH acquisitions.

The following tables present the allocation of the ACL and the percentage of the total amount of loans in each loan category listed as of the dates presented:


	December 31, 2024
						ACL as a %
	Total loans		% of total loans	Related ACL		of total ACL
Commercial	$	4,670,430	60.2%	$	48,552	51.4%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,812,338	23.4%		26,136	27.7%
Residential real estate		1,253,838	16.2%		19,426	20.5%
Consumer		14,537	0.2%		341	0.4%
Total	$	7,751,143	100.0%	$	94,455	100.0%


	December 31, 2023
						ACL as a %
	Total loans		% of total loans	Related ACL		of total ACL
Commercial	$	4,499,035	58.4%	$	45,304	46.3%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,856,750	24.1%		32,665	33.3%
Residential real estate		1,323,787	17.2%		19,550	20.0%
Consumer		19,186	0.3%		428	0.4%
Total	$	7,698,758	100.0%	$	97,947	100.0%

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	December 31, 2022
						ACL as a %
	Total loans		% of total loans	Related ACL		of total ACL
Commercial	$	4,251,780	58.9%	$	37,608	42.0%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,696,050	23.5%		32,050	35.8%
Residential real estate		1,251,281	17.3%		19,306	21.5%
Consumer		21,358	0.3%		589	0.7%
Total	$	7,220,469	100.0%	$	89,553	100.0%


	December 31, 2021
						ACL as a %
	Total loans		% of total loans	Related ACL		of total ACL
Commercial	$	3,162,417	70.1%	$	31,256	62.9%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		664,729	14.7%		10,033	20.2%
Residential real estate		668,656	14.8%		8,056	16.2%
Consumer		17,581	0.4%		349	0.7%
Total	$	4,513,383	100.0%	$	49,694	100.0%


	December 31, 2020
						ACL as a %
	Total loans		% of total loans	Related ACL		of total ACL
Commercial	$	3,044,065	70.0%	$	30,376	50.8%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		631,996	14.5%		17,448	29.2%
Residential real estate		658,659	15.1%		11,492	19.2%
Consumer		19,006	0.4%		461	0.8%
Total	$	4,353,726	100.0%	$	59,777	100.0%

Deposits

Deposits from banking clients serve as a primary funding source for our banking operations and our ability to gather and manage deposit levels is critical to our success. Deposits not only provide a lower-cost funding source for our loans, but also provide a foundation for the client relationships that are critical to future loan growth. We maintain a granular and well diversified deposit base with no exposure to venture capital or crypto deposits. The following table presents information regarding our deposit composition at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


							Increase (decrease)
	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Amount		% Change
Non-interest bearing demand deposits	$	2,213,685	26.9%	$	2,361,367	28.8%	$	(147,682)	(6.3)%
Interest bearing demand deposits		1,411,860	17.1%		1,480,042	18.1%		(68,182)	(4.6)%
Savings accounts		619,365	7.5%		661,244	8.1%		(41,879)	(6.3)%
Money market accounts		2,972,947	36.1%		2,705,768	33.0%		267,179	9.9%
Total transaction deposits		7,217,857	87.6%		7,208,421	88.0%		9,436	0.1%
Time deposits < $250,000		731,710	8.9%		692,696	8.5%		39,014	5.6%
Time deposits ≥ $250,000		288,326	3.5%		289,274	3.5%		(948)	(0.3)%
Total time deposits		1,020,036	12.4%		981,970	12.0%		38,066	3.9%
Total deposits	$	8,237,893	100.0%	$	8,190,391	100.0%	$	47,502	0.6%

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The following table shows uninsured time deposits by scheduled maturity as of December 31, 2024:


	December 31, 2024
Three months or less	$	69,791
Over 3 months through 6 months		62,392
Over 6 months through 12 months		51,194
Thereafter		41,446
Total uninsured time deposits	$	224,823

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, time deposits that were scheduled to mature within 12 months totaled $822.6 million and $689.0 million, respectively. Of the time deposits scheduled to mature within 12 months at December 31, 2024, $248.3 million were in denominations of $250 thousand or more, and $574.3 million were in denominations less than $250 thousand. Approximately 78% of our total deposits were FDIC insured at December 31, 2024. Additionally, the Company participates in the IntraFi Cash Service program, which allows depositors to receive reciprocal FDIC insurance coverage. The Company had $1.0 billion and $0.9 billion of deposits in the program as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Long-term debt

The Company holds a subordinated note purchase agreement to issue and sell a fixed-to-floating rate note totaling $40.0 million. The balance on the note at December 31, 2024, net of long-term debt issuance costs totaling $0.2 million, totaled $39.8 million. Interest expense totaling $1.2 million and $1.2 million was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The note is subordinated, unsecured and matures on November 15, 2031. Payments consist of interest only. Interest expense on the note is payable semi-annually in arrears and will bear interest at 3.00% per annum until November 15, 2026 (or any earlier redemption date). From November 15, 2026 until November 15, 2031 (or any earlier redemption date) payments will be made quarterly in arrears, and the interest rate shall reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 203 basis points. The Company deployed the net proceeds from the sale of the note for general corporate purposes. Prior to November 5, 2026, the Company may redeem the note only under certain limited circumstances. Beginning on November 5, 2026 through maturity, the note may be redeemed, at the Company’s option, on any scheduled interest payment date. Any redemption by the Company would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the note being redeemed, together with any accrued and unpaid interest on the note being redeemed up to but excluding the date of redemption. The note is not subject to redemption at the option of the holder.

As part of the acquisition of BOJH on October 1, 2022, the Company assumed three subordinated note purchase agreements to issue and sell fixed-to-floating rates totaling $15.0 million. The balance on the notes at December 31, 2024, net of a fair value adjustment related to the acquisition totaling $0.3 million, totaled $14.7 million. Interest expense related to the notes totaling $0.6 million and $0.6 million was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The three notes, containing similar terms, are subordinated, unsecured and mature on June 15, 2031. Payments consist of interest only. Interest expense on the notes is payable semi-annually in arrears and will bear interest at 3.75% per annum until June 15, 2026 (or any earlier redemption date). From June 15, 2026 until June 15, 2031 (or any earlier redemption date) payments will be made quarterly in arrears, and the interest rate shall reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 306 basis points. Prior to June 15, 2026, the Company may redeem the notes only under certain limited circumstances. Beginning on June 15, 2026 through maturity, the notes may be redeemed, at the Company’s option, on any scheduled interest payment date. Any redemption by the Company would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed, together with any accrued and unpaid interest on the notes being redeemed up to but excluding the date of redemption. The notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder.

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Other borrowings

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company sold securities under agreements to repurchase totaling $18.9 million and $19.6 million, respectively. In addition, as a member of the FHLB, the Company has access to a line of credit and term financing from the FHLB with total available credit of $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024. The Company may utilize the FHLB line of credit as a funding mechanism for originated loans and loans held for sale. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $50.0 million of outstanding borrowings with the FHLB. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $340.0 million of outstanding borrowings with the FHLB. The Company may pledge investment securities and loans as collateral for FHLB advances. There were no investment securities pledged at December 31, 2024 or 2023. Loans pledged were $2.6 billion at December 31, 2024 and $2.6 billion at December 31, 2023. The Company incurred $4.6 million and $22.0 million of interest expense related to FHLB advances or other short-term borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Regulatory Capital

Our subsidiary banks and the holding company are subject to the regulatory capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC, as applicable. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly further discretionary actions by regulators that could have a material adverse effect on us. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our subsidiary banks and the consolidated holding company exceeded all capital ratio requirements under prompt corrective action and other regulatory requirements, as further detailed in note 14 of our consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations

Our net income depends largely on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from interest earning assets and interest expense on interest bearing liabilities. Our results of operations are also affected by provisions for credit losses and non-interest income, such as service charges, bank card income, swap fee income, and gain on sale of mortgages. Our primary operating expenses, aside from interest expense, consist of salaries and benefits, occupancy costs, telecommunications data processing expense, FDIC deposit insurance and intangible assets amortization. Any expenses related to the resolution of problem assets are also included in non-interest expense.

Overview of results of operations

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net income totaled $118.8 million, or $3.08 per diluted share, compared to net income of $142.0 million, or $3.72 per diluted share in the prior year. Adjusting for the non-recurring loss on AFS security sales included in 2024, net income totaled $123.9 million and diluted earnings per share totaled $3.22 during the year ended December 31, 2024. The return on average tangible assets was 1.30% and 1.57% during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the return on average tangible common equity was 13.65% and 18.23%, respectively. Adjusting for losses from sales of available-for-sale securities, the return on average tangible assets was 1.36% and the return on average tangible common equity was 14.20% during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Net interest income

We regularly review net interest income metrics to provide us with indicators of how the various components of net interest income are performing. We regularly review: (i) our loan mix and the yield on loans; (ii) the investment portfolio and the related yields; (iii) our deposit mix and the cost of deposits; and (iv) net interest income simulations for various forecast periods.

The effects of trade-date accounting of investment securities for which the cash had not settled are not considered interest earning assets and are excluded from this presentation for timeframes prior to their cash settlement, as are the market value adjustments on the investment securities available-for-sale and loans.

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The table below presents the components of net interest income on an FTE basis for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.


	For the year ended					For the year ended					For the year ended
	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023					December 31, 2022
	Average balance		Interest		Average rate	Average balance		Interest		Average rate	Average balance		Interest		Average rate
Interest earning assets:
Originated loans FTE^(1)(2)(3)	$	6,186,075	$	418,512	6.77%	$	5,739,310	$	361,032	6.29%	$	4,767,713	$	218,561	4.58%
Acquired loans		1,516,032		92,666	6.11%		1,700,419		104,933	6.17%		594,222		40,060	6.74%
Loans held for sale		16,801		1,182	7.04%		21,756		1,510	6.94%		58,788		2,563	4.36%
Investment securities available-for-sale		770,023		17,532	2.28%		774,337		15,370	1.98%		839,872		15,091	1.80%
Investment securities held-to-maturity		557,438		11,164	2.00%		620,595		10,960	1.77%		604,423		9,109	1.51%
Other securities		28,893		1,832	6.34%		44,936		3,254	7.24%		17,598		1,034	5.88%
Interest earning deposits		78,756		2,474	3.14%		121,758		4,455	3.66%		426,137		3,782	0.89%
Total interest earning assets FTE⁽²⁾	$	9,154,018	$	545,362	5.96%	$	9,023,111	$	501,514	5.56%	$	7,308,753	$	290,200	3.97%
Cash and due from banks	$	92,705				$	109,496				$	90,657
Other assets		774,859					725,797					490,206
Allowance for credit losses		(96,931)					(91,956)					(59,824)
Total assets	$	9,924,651				$	9,766,448				$	7,829,792
Interest bearing liabilities:
Interest bearing demand, savings and money market deposits	$	5,070,271	$	151,683	2.99%	$	4,337,231	$	87,957	2.03%	$	3,235,834	$	9,347	0.29%
Time deposits		1,019,978		34,509	3.38%		970,983		21,421	2.21%		826,293		5,249	0.64%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		17,973		21	0.12%		19,346		22	0.11%		21,298		43	0.20%
Long-term debt, net		54,346		2,073	3.81%		54,036		2,073	3.84%		43,048		1,519	3.53%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		84,013		4,594	5.47%		423,783		21,991	5.19%		40,870		1,695	4.15%
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	6,246,581	$	192,880	3.09%	$	5,805,379	$	133,464	2.30%	$	4,167,343	$	17,853	0.43%
Demand deposits		2,252,887					2,660,525					2,652,561
Other liabilities		162,797					144,767					105,507
Total liabilities		8,662,265					8,610,671					6,925,411
Shareholders' equity		1,262,386					1,155,777					904,381
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	9,924,651				$	9,766,448				$	7,829,792
Net interest income FTE⁽²⁾			$	352,482				$	368,050				$	272,347
Interest rate spread FTE⁽²⁾					2.87%					3.26%					3.54%
Net interest earning assets	$	2,907,437				$	3,217,732				$	3,141,410
Net interest margin FTE⁽²⁾					3.85%					4.08%					3.73%
Average transaction deposits	$	7,323,158				$	6,997,756				$	5,888,395
Average total deposits		8,343,136					7,968,739					6,714,688
Ratio of average interest earning assets to average interest bearing liabilities		146.54%					155.43%					175.38%


(1)		Originated loans are net of deferred loan fees, less costs, which are included in interest income over the life of the loan.
(2)		Presented on an FTE basis using the statutory tax rate of 21% for all periods presented. The taxable equivalent adjustments included above are $7,094, $6,099 and $5,512 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3)		Loan fees included in interest income totaled $13,484, $13,905 and $9,453 during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net interest income totaled $345.4 million, $362.0 million and $266.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net interest income on an FTE basis totaled $352.5 million, $368.1 million and $272.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the FTE net interest margin narrowed 23 basis points to 3.85%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, as the increase in earning asset yields was more than offset by an increase in the cost of funds. The yield on earning assets increased 40 basis points to 5.96%. The cost of funds increased 69 basis points to 2.27% during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Average loans comprised $7.7 billion, or 84.1%, of total average interest earning assets during 2024, compared to $7.4 billion, or 82.5%, during 2023. Average investment securities comprised 14.5% and 15.5% of total interest earning assets

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during 2024 and 2023, respectively. Average interest bearing cash balances totaled $78.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $121.8 million for the prior year.

Average balances of interest bearing liabilities increased $0.4 billion during 2024, compared to 2023, driven by organic balance sheet growth. The increase was driven by higher interest bearing demand, savings and money market deposits totaling $733.0 million, time deposits totaling $49.0 million and long-term debt totaling $0.3 million. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in FHLB advances totaling $0.3 billion.

The following table summarizes the changes in net interest income on an FTE basis by major category of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, identifying changes related to volume and changes related to rates for 2024, 2023 and 2022:


	The year ended December 31, 2024						The year ended December 31, 2023
	compared to						compared to
	the year ended December 31, 2023						the year ended December 31, 2022
	Increase (decrease) due to						Increase (decrease) due to
	Volume		Rate		Net		Volume		Rate		Net
Interest income:
Originated loans FTE^(1)(2)(3)	$	30,225	$	27,255	$	57,480	$	61,119	$	81,352	$	142,471
Acquired loans		(11,270)		(997)		(12,267)		68,264		(3,391)		64,873
Loans held for sale		(349)		21		(328)		(2,570)		1,517		(1,053)
Investment securities available-for-sale		(98)		2,260		2,162		(1,301)		1,580		279
Investment securities held-to-maturity		(1,265)		1,469		204		286		1,565		1,851
Other securities		(1,017)		(405)		(1,422)		1,980		240		2,220
Interest earning deposits		(1,351)		(630)		(1,981)		(11,137)		11,810		673
Total interest income	$	14,875	$	28,973	$	43,848	$	116,641	$	94,673	$	211,314
Interest expense:
Interest bearing demand, savings and money market deposits	$	21,930	$	41,796	$	63,726	$	22,336	$	56,274	$	78,610
Time deposits		1,658		11,430		13,088		3,192		12,980		16,172
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		(2)		1		(1)		(2)		(19)		(21)
Long-term debt, net		12		(12)		—		422		132		554
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(18,579)		1,182		(17,397)		19,870		426		20,296
Total interest expense		5,019		54,397		59,416		45,818		69,793		115,611
Net change in net interest income	$	9,856	$	(25,424)	$	(15,568)	$	70,823	$	24,880	$	95,703


(1)		Originated loans are net of deferred loan fees, less costs, which are included in interest income over the life of the loan.
(2)		Presented on an FTE basis using the statutory tax rate of 21% for all periods presented. The taxable equivalent adjustments included above are $7,094, $6,099 and $5,512 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3)		Loan fees included in interest income totaled $13,484, $13,905 and $9,453 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Below is a breakdown of average deposits and the average rates paid during the periods indicated:


	For the three months ended						For the years ended
	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
			Average			Average			Average			Average
	Average		rate	Average		rate	Average		rate	Average		rate
	balance		paid	balance		paid	balance		paid	balance		paid
Non-interest bearing demand	$	2,249,614	0.00%	$	2,390,457	0.00%	$	2,252,887	0.00%	$	2,660,525	0.00%
Interest bearing demand		1,386,579	2.58%		1,392,118	2.85%		1,392,854	2.87%		1,238,101	2.18%
Money market accounts		3,090,333	3.21%		2,693,925	3.19%		3,048,326	3.47%		2,359,247	2.42%
Savings accounts		610,887	1.01%		665,520	0.74%		629,091	0.96%		739,883	0.53%
Time deposits		1,034,560	3.53%		986,513	2.76%		1,019,978	3.38%		970,983	2.21%
Total average deposits	$	8,371,973	2.12%	$	8,128,533	1.94%	$	8,343,136	2.23%	$	7,968,739	1.37%

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Provision for credit losses

The provision for credit losses represents the amount of expense that is necessary to bring the ACL to a level that we deem appropriate to absorb estimated lifetime losses inherent in the loan portfolio and estimated losses inherent in unfunded loans as of the balance sheet date. The determination of the ACL, and the resultant provision for credit losses, is subjective and involves significant estimates and assumptions.

The Company recorded a provision expense for credit losses of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, driven by loan growth and higher reserve requirements. Included in the provision for credit losses was $0.5 million of provision expense for unfunded loan commitments. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a provision expense for credit losses of $8.3 million, driven by loan growth and higher specific reserve requirements. Included in the provision for credit losses was $1.2 million of provision release for unfunded loan commitments.

Non-interest income

The table below details the components of non-interest income for the years presented:


	For the years ended December 31,						2024 vs 2023			2023 vs 2022
							Increase (decrease)			Increase (decrease)
	2024		2023		2022		Amount		% Change	Amount		% Change
Service charges	$	17,957	$	18,225	$	16,357	$	(268)	(1.5)%	$	1,868	11.4%
Bank card fees		18,963		19,636		18,299		(673)	(3.4)%		1,337	7.3%
Mortgage banking income		11,228		13,634		23,774		(2,406)	(17.6)%		(10,140)	(42.7)%
Bank-owned life insurance income		3,005		3,269		2,272		(264)	(8.1)%		997	43.9%
Loss on security sales		(6,582)		—		—		(6,582)	(100)%		—	(100)%
Other non-interest income		16,660		9,153		6,610		7,507	82.0%		2,543	38.5%
Total non-interest income	$	61,231	$	63,917	$	67,312	$	(2,686)	(4.2)%	$	(3,395)	(5.0)%

Non-interest income totaled $61.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $63.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Excluding $6.6 million of non-recurring loss on AFS security sales in 2024, non-interest income increased $3.9 million, primarily driven by increases in our diversified sources of fee revenue including increases in SBA loan income, trust income, Cambr income and swap fee income all included in other non-interest income. Partially offsetting these increases was a $2.4 million decrease in mortgage banking income, as the sustained higher-interest rate environment during the year resulted in lower mortgage volume, and a $0.9 million decrease in service charges and bank card fees.

Non-interest expense

The table below details the components of non-interest expense for the years presented:


	For the years ended December 31,						2024 vs 2023			2023 vs 2022
							Increase (decrease)			Increase (decrease)
	2024		2023		2022		Amount		% Change	Amount		% Change
Salaries and benefits	$	146,243	$	137,701	$	124,971	$	8,542	6.2%	$	12,730	10.2%
Occupancy and equipment		39,951		37,552		31,496		2,399	6.4%		6,056	19.2%
Data processing		17,481		13,110		12,657		4,371	33.3%		453	3.6%
Marketing and business development		3,989		4,002		3,821		(13)	(0.3)%		181	4.7%
FDIC deposit insurance		5,390		7,008		2,121		(1,618)	(23.1)%		4,887	230.4%
Bank card expenses		5,185		5,769		5,480		(584)	(10.1)%		289	5.3%
Professional fees		7,062		10,464		14,418		(3,402)	(32.5)%		(3,954)	(27.4)%
Other non-interest expense		21,377		18,979		13,932		2,398	12.6%		5,047	36.2%
Other intangible assets amortization		7,939		7,386		2,338		553	7.5%		5,048	215.9%
Total non-interest expense	$	254,617	$	241,971	$	211,234	$	12,646	5.2%	$	30,737	14.6%

During the year ended December 31, 2024, non-interest expense totaled $254.6 million, an increase of $12.6 million, or 5.2%, largely due to an ongoing investment in technology including specialized technology associates hired in 2024. Salaries and benefits increased $8.5 million, data processing increased $4.4 million and occupancy and equipment increased $2.4 million. Other intangible assets amortization increased $0.6 million due to our Cambr acquisition in April 2023. Included in

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other non-interest expense was $1.2 million from banking center consolidation-related expenses. These increases were partially offset by decreases in professional fees of $3.4 million and FDIC deposit insurance of $1.6 million.

Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 740. Under this guidance, deferred income taxes are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities given the provisions of enacted tax laws. ASC Topic 740 requires the establishment of a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset unless it is more-likely-than-not that the tax benefit of the deferred tax asset will be realized. For purposes of projecting whether the deferred tax asset will be realized, we consider tax regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate, estimates of future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies. If tax regulations, operating results, or the ability to implement tax planning strategies varies, adjustments to the carrying value of the deferred tax assets may be required. We believe that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets.

Income tax expense totaled $26.4 million during 2024, compared to $33.6 million during 2023. The decrease in income tax expense was driven by lower pre-tax income. The effective tax rate for 2024 was 18.2%, compared to 19.1% for 2023. As of December 31, 2024, our marginal tax rate (the rate we pay on each incremental dollar of earnings) was approximately 23%. However, our effective tax rate (income tax expense divided by income before income taxes) for a given period differs from our marginal rate largely due to income and expense items that are non-taxable or non-deductible in the calculation of income tax expense. The lower effective tax rate compared to the federal statutory tax rate was primarily due to interest income from tax-exempt lending, bank-owned life insurance income, research and development tax credits related to the 2UniFi buildout and the relationship of these items to pre-tax income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Liquidity risk management is an important element in our asset/liability management. The Company maintains a robust liquidity profile at its holding company and the Banks collectively as well as separately. The Company is prudently managing liquidity in the current environment and maintains a liquidity profile focused on core deposits and stable long-term funding sources. Liquidity is supplemented with a variety of secured and unsecured wholesale funding sources across the maturity spectrum, which allows for the effective management of concentration and rollover risk. The Company’s corporate treasury team measures liquidity needs through daily cash monitoring, weekly cash projections and monthly liquidity measures reviewed in conjunction with Board-approved liquidity policy limits. The Company also regularly conducts stress tests to its Board-approved contingency funding plan to assess potential liquidity outflows or funding concerns resulting from economic disruptions, volatility in the financial markets, unexpected credit events or other significant occurrences deemed problematic by management. These scenarios are incorporated into the contingency funding plan, which provides the basis for the identification of our liquidity needs and are monitored monthly by our Asset and Liability Committee.

The Company’s primary sources of funds include revenue from interest income and noninterest income as well as cash flows from loan repayments, payments from securities related to maturities and amortization, the sale of loans, and funds generated by core deposits, in addition to the use of private debt offerings.

On-balance sheet liquidity is represented by our cash and cash equivalents and unencumbered investment securities, and is detailed in the table below as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and due from banks	$	127,848	$	190,826
Unencumbered investment securities, at fair value		319,949		338,555
Total	$	447,797	$	529,381

Total on-balance sheet liquidity decreased $81.6 million at December 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, as a result of strategic balance sheet actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2024. The decrease was due to lower cash and due from banks

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of $63.0 million and $18.6 million lower unencumbered available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities balances. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $739.1 million of investment securities were pledged to secure client deposits and repurchase agreements.

The Company’s investment portfolio remains positioned in liquid and readily marketable instruments and is a significant source of on-balance sheet collateral to secure borrowing capacity. Our investment securities portfolio is evaluated under established Asset and Liability Committee objectives and is structured as a liquidity portfolio, and only security fair values are used for the liquidity assessment. The fair value of total investment securities was $1.0 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value was inclusive of pre-tax net unrealized losses of $90.4 million on the available-for-sale securities portfolio. Additionally, our held-to-maturity securities portfolio had $81.7 million of pre-tax net unrealized losses. The gross unrealized gains and losses are detailed in note 4 of our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, our investment securities portfolio consisted primarily of MBS, all of which were issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises. The anticipated repayments and marketability of these securities offer substantial resources and flexibility to meet new loan demand, reinvest in the investment securities portfolio, or provide optionality for reductions in our deposit funding base. At December 31, 2024, the duration of the investment securities portfolio was 4.4 years and the weighted average life was 5.5 years.

As part of its liquidity management activities, the Company pledges collateral at its secured funding providers to ensure immediate availability of funding, which includes maintaining borrowing capacity at both the FHLB and the Federal Reserve. The Company does not consider borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve a primary source of funding; however, it could be used as a potential source of funds in a stressed environment or during a market disruption. The amount of available contingent secured borrowing capacity may fluctuate based on the level of borrowings outstanding and level of assets pledged. The table below details those amounts as of the dates shown:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Available FHLB borrowing capacity	$	1,697,259	$	1,409,077
Federal Reserve Bank discount window		880,892		102,078
Total off-balance sheet funds available	$	2,578,151	$	1,511,155

The Company had pledged $2.6 billion of loans as collateral to the FHLB at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. FHLB borrowing capacity totaled $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024, outstanding FHLB borrowings totaled $50.0 million, leaving undrawn borrowing capacity of $1.7 billion. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $340.0 million of outstanding borrowings with the FHLB. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s available secured and committed borrowing capacity at the FHLB and Federal Reserve totaled $2.6 billion, compared to $1.5 billion at December 31, 2023.

In addition to core deposit and secured funding, the Company also accesses a variety of other short-term and long-term unsecured funding sources, which includes access to Cambr platform deposits, multiple brokered deposit platform options and lines of credit. Management does not rely on any one source of liquidity and manages availability in response to changing balance sheet needs, as well as within prudently defined concentration and policy limits. The Company executes periodic test trades to assess the level of access and operational processes associated with its secured and unsecured funding sources.

We anticipate that the sources of funds discussed above will provide adequate funding and liquidity for at least a 12-month period and the foreseeable future, and we may utilize any combination of these funding sources for long-term liquidity needs if deemed prudent.

Our primary uses of funds are loan fundings, investment security purchases, withdrawals of deposits, capital expenditures, operating expenses, and share repurchases.

At present, financing activities primarily consist of changes in deposits and repurchase agreements, and advances from the FHLB, in addition to the payment of dividends and the repurchase of our common stock. Maturing time deposits represent a potential use of funds. As of December 31, 2024, $822.6 million of time deposits were scheduled to mature within 12

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months. Based on the current interest rate environment and market conditions, our consumer banking strategy is to focus on attracting and maintaining both lower cost transaction accounts and time deposits.

During 2021, the Company entered into a subordinated note purchase agreement to issue and sell a fixed-to-floating note. The Company deployed the net proceeds from the sale of the note for general corporate purposes. The note is not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. Additionally, as part of the acquisition of BOJH on October 1, 2022, the Company assumed three subordinated note purchase agreements to issue and sell fixed-to-floating rate notes. The balance on all subordinated notes totaled $54.5 million and $54.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We enter into contractual obligations that require a future cash settlement. These may include operating lease obligations, purchase obligations, time deposits and issuance of long-term debt. For the year ended December 31, 2024, contractual obligations totaled $1.1 billion with $840.9 million estimated to be paid within one year. Included within those contractual obligations were time deposits totaling $1.0 billion, with $822.6 million of that estimated to be paid within one year.

For additional information regarding our operating, investing and financing cash flows, see our consolidated statements of cash flows in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Capital

Under the Basel III requirements, at December 31, 2024, the Company, NBH Bank and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust met all capital adequacy requirements, and the Banks had regulatory capital ratios in excess of the levels established for well-capitalized institutions. For more information on regulatory capital, see note 14 in our consolidated financial statements.

Our shareholders' equity is impacted by earnings, changes in unrealized gains and losses on securities, net of tax, stock-based compensation activity, share repurchases, shares issued in connection with acquisitions and the payment of dividends.

The Board of Directors has from time to time authorized multiple programs to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock either in open market or in privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable regulations of the SEC. On May 19, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s stock. The remaining authorization under the program as of December 31, 2024 was $50.0 million.

On January 22, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.29 per common share, payable on March 14, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 28, 2025.

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

The Board of Directors meets as often as necessary, but no less than quarterly, to review financial statements, public filings, significant accounting policy changes, liquidity, interest rate risk and asset and liability management. The Board also oversees the performance of our internal audit function as well as serves as an independent and objective body to monitor and assess our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as well as internal control systems. Management and the Board of Directors are responsible for managing interest rate risk and employing risk management policies that monitor and limit this exposure. Interest rate risk is measured using net interest income simulations and market value of portfolio equity analyses. These analyses use various assumptions, including the nature and timing of interest rate changes, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, and reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows.

Interest rate risk results from the following:


●		Repricing risk — timing differences in the repricing and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;
●		Option risk — changes in the expected maturities of assets and liabilities, such as borrowers’ ability to prepay loans at any time and depositors’ ability to redeem certificates of deposit before maturity;
●		Yield curve risk — changes in the yield curve where interest rates increase or decrease in a nonparallel fashion; and
●		Basis risk — changes in spread relationships between different yield curves.

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The Asset Liability Committee, a cross-functional committee comprised of executive management and senior leaders, meets monthly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of the Company's assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, local and national market conditions and interest rates. The Asset Liability Committee also reviews the liquidity, capital, deposit mix, loan mix and investment positions of the Company. The Company's principal objective regarding asset and liability management is to evaluate interest rate risk within the balance sheet and pursue a controlled assumption of interest rate risk while preserving adequate levels of liquidity and capital.

Instantaneous parallel rate shift scenarios are modeled and utilized to evaluate risk and establish exposure limits for acceptable changes in net interest margin. These scenarios, known as rate shocks, simulate an instantaneous change in interest rates and utilize various assumptions, including, but not limited to, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment and replacement of asset and liability cash flows.

We also analyze the economic value of equity as a secondary measure of interest rate risk. This is a complementary measure to net interest income where the calculated value is the result of the market value of assets less the market value of liabilities. The economic value of equity is a longer term view of interest rate risk because it measures the present value of the future cash flows. The impact of changes in interest rates on this calculation is analyzed for the risk to our future earnings and is used in conjunction with the analyses on net interest income.

Our interest rate risk model indicated that the Company was in a fairly neutral position in terms of interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2024. The table below illustrates the impact of an immediate and sustained 200 and 100 basis point increase and a 100 and 200 basis point decrease in interest rates on net interest income based on the interest rate risk model at the respective dates:


Hypothetical
shift in interest	% change in projected net interest income
rates (in bps)	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
200	1.72%	(0.18)%
100	0.87%	(0.06)%
(100)	(1.05)%	(0.09)%
(200)	(2.11)%	(0.33)%

Many assumptions are used to calculate the impact of interest rate fluctuations. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections due to several factors, including the timing and frequency of rate changes, market conditions and the shape of the yield curve. The computations of interest rate risk shown above do not include actions that management may undertake to manage the risks in response to anticipated changes in interest rates and actual results may also differ due to any actions taken in response to the changing rates.

As part of the asset/liability management strategy to manage primary market risk exposures expected to be in effect in future reporting periods, management has executed interest rate derivatives primarily using floors and collars. For further discussion of the Company’s derivative contracts refer to note 20. The strategy with respect to liabilities has been to continue to emphasize transaction deposit growth, particularly non-interest or low interest bearing non-maturing deposit accounts while building long-term client relationships. Non-maturing deposit accounts totaled 87.6% of total deposits at December 31, 2024, compared to 88.0% at December 31, 2023.

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

An inflationary environment may impact our financial performance and may impact our clients, including but not limited to impacts on assets, earnings, capital levels and growth opportunities. While we plan to continue our disciplined approach to expense management, an inflationary environment may cause wage pressures and general increases in our cost of doing business, which may increase our non-interest expense.

Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, changes in interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than do changes in the general rate of inflation and changes

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in prices. Interest rate changes do not necessarily move in the same direction, nor have the same magnitude, as changes in the prices of goods and services.

Off-Balance Sheet Activities

In the normal course of business, we are a party to various contractual obligations, commitments and other off-balance sheet activities that contain credit, market, and operational risk that are not required to be reflected in our consolidated financial statements. The most significant of these are the loan commitments that we enter into to meet the financing needs of clients, including commitments to extend credit, commercial and consumer lines of credit and standby letters of credit. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had loan commitments totaling $1.4 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, and standby letters of credit totaling $10.8 million and $13.0 million, respectively. Unused commitments do not necessarily represent future credit exposure or cash requirements, as commitments often expire without being drawn upon.

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

The information called for by this item is provided under the caption Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk in Part I, Item 2-Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Index to Financial Statements


	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Kansas City, MO - PCAOB ID 185)	73
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	76
Consolidated Statements of Operations	77
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	78
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	79
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	80
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	81

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

National Bank Holdings Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of National Bank Holdings Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 25, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for credit losses related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment

As discussed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the allowance for credit losses related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment (the collective ACL) was $88.0 million of a total ACL of $94.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company estimated the December 31, 2024 collective ACL by first disaggregating the loan portfolio into segments based upon broad characteristics such as primary use and underlying collateral. Within these segments, the portfolio was further disaggregated into classes of loans with similar attributes and risk characteristics. The

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2024 collective ACL was determined at the class level, analyzing loss history based upon specific loss drivers and risk factors affecting each loan class. The Company utilized a discounted cash flow (DCF) model developed within a third-party software tool to establish expected lifetime credit losses for the loan portfolio. The 2024 collective ACL was calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the projections from the DCF analysis. The DCF model allows for individual life of loan cash flow modeling, excluding extensions and renewals, using loan-specific interest rates and repayment schedules including estimated prepayment rates and loss recovery timing delays. The model incorporates forecasts of certain national macroeconomic factors (reasonable and supportable forecasts) which drive correlated Probability of Default (“PD”) and Loss Given Default (“LGD”) rates, which in turn, drive the losses predicted in establishing the Company’s 2024 collective ACL. Management accounts for the inherent uncertainty of the underlying economic forecast by reviewing and weighting alternate forecast scenarios. PD and LGD rates along with prepayment rates and loss recovery time delays are determined at a loan class level making use of both internal and peer historical loss rate data. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to historical long-term average loss rates on a straight-line basis. The length of the forecast period spans four quarters. The length of the reversion period is based on management’s assessment of the length and pattern of the current economic cycle and typically ranges from four to eight quarters. Additionally, the 2024 collective ACL calculation includes subjective adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience.

We identified the assessment of the 2024 collective ACL as a critical audit matter. A high degree of audit effort, including specialized skills and knowledge in the industry, and subjective and complex auditor judgment was involved in the assessment of the 2024 collective ACL. Specifically, the assessment encompassed the evaluation of the 2024 collective ACL methodology, including (1) the DCF model and significant assumptions: PD, LGD, prepayment rates, discount rates, loss recovery time delays, the use of peer data, portfolio segmentation, the length and weighting of the reasonable and supportable forecast and the reversion period, and (2) the qualitative risk factors. The assessment also included an evaluation of the conceptual soundness and performance of the underlying models and assumptions. In addition, auditor judgment was required to evaluate the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s measurement of the 2024 collective ACL estimate, including controls over the:

●

development of the 2024 collective ACL methodology,

●

continued use and appropriateness of changes made to the DCF model,

●

validation of the DCF model to determine if it is fit for use and appropriate to estimate expected credit losses,

●

identification and determination of the significant assumptions used in the DCF model,

●

continued use and appropriateness of changes made to the qualitative factors, including the significant assumptions used in the measurement of the qualitative factors,

●

analysis of the overall ACL results, trends, and ratios.

We evaluated the Company’s process to develop the 2024 collective ACL estimate by testing certain sources of data, factors, and significant assumptions that the Company used, and considered the relevance and reliability of such data, factors, and significant assumptions, including an evaluation of whether additional factors or alternative assumptions should be used. In addition, we involved credit risk professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

●

evaluating the Company’s 2024 collective ACL methodology for compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles,

●

assessing the conceptual soundness of the DCF model by inspecting the model validation documentation to determine whether the model is suitable for its intended use,

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●

evaluating judgments made by the Company in the continued use and appropriateness of changes made to the PD, LGD, prepayment rates, loss recovery time delays, use of peer data, and the reversion period assumptions by comparing them to relevant Company-specific metrics and trends, and the applicable industry and regulatory practices,

●

evaluating the selection of methodology used to develop the economic forecast scenarios, including the weighting of the scenarios, and underlying assumptions, by comparing it to the Company’s business environment and relevant industry practices,

●

determining whether the loan portfolio is segmented by similar risk characteristics by comparing to the Company’s business environment and relevant industry practices,

●

evaluating the methodology used to develop the qualitative factors and the effect of those factors on the 2024 collective ACL compared with relevant credit risk factors and consistency with credit trends and identified limitations of the underlying DCF model.

We also assessed the sufficiency of the audit evidence obtained related to the 2024 collective ACL estimate by evaluating the:

●

Cumulative results of the audit procedures,

●

Qualitative aspects of the Company’s accounting practices,

●

Potential bias in the accounting estimates.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

Kansas City, Missouri

February 25, 2025

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

December 31, 2024 and 2023

(In thousands, except share and per share data)


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	127,848	$	190,826
Investment securities available-for-sale (at fair value)		527,547		628,829
Investment securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $451,386 and $504,328 at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)		533,108		585,052
Non-marketable securities		76,462		90,477
Loans		7,751,143		7,698,758
Allowance for credit losses		(94,455)		(97,947)
Loans, net		7,656,688		7,600,811
Loans held for sale		24,495		18,854
Other real estate owned		662		4,088
Premises and equipment, net		196,773		162,733
Goodwill		306,043		306,043
Intangible assets, net		58,432		66,025
Other assets		299,635		297,326
Total assets	$	9,807,693	$	9,951,064
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing demand deposits	$	2,213,685	$	2,361,367
Interest bearing demand deposits		1,411,860		1,480,042
Savings and money market		3,592,312		3,367,012
Time deposits		1,020,036		981,970
Total deposits		8,237,893		8,190,391
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		18,895		19,627
Long-term debt, net		54,511		54,200
Federal Home Loan bank advances		50,000		340,000
Other liabilities		141,319		134,039
Total liabilities		8,502,618		8,738,257
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share: 400,000,000 shares authorized; 51,487,888 and 51,487,907 shares issued; 38,054,482 and 37,784,851 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		515		515
Additional paid-in capital		1,167,431		1,162,269
Retained earnings		508,864		433,126
Treasury stock of 13,141,392 and 13,462,472 shares at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, at cost		(301,694)		(306,702)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(70,041)		(76,401)
Total shareholders' equity		1,305,075		1,212,807
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	9,807,693	$	9,951,064

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands, except share and per share data)


	2024		2023		2022
Interest and dividend income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	505,266	$	461,376	$	255,672
Interest and dividends on investment securities		28,696		26,331		24,200
Dividends on non-marketable securities		1,832		3,253		1,034
Interest on interest bearing bank deposits		2,474		4,455		3,782
Total interest and dividend income		538,268		495,415		284,688
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		186,192		109,378		14,596
Interest on borrowings		6,688		24,086		3,257
Total interest expense		192,880		133,464		17,853
Net interest income before provision for credit losses		345,388		361,951		266,835
Provision for credit loss expense		6,755		8,295		36,729
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		338,633		353,656		230,106
Non-interest income:
Service charges		17,957		18,225		16,357
Bank card fees		18,963		19,636		18,299
Mortgage banking income		11,228		13,634		23,774
Bank-owned life insurance income		3,005		3,269		2,272
Other non-interest income		16,660		9,153		6,610
Loss on security sales		(6,582)		—		—
Total non-interest income		61,231		63,917		67,312
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and benefits		146,243		137,701		124,971
Occupancy and equipment		39,951		37,552		31,496
Data processing		17,481		13,110		12,657
Marketing and business development		3,989		4,002		3,821
FDIC deposit insurance		5,390		7,008		2,121
Bank card expenses		5,185		5,769		5,480
Professional fees		7,062		10,464		14,418
Other non-interest expense		21,377		18,979		13,932
Other intangible assets amortization		7,939		7,386		2,338
Total non-interest expense		254,617		241,971		211,234
Income before income taxes		145,247		175,602		86,184
Income tax expense		26,432		33,554		14,910
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274
Earnings per share—basic	$	3.10	$	3.74	$	2.20
Earnings per share—diluted		3.08		3.72		2.18
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		38,212,304		37,937,579		32,360,005
Diluted		38,419,125		38,111,208		32,680,932

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)


	2024		2023		2022
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Securities available-for-sale:
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax (expense) benefit of ($897), ($2,703), and $24,297 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.		1,110		11,781		(79,312)
Less: reclassification adjustment for loss on security sales realized in net income, net of tax benefit of $1,534 for the year ended December 31, 2024.		5,048		—		—
Less: amortization of net unrealized holding gains to income, net of tax benefit of $23, $51, and $95 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.		(73)		(166)		(303)
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax (expense) benefit of ($18), $325, and $524 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.		22		(1,005)		(1,721)
Less: reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income, net of tax benefit of $77, $362, and $28 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.		253		1,193		95
Other comprehensive income (loss)		6,360		11,803		(81,241)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	125,175	$	153,851	$	(9,967)

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands, except share and per share data)


	For the years ended December 31,
									Accumulated
			Additional						other
	Common		paid-in		Retained		Treasury		comprehensive
	stock		capital		earnings		stock		(loss) income, net		Total
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	515	$	1,014,294	$	289,876	$	(457,616)	$	(6,963)	$	840,106
Net income		—		—		71,274		—		—		71,274
Stock-based compensation		—		6,059		—		—		—		6,059
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans, including gain on reissuance of treasury stock of $4,111, net		—		(2,812)		—		2,514		—		(298)
Reissuance of treasury stock of 3,096,745 shares for acquisition of Community Bancorporation		—		63,630		—		60,642		—		124,272
Reissuance of treasury stock of 4,391,964 shares for acquisition of Bancshares of Jackson Hole		—		78,337		—		84,122		—		162,459
Cash dividends declared ($0.94 per share)		—		—		(30,429)		—		—		(30,429)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		(81,241)		(81,241)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	515	$	1,159,508	$	330,721	$	(310,338)	$	(88,204)	$	1,092,202
Net income		—		—		142,048		—		—		142,048
Stock-based compensation		—		7,222		—		—		—		7,222
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans, including gain on reissuance of treasury stock of $4,077, net		—		(4,461)		—		3,636		—		(825)
Cash dividends declared ($1.04 per share)		—		—		(39,643)		—		—		(39,643)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		11,803		11,803
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	515	$	1,162,269	$	433,126	$	(306,702)	$	(76,401)	$	1,212,807
Net income		—		—		118,815	-	—		—		118,815
Stock-based compensation		—		8,048		—		—		—		8,048
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans, including gain on reissuance of treasury stock of $7,699, net		—		(2,886)		—		5,008		—		2,122
Cash dividends declared ($1.12 per share)		—		—		(43,077)		—		—		(43,077)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		6,360		6,360
Balance, December 31, 2024	$	515	$	1,167,431	$	508,864	$	(301,694)	$	(70,041)	$	1,305,075

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit loss expense		6,755		8,295		36,729
Depreciation and amortization		24,191		23,853		16,448
Change in current income tax receivable		1,740		3,223		(3,880)
Change in deferred income taxes		6,357		55		(17,280)
Discount accretion, net of premium amortization on securities		(1,350)		(831)		1,111
Gain on sale of mortgages, net		(9,662)		(9,907)		(19,747)
Origination of loans held for sale, net of repayments		(346,588)		(398,438)		(810,061)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale		349,450		407,425		955,044
Originations of mortgage servicing rights		(404)		(1,183)		(4,187)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage servicing rights		—		5,502		—
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		—		(1,052)		—
Impairment on fixed assets		958		349		118
Gain on sale of fixed assets		(637)		(148)		(1,674)
Stock-based compensation		8,048		7,222		6,059
Loss on security sales		6,582		—		—
Operating lease payments		(6,537)		(6,308)		(5,036)
Change in other assets		(16,062)		343		(26,749)
Change in other liabilities		13,615		(13,513)		16,465
Net cash provided by operating activities		155,271		166,935		214,634
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from non-marketable securities		57,527		100,046		4,175
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investment securities available-for-sale		157,538		92,032		141,892
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investment securities held-to-maturity		63,078		69,555		133,363
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available-for-sale		132,113		—		128,430
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned		3,418		581		3,564
Purchases of non-marketable securities		(44,889)		(106,175)		(37,271)
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale		(185,713)		—		(259,846)
Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity		(10,483)		(2,452)		(101,699)
Purchases of premises and equipment, net		(34,592)		(36,834)		(12,430)
Net increase in loans		(73,338)		(477,109)		(987,511)
Proceeds from the sale of loans		—		1,625		933
Net cash activity for acquisitions		—		(45,300)		234,263
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		64,659		(404,031)		(752,137)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase (decrease) in deposits		47,229		317,050		(465,818)
Net decrease in repurchase agreements and other short-term borrowings		(732)		(587)		(2,554)
Net (payments to) advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank		(290,000)		(45,000)		385,000
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans		(1,515)		(1,534)		(1,481)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		3,555		617		1,102
Payment of dividends		(42,945)		(39,643)		(30,447)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(284,408)		230,903		(114,198)
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash⁽¹⁾		(64,478)		(6,193)		(651,701)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year⁽¹⁾		192,326		198,519		850,220
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period⁽¹⁾	$	127,848	$	192,326	$	198,519
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information during the period:
Cash paid for interest	$	189,973	$	124,426	$	18,597
Net tax payments		20,841		32,846		11,302
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activities:
Loans transferred to other real estate owned at fair value		9,577		1,207		147
Loans transferred from loans held for sale to loans		1,159		4,833		5,288
Treasury stock reissued for acquisition		—		—		144,764


(1)		Included in restricted cash at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.5 million and $3.0 million, respectively, placed in escrow for certain potential liabilities, for which the Company was indemnified, resulting from a previous acquisition. The restricted cash was included in other assets in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. At December 31, 2024, there was no restricted cash.

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NATIONAL BANK HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

Note 1 Basis of Presentation

National Bank Holdings Corporation is a bank holding company that was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 2009. The Company is headquartered in Greenwood Village, Colorado, and its primary operations are conducted through its wholly owned subsidiaries NBH Bank and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust. NBH Bank is a Colorado state-chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve System, and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust is a Wyoming state-chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve System. The Company provides a variety of banking products to both commercial and consumer clients through a network of over 90 banking centers as of December 31, 2024, located primarily in Colorado, the greater Kansas City region, Utah, Wyoming, Texas, New Mexico and Idaho, as well as through online and mobile banking products and services.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, NBH Bank, Bank of Jackson Hole Trust and 2UniFi, LLC. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, where applicable, with general practices in the banking industry or guidelines prescribed by bank regulatory agencies. The consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications of prior years' amounts are made whenever necessary to conform to current period presentation. All amounts are in thousands, except share data, or as otherwise noted.

GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. By their nature, estimates are based on judgment and available information. Management has made significant estimates in certain areas, such as the fair values of financial instruments, contingent liabilities and the allowance for credit losses. Because of the inherent uncertainties associated with any estimation process and future changes in market and economic conditions, it is possible that actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

a) Cash and cash equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash, cash items, amounts due from other banks, amounts due from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, federal funds sold, and interest-bearing bank deposits.

b) Investment securities—Investment securities may be classified in three categories: trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Management determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase and reevaluates the classification at each reporting period. Any sales of available-for-sale securities are for the purpose of executing the Company’s asset/liability management strategy, reducing borrowings, funding loan growth, providing liquidity, or eliminating a perceived credit risk in a specific security. Held-to-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost, and the available-for-sale securities are carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on securities available-for-sale are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), a component of shareholders’ equity, net of income tax. Gains and losses realized upon sales of securities are calculated using the specific identification method. Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income over the estimated lives of the securities. Prepayment experience is periodically evaluated and a determination made regarding the appropriate estimate of the future rates of prepayment. When a change in a bond’s estimated remaining life is necessary, a corresponding adjustment is made in the related premium amortization or discount accretion. Purchases and sales of securities, including any corresponding gains or losses, are recognized on a trade-date basis and a receivable or payable is recognized for pending transaction settlements.

Management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings. If either of the above criteria is not met, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value is the result of

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credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, we may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an allowance for credit loss. The Company does not measure expected credit losses for U.S. agency-backed held-to-maturity securities, since the risk of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. Credit losses are not estimated for AIR from investment securities as interest deemed uncollectible is written off through interest income.

c) Non-marketable securities— Non-marketable securities include FRB stock, FHLB stock and other non-marketable securities. FRB and FHLB securities have been acquired for debt facility or regulatory purposes and are carried at cost. Other non-marketable securities include equity method investments in which the Company’s proportionate share of income or loss is recognized one quarter in arrears in other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Equity method investments are periodically evaluated for impairment. If impairment is deemed other than temporary, the Company will reduce the carrying value of the investment to the extent it is not recoverable. Other non-marketable securities also include direct investments in convertible preferred stock. As the convertible preferred stock does not have a readily determinable fair value, it is carried at cost and evaluated periodically for impairment. Impairments of convertible preferred stock will be reflected in earnings in the period in which the cost basis of the investment exceeds fair value.

d) Loans receivable—Loans receivable include loans originated by the Company and loans that are acquired through acquisitions. Loans originated by the Company are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of premiums, discounts, unearned income and deferred loan fees and costs. Loan fees and certain costs of originating loans are deferred and the net amount is amortized over the contractual life of the related loans. Acquired loans are initially recorded at fair value. Non-refundable loan origination and commitment fees, net of direct costs of originating or acquiring loans, and fair value adjustments for acquired loans, are deferred and recognized over the remaining lives of the related loans in accordance with ASC 310-20.

Estimated fair values of acquired loans are based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considers various factors including the type of loan and related collateral, the expected timing of cash flows, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan is amortizing, and a discount rate reflecting the Company’s assessment of risk inherent in the cash flow estimates. Discounts created when the loans are recorded at their estimated fair values at acquisition are accreted over the remaining term of the loan as an adjustment to the related loan’s yield. Similar to originated loans described below, the accrual of interest income on acquired loans is discontinued when the collection of principal or interest, in whole or in part, is doubtful.

Acquired loans that have been identified as having experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination are purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The net premium or discount on PCD loans is adjusted by our allowance for credit losses recorded at the time of acquisition. The remaining net premium or discount is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the level yield method. The net premium or discount on non-PCD loans, that includes credit quality and interest rate considerations, is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the level yield method. The Company then records the necessary allowance for credit losses on the non-PCD loans through provision for credit losses expense.

Interest income on acquired loans and interest income on loans originated by the Company is accrued and credited to income as it is earned using the interest method based on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. However, interest is generally not accrued on loans 90 days or more past due, unless they are well secured and in the process of collection. Additionally, in certain situations, loans that are not contractually past due may be placed on non-accrual status due to the continued failure to adhere to contractual payment terms by the borrower coupled with other pertinent factors, such as insufficient collateral value or deficient primary and secondary sources of repayment. Accrued interest receivable is reversed when a loan is placed on non-accrual status and payments received generally reduce the carrying value of the loan. Interest is not accrued while a loan is on non-accrual status and interest income is generally recognized on a cash basis only after payment in full of the past due principal and collection of principal outstanding is reasonably assured. A loan may be placed back on accrual status if all contractual payments have been received, or sooner under certain conditions and collection of future principal and interest payments is no longer doubtful.

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In the event of borrower default, the Company may seek recovery in compliance with state lending laws, the respective loan agreements, and credit monitoring and remediation procedures that may include modifying a loan from its original terms, for economic or legal reasons, to provide a concession to the borrower from their original terms due to borrower financial difficulties in order to facilitate repayment. Such loans are considered “troubled debt modifications” and are identified in accordance with ASC Topic 326.

e) Loans held for sale—The Company has elected to record loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market at estimated fair value. The Company estimates fair value based on quoted market prices for similar loans in the secondary market. Gains or losses are recognized upon sale and are included as a component of mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations. Loans held for sale have primarily been fixed rate single-family residential mortgage loans under contract to be sold in the secondary market. In most cases, loans in this category are sold within 45 days. Currently, conventional loans in states where the banks have market presence may be sold with servicing retained or with servicing released. Government loans and conventional loans in states where the banks do not have a market presence are generally sold with servicing released. Under limited circumstances, buyers may have recourse to return a purchased loan to the Company. Recourse conditions may include early payoff, early payment default, breach of representations or warranties, or documentation deficiencies in the underwriting process.

The Company enters into commitments to originate residential mortgage loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (i.e., interest rate lock commitments). Such interest rate lock commitments on mortgage loans to be sold in the secondary market are considered to be derivatives. To protect against the price risk inherent in residential mortgage loan commitments, the Company utilizes both "best efforts" and "mandatory delivery" forward loan sale commitments to mitigate the risk of potential increases or decreases in the values of loans that would result from the change in market rates for such loans. The Company manages the interest rate risk on interest rate lock commitments by entering into forward sale contracts of mortgage backed securities. Such contracts are accounted for as derivatives and are recorded at fair value as derivative assets or liabilities. They are carried in the consolidated statements of financial condition within other assets or other liabilities, and changes in fair value are recorded net as a component of mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations. The gross gains on loan sales are recognized based on new loan commitments with adjustment for price and pair-off activity. Commission expenses on loans held for sale are recognized based on loans closed.

f) Allowance for credit losses—The ACL represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in loans as of the balance sheet date. The Company measures expected credit losses for loans on a pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified four primary loan segments that are further stratified into 11 loan classes to provide more granularity in analyzing loss history based upon specific loss drivers and risk factors affecting each loan class. Generally, the underlying risk of loss for each of these loan classes will follow certain norms/trends in various economic environments. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not included in the collective evaluation. Those loans include loans on non-accrual status, loans in bankruptcy, and TDMs described below. If a specific allowance is warranted based on the borrower’s overall financial condition, the specific allowance is calculated based on discounted expected cash flows using the loan’s initial contractual effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs for collateral-dependent loans.

The Company utilizes a DCF model developed within a third-party software tool to establish expected lifetime credit losses for the loan portfolio. The ACL is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the projections from the DCF analysis. The DCF model allows for individual life of loan cash flow modeling, excluding extensions and renewals, using loan-specific interest rates and repayment schedules adjusted for estimated prepayment rates and loss recovery timing delays. The model incorporates forecasts of certain national macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rates, HPI, retail sales and GDP, which drive correlated probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) rates. PD and LGD, in turn, drive the losses predicted in establishing our ACL. PD and LGD rates along with prepayment rates and loss recovery time delays are determined at a loan class level making use of both internal and peer historical loss rate data. The determination and application of the ACL accounting policy involves judgments, estimates, and uncertainties that are subject to change. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, we revert to historical long-term average loss rates on a straight-line basis. The length of the forecast period spans four quarters. The length of the reversion period is based on management’s assessment of the length and pattern of the current economic cycle and typically ranges from four to eight quarters.

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Management accounts for the inherent uncertainty of the underlying economic forecast by reviewing and weighting alternate forecast scenarios. Additionally, the ACL calculation includes subjective adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience. These qualitative adjustments may increase or reduce reserve levels and include adjustments for lending management experience and risk tolerance, loan review and audit results, asset quality and portfolio trends, loan portfolio growth and industry concentrations. The Company has elected to exclude AIR from the allowance for credit losses calculation. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, any recorded AIR is reversed against interest income.

The determination and application of the ACL accounting policy involves judgments, estimates, and uncertainties that are subject to change. Changes in these assumptions, estimates or the conditions surrounding them may have a material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations. Various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of the examination process, periodically review the ACL. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the ACL or reserve increases to adversely graded classified loans based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

The ACL is decreased by net charge-offs and is increased by provisions for loan losses that are charged to the statements of operations. Charge-offs, if any, are typically measured for each loan based on a thorough analysis of the most probable source of repayment, such as the present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows, the loan’s estimated fair value, or the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral less costs of disposition for collateral-dependent loans. When it is determined that specific loans, or portions thereof, are uncollectible, these amounts are charged off against the ACL.

The Company uses an internal risk rating system to indicate credit quality in the loan portfolio. The risk rating system is applied to all loans and uses a series of grades, which reflect management’s assessment of the risk attributable to loans based on an analysis of the borrower’s financial condition and ability to meet contractual debt service requirements. Loans that management perceives to have acceptable risk are categorized as “Pass” loans. The “Special Mention” loans represent loans that have potential credit weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. Special mention loans include borrowers that have potential weaknesses or unwarranted risks that, unless corrected, may threaten the borrower’s ability to meet debt requirements. However, these borrowers are still believed to have the ability to respond to and resolve the financial issues that threaten their financial situation. Loans classified as “Substandard” are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Doubtful” loans are loans that management believes the collection of payments in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement is highly questionable and improbable. Credit quality indicators are reviewed and updated in accordance with internal policy based on loan balance and risk rating. Interest accrual is discontinued on doubtful loans and certain substandard loans.

Unfunded loan commitments

In addition to the ACL for funded loans, the Company maintains reserves to cover the risk of loss associated with off-balance sheet unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses is maintained within the other liabilities in the statements of financial condition. Under the CECL framework, adjustments to this liability are recorded as provision for credit losses in the statements of operations. Unfunded loan commitment balances are evaluated by loan class and further segregated by revolving and non-revolving commitments. In order to establish the required level of reserve, the Company applies average historical utilization rates and ACL loan model loss rates for each loan class to the outstanding unfunded commitment balances.

g) Premises and equipment—With the exception of premises and equipment acquired through business combinations, which are initially measured and recorded at fair value, purchased land, buildings and software and equipment are carried at cost, including capitalized interest when appropriate, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset. The Company generally assigns depreciable lives of 39 years for buildings, 7 to 15 years for building improvements, and 3 to 7 years for software and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or remaining lease terms. Maintenance and repairs are charged to non-interest expense as incurred. The Company reviews premises and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when

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the sum of the undiscounted future net cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposal is less than its carrying amount. Property and equipment that meet the held-for-sale criteria is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell and depreciation is ceased.

The Company capitalizes internal and external direct costs incurred related to obtaining or developing internal-use software. Costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software when the software is ready for its intended use. Costs related to planning and other preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred.

h) Goodwill and intangible assets—Goodwill is established and recorded if the consideration given during an acquisition transaction exceeds the fair value of the net assets received. Goodwill has an indefinite useful life and is not amortized, but is evaluated annually for potential impairment, or when events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Such events or circumstances may include deterioration in general economic conditions, deterioration in industry or market conditions, an increased competitive environment, a decline in market-dependent multiples or metrics, declining financial performance, entity-specific events or circumstances or a sustained decrease in share price (either in absolute terms or relative to peers). If the Company determines, based upon the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount no additional procedures are performed; however, if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount the Company will compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount. Any excess of the carrying amount over fair value would indicate a potential impairment and the Company would proceed to perform an additional test to determine whether goodwill has been impaired and calculate the amount of that impairment.

Intangible assets that have finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The Company’s core deposit intangible assets represent the value of the anticipated future cost savings that will result from the acquired core deposit relationships versus an alternative source of funding. Judgment may be used in assessing goodwill and intangible assets for impairment. Estimates of fair value are based on projections of revenues, operating costs and cash flows of the reporting unit considering historical and anticipated future results, general economic and market conditions, as well as the impact of planned business or operational strategies. The valuations use a combination of present value techniques to measure fair value considering market factors. Additionally, judgment is used in determining the useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets. Adverse changes in the economic environment, operations of the reporting unit, or changes in judgments and projections could result in a significantly different estimate of the fair value of the reporting unit and could result in an impairment of goodwill and/or intangible assets.

Servicing right assets associated with loans originated and sold, where servicing is retained, are initially capitalized at fair value and included in intangible assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. For subsequent measurement purposes, the Company measures servicing assets based on the lower of cost or market using the amortization method. The values of these capitalized servicing rights are amortized as an offset to the loan servicing income earned in relation to the servicing revenue expected to be earned. The carrying values of these rights are reviewed quarterly for impairment based on the fair value of those assets. For purposes of impairment evaluation and measurement, management stratifies servicing right assets based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans, including loan type and loan term. If, by individual stratum, the carrying amount of these servicing right assets exceeds fair value, a valuation allowance is established and the impairment is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. If the fair value of impaired servicing right assets subsequently increases, management recognizes the increase in fair value in current period non-interest income and, through a reduction in the valuation allowance, adjusts the carrying value of the servicing right assets to a level not in excess of amortized cost.

i) Reserve for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses–The Company sells mortgage loans to various third parties, including government-sponsored entities, under contractual provisions that include various representations and warranties that typically cover ownership of the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, validity of the lien securing the loan, absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, and similar matters. The Company may be required to repurchase the mortgage loans with identified defects, indemnify the investor or insurer, or reimburse the investor for credit loss incurred on the loan (collectively “repurchase”) in the event of a material breach of such contractual

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representations or warranties. Risk associated with potential repurchases or other forms of settlement is managed through underwriting and quality assurance practices.

The Company establishes mortgage repurchase reserves related to various representations and warranties that reflect management’s estimate of losses based on a combination of factors. Such factors incorporate actual and historic loss history, delinquency trends or other deficiencies found in the portfolio and economic conditions. The Company establishes a reserve at the time loans are sold and updates the reserve estimate quarterly during the estimated loan life. The repurchase reserve is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

j) Other real estate owned—OREO consists of property that has been foreclosed on or repossessed by deed in lieu of foreclosure. The assets are initially recorded at the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, with any initial valuation adjustments charged to the ACL. Subsequent downward valuation adjustments, if any, in addition to gains and losses realized on sales and net operating expenses, are recorded in non-interest expense. Costs associated with maintaining property, such as utilities and maintenance, are charged to expense in the period in which they occur, while costs relating to the development and improvement of property are capitalized to the extent the balance does not exceed fair value. Acquired OREO is recorded at fair value, less cost to sell, at the date of acquisition.

k) Bank-owned life insurance—The Company is the owner and beneficiary of bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI”) policies that it purchased on certain associates of the Company or acquired through our acquisitions. The BOLI policies are carried at net realizable value with changes in net realizable value recorded in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

l) Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase—The Company periodically enters into purchases or sales of securities under agreements to resell or repurchase as of a specified future date. The securities purchased under agreements to resell are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are reflected as an asset in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The securities pledged by the counterparties are held by a third party custodian and valued daily. The Company may require additional collateral to ensure full collateralization for these transactions. The repurchase agreements are considered financing agreements and the obligation to repurchase assets sold is reflected as a liability in the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company. The repurchase agreements are collateralized by debt securities that are under the control of the Company.

m) Stock-based compensation—The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718. The Company grants stock-based awards including stock options, restricted stock and performance stock units. Stock option grants are for a fixed number of common shares and are issued at exercise prices which are not less than the fair value of a share of stock at the date of grant. The options vest over a time period stated in each option agreement and may be subject to other performance vesting conditions, which require the related compensation expense to be recorded ratably over the requisite service period starting when such conditions become probable. Restricted stock is granted for a fixed number of shares, the transferability of which is restricted until such shares become vested according to the terms in the award agreement. Restricted shares may have multiple vesting qualifications, which can include time vesting of a set portion of the restricted shares and performance criterion, such as market criteria that are tied to specified market conditions of the Company’s common stock price and performance targets tied to the Company’s earnings per share.

The fair value of stock options is measured using a Black-Scholes model. The fair value of time-based restricted stock awards and performance stock units with performance based vesting criteria is based on the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. The fair value of performance stock units with market-based vesting criteria is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Compensation expense for the portion of the awards that contain performance and service vesting conditions is recognized over the requisite service period based on the fair value of the awards on the grant date. Compensation expense for the portion of the awards that contain a market vesting condition is recognized over the derived service period based on the fair value of the awards on the grant date. The amortization of stock-based compensation reflects any estimated forfeitures, and the expense realized in subsequent periods may be adjusted to reflect the actual forfeitures realized. The outstanding stock options primarily carry a maximum contractual term of ten years. To the extent that any award is forfeited, surrendered, terminated, expires, or lapses without being vested or exercised, the shares of stock subject to such award not delivered are again made available for awards under the 2023 Plan.

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Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as a component of income tax expense or benefit and are classified as an operating activity within the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. The tax effects of exercised, expired or vested awards are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur and may result in increased volatility in our effective tax rate. Cash paid by the Company when directly withholding shares for tax withholding purposes is classified as a financing activity in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

n) Income taxes—The Company and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal and certain state income tax returns on a consolidated basis. Additionally, the Company and its subsidiaries file separate state income tax returns with various state jurisdictions. The provision for income taxes includes the income tax balances of the Company and all of its subsidiaries.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax rates in the period of change. The Company establishes a valuation allowance when management believes, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes and measures income tax benefits based upon a two-step model: 1) a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized; and 2) the benefit is measured as the largest dollar amount of that position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized for a position in this model and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is treated as an unrecognized tax benefit. The Company recognizes income tax related interest and penalties in other non-interest expense.

o) Earnings per share—The Company applies the two-class method of computing earnings per share as certain of the Company's restricted shares are entitled to non-forfeitable dividends and are therefore considered to be a class of participating securities. The two-class method allocates income according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed income. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted income per common share is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period, plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of stock options outstanding, certain unvested restricted shares, or other contracts to issue common shares (“common stock equivalents”) using the treasury stock method. Common stock equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.

p) Interest Rate Swap Derivatives—The Company carries all derivatives in the statements of financial condition at fair value. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities depending on the rights or obligations under the contracts. All gains and losses on the fair value hedge derivatives due to changes in fair value are recognized in earnings each period. For derivatives that qualify and are designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The Company offers interest rate swap products to certain of its clients to manage potential changes in interest rates. Each contract between the Company and a client is offset with a contract between the Company and an institutional counterparty, thus minimizing the Company's exposure to rate changes. The Company's portfolio consists of a “matched book,” and as such, changes in fair value of the swap pairs will largely offset in earnings.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, if certain conditions are met, a derivative may be designated as (1) a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, or of an unrecognized firm commitment, that are attributable to a particular risk (referred to as a fair value hedge) or (2) a hedge of the exposure to variability in the cash flows of a recognized asset or liability, or of a forecasted transaction, that is attributable to a particular risk (referred to as a cash flow hedge). The Company documents all hedging relationships at the inception of each hedging relationship and uses industry accepted methodologies and ranges to determine the effectiveness of each hedge. The fair value of the hedged item is calculated using the estimated future cash flows of the hedged item and applying discount rates equal to the market

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interest rate for the hedged item at the inception of the hedging relationship (inception benchmark interest rate plus an inception credit spread), adjusted for changes in the designated benchmark interest rate thereafter.

q) Treasury stock —When the Company acquires treasury stock, the sum of the consideration paid and direct transaction costs after tax is recognized as a deduction from equity. The cost basis for the reissuance of treasury stock is determined using a first-in, first-out basis. To the extent that the reissuance price is more than the cost basis (gain), the excess is recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statements of financial condition. If the reissuance price is less than the cost basis (loss), the difference is recorded to additional paid-in capital to the extent there is a cumulative treasury stock paid-in capital balance. Any loss in excess of the cumulative treasury stock paid-in capital balance is charged to retained earnings.

r) Acquisition activities—The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured and recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, including identifiable intangible assets. If the fair value of net assets acquired exceeds the fair value of consideration paid, a bargain purchase gain is recognized at the date of acquisition. Conversely, if the consideration paid exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired, goodwill is recognized at the acquisition date. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to a maximum of one year after the closing date of an acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available. Adjustments recorded to the acquired assets and liabilities assumed are applied prospectively in accordance with ASC Topic 805. The determination of the fair value of loans acquired takes into account credit quality deterioration and probability of loss; therefore, the related ACL is not carried forward at the time of acquisition.

Identifiable intangible assets are recognized separately if they arise from contractual or other legal rights or if they are separable (i.e., capable of being sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged separately from the entity). The depositor relationship related to deposit liabilities, the client relationship related to assets under management and acquired technology intangibles (known as the core deposit, client relationship and acquired technology intangible assets, respectively) may be exchanged in observable exchange transactions. As a result, these intangible assets are considered identifiable, because the separability criterion has been met.

Note 3 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The update requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. The amendments in this update do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 in 2024, using a retrospective approach. The update has not had a material impact to our financial statements apart from changes in disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings and requires disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination. The guidance also updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under ASC Topic 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and modifications of loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 using a modified retrospective approach. A cumulative effect adjustment was not booked to retained earnings as it was immaterial. The update has not had a material impact to our financial statements apart from changes in disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method. The purpose of this updated guidance is to further align risk management objectives with hedge accounting results on the application of the last-of-layer method, which was first introduced in ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01 on January 1, 2023, and the update had no material impact on its financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 was effective upon issuance and can be adopted during any interim

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period. ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 deferred the sunset date to December 31, 2024. Topic 848 provides optional expedients and guidance for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, if certain criteria are met, that reference LIBOR or any other reference rate that is expected to be discontinued. To address reference rate reform, the Company established a LIBOR transition subcommittee in January of 2020 to identify exposure to reference rates within loan and derivative contracts. Beginning January 1, 2022, the Company no longer originated loans using LIBOR as a reference rate, and LIBOR is no longer published effective June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, existing loan and derivative contracts, where applicable, included an alternative reference rate to LIBOR. The Company applied the practical expedients set forth in ASU 2020-04 with no material impact on its financial statements.

Note 4 Investment Securities

The Company’s investment securities portfolio is comprised of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities. These investment securities totaled $1.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and included $0.5 billion of available-for-sale securities and $0.5 billion of held-to-maturity securities. At December 31, 2023, investment securities totaled $1.2 billion and included $0.6 billion of available-for-sale securities and $0.6 billion of held-to-maturity securities.

Available-for-sale

Available-for-sale securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024
	Amortized		Gross		Gross
	cost		unrealized gains		unrealized losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	24,958	$	—	$	(84)	$	24,874
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		164,785		53		(29,793)		135,045
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		425,476		432		(60,970)		364,938
Corporate debt		2,000		—		(38)		1,962
Other securities		728		—		—		728
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	617,947	$	485	$	(90,885)	$	527,547


	December 31, 2023
	Amortized		Gross		Gross
	cost		unrealized gains		unrealized losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	74,508	$	—	$	(1,464)	$	73,044
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		233,264		57		(31,512)		201,809
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		417,155		—		(65,913)		351,242
Municipal securities		80		—		(1)		79
Corporate debt		2,000		—		(157)		1,843
Other securities		812		—		—		812
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	727,819	$	57	$	(99,047)	$	628,829

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During 2024, purchases of available-for-sale securities totaled $185.7 million and sales of available-for-sale securities totaled $132.1 million. The available-for-sale securities sales were executed during the fourth quarter of 2024 as a result of strategic balance sheet management and resulted in a pre-tax loss of $6.6 million. There were no purchases or sales of available-for-sale securities during the year ended December 31, 2023. Maturities and paydowns of available-for-sale securities during 2024 and 2023 totaled $157.5 million and $92.0 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio was primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities and mortgage-backed securities. All mortgage-backed securities were backed by GSE collateral such as FHLMC and FNMA and the government owned agency GNMA.

The tables below summarize the available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses as of the dates shown, along with the length of the impairment period:


	December 31, 2024
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—	$	24,874	$	(84)	$	24,874	$	(84)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		—		132,935		(29,793)		132,935		(29,793)
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		41,426		(95)		264,621		(60,875)		306,047		(60,970)
Corporate debt		—		—		1,963		(38)		1,963		(38)
Total	$	41,426	$	(95)	$	424,393	$	(90,790)	$	465,819	$	(90,885)


	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—	$	73,044	$	(1,464)	$	73,044	$	(1,464)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		9		—		199,000		(31,512)		199,009		(31,512)
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		138		(1)		351,104		(65,912)		351,242		(65,913)
Municipal securities		—		—		79		(1)		79		(1)
Corporate debt		—		—		1,843		(157)		1,843		(157)
Total	$	147	$	(1)	$	625,070	$	(99,046)	$	625,217	$	(99,047)

Management regularly monitors the investment securities portfolio in its entirety and further evaluates all of the available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position at each reporting period. The portfolio included 180 securities, which were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, compared to 230 securities at December 31, 2023. The unrealized losses in the Company’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were caused by changes in interest rates. The Company has no intention to sell these securities and believes it will not be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost. Management believes that default of the available-for-sale securities is highly unlikely. FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities have a long history of zero credit losses, an explicit guarantee by the U.S. government (although limited for FNMA and FHLMC securities) and yields that generally trade based on market views of prepayment and liquidity risk rather than credit risk.

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The tables below summarize the credit quality indicators, by fair value, of available-for-sale securities as of the dates shown:


	December 31, 2024
	AA+		Not rated		Total
U.S. Treasury securities	$	24,874	$	—	$	24,874
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		135,045		—		135,045
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		364,938		—		364,938
Corporate debt		—		1,962		1,962
Other securities		—		728		728
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	524,857	$	2,690	$	527,547


	December 31, 2023
	AAA		Not rated		Total
U.S. Treasury securities	$	73,044	$	—	$	73,044
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		201,809		—		201,809
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		351,242		—		351,242
Municipal securities		—		79		79
Corporate debt		—		1,843		1,843
Other securities		—		812		812
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	626,095	$	2,734	$	628,829

Based upon the downgrade of U.S. government securities by certain rating agencies, the Company updated the rating in the tables above from AAA to AA+. Certain securities are pledged as collateral for public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and to secure borrowing capacity at the FRB, if needed. The fair value of available-for-sale investment securities pledged as collateral totaled $238.6 million and $312.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company may also pledge available-for-sale investment securities as collateral for FHLB advances. No securities were pledged for this purpose at December 31, 2024 or 2023.

A summary of the available-for-sale securities by maturity is shown in the following table as of December 31, 2024. Mortgage-backed securities may have actual maturities that differ from contractual maturities depending on the repayment characteristics and experience of the underlying financial instruments and are therefore not included in the table below. Additionally, the Company holds other available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost and fair value of $0.7 million as of December 31, 2024 that have no stated contractual maturity date.


	December 31, 2024
					Weighted
	Amortized cost		Fair value		average yield
U.S. Treasury securities
Within one year	$	24,958	$	24,874	2.55%
Corporate debt
After five but within ten years		2,000		1,962	5.86%

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, AIR from available-for-sale investment securities totaled $1.3 million, and was included within other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

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Held-to-maturity

Held-to-maturity investment securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		unrealized		unrealized
	cost		gains		losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	49,639	$	—	$	(480)	$	49,159
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		271,105		51		(36,870)		234,286
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		212,364		—		(44,423)		167,941
Total investment securities held-to-maturity	$	533,108	$	51	$	(81,773)	$	451,386


	December 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		unrealized		unrealized
	cost		gains		losses		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	49,338	$	—	$	(1,004)	$	48,334
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		299,337		226		(34,552)		265,011
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		236,377		2		(45,396)		190,983
Total investment securities held-to-maturity	$	585,052	$	228	$	(80,952)	$	504,328

During 2024 and 2023, purchases of held-to-maturity securities totaled $10.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity securities totaled $63.1 million and $69.6 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The held-to-maturity portfolio included 160 securities which were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, compared to 123 securities at December 31, 2023. The tables below summarize the held-to-maturity securities with unrealized losses as of the dates shown, along with the length of the impairment period:


	December 31, 2024
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—	$	49,159	$	(480)	$	49,159	$	(480)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		45,427		(880)		185,558		(35,990)		230,985		(36,870)
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		2,818		(51)		165,123		(44,372)		167,941		(44,423)
Total	$	48,245	$	(931)	$	399,840	$	(80,842)	$	448,085	$	(81,773)

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	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	—	$	48,334	$	(1,004)	$	48,334	$	(1,004)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		14,689		(72)		217,467		(34,480)		232,156		(34,552)
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		2,289		(37)		187,021		(45,359)		189,310		(45,396)
Total	$	16,978	$	(109)	$	452,822	$	(80,843)	$	469,800	$	(80,952)

The Company does not measure expected credit losses on a financial asset, or group of financial assets, in which historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts results in an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. Management evaluated held-to-maturity securities noting they are backed by loans guaranteed by either U.S. government agencies or U.S. government sponsored entities, and management believes that default is highly unlikely given this governmental backing and long history without credit losses. Additionally, management notes that yields on which the portfolio generally trades are based upon market views of prepayment and liquidity risk and not credit risk. The Company has no intention to sell any held-to-maturity securities and believes it will not be required to sell any held-to-maturity securities before the recovery of their amortized cost.

The table below summarizes the credit quality indicators, by amortized cost, of held-to-maturity securities as of the dates shown:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	AA+		AAA
U.S. Treasury securities	$	49,639	$	49,338
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		271,105		299,337
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		212,364		236,377
Total investment securities held-to-maturity	$	533,108	$	585,052

Based upon the downgrade of U.S. government securities by certain rating agencies, the Company updated the rating in the tables above from AAA to AA+. Certain securities are pledged as collateral for public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and to secure borrowing capacity at the FRB, if needed. The carrying value of held-to-maturity investment securities pledged as collateral totaled $500.5 million and $559.3 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company may also pledge held-to-maturity investment securities as collateral for FHLB advances. No held-to-maturity investment securities were pledged for this purpose at December 31, 2024 or 2023.

A summary of the held-to-maturity securities by maturity is shown in the following table as of December 31, 2024. Actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities may differ from scheduled maturities depending on the repayment characteristics and experience of the underlying financial instruments and are therefore not included in the table below.

0
	December 31, 2024
					Weighted
	Amortized cost		Fair value		average yield
U.S. Treasury securities
Within one year	$	24,974	$	24,884	3.18%
After one but within five years		24,665		24,275	3.10%
Total	$	49,639	$	49,159	3.14%

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As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, AIR from held-to-maturity investment securities totaled $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and was included within other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Note 5 Non-marketable Securities

The carrying balance of non-marketable securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Federal Reserve Bank stock	$	24,062	$	24,062
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		3,922		16,828
Convertible preferred stock		20,508		25,000
Equity method investments		27,970		24,587
Total	$	76,462	$	90,477

Non-marketable securities included FRB stock, FHLB stock, convertible preferred stock and equity method investments. During the year ended December 31, 2024, purchases of non-marketable securities totaled $44.9 million, and proceeds from redemptions and sales of non-marketable securities totaled $57.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, purchases of non-marketable securities totaled $106.2 million, and proceeds from redemptions and sales of non-marketable securities totaled $100.0 million. Purchases consisted primarily of FHLB stock, and proceeds consisted primarily of redemptions of FHLB stock. Changes in the Company’s FHLB stock holdings were directly correlated to FHLB line of credit advances and paydowns.

FRB and FHLB stock

Convertible preferred stock

Equity method investments

Non-marketable securities also include equity method investments totaling $26.2 million and $24.6 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value totaling $1.8 million and zero at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Purchases of equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $1.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded net unrealized gains on equity method investments totaling $1.0 million and net unrealized losses totaling $35 thousand, respectively. These gains and losses were recorded in other non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Carrying values of equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value are updated periodically and impairments may be taken to reflect a new basis. The Company recorded no impairment related to equity method investments without a readily determinable fair value for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

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Note 6 Loans

The loan portfolio is comprised of loans originated by the Company and loans that were acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisitions.

The tables below show the loan portfolio composition including carrying value by segment as of the dates shown. The carrying value of loans is net of discounts, fees, costs and fair value marks of $30.1 million and $33.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.


	December 31, 2024
	Total loans		% of total
Commercial	$	4,670,430	60.2%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,812,338	23.4%
Residential real estate		1,253,838	16.2%
Consumer		14,537	0.2%
Total	$	7,751,143	100.0%


	December 31, 2023
	Total loans		% of total
Commercial	$	4,499,035	58.4%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,856,750	24.1%
Residential real estate		1,323,787	17.2%
Consumer		19,186	0.3%
Total	$	7,698,758	100.0%

Information about delinquent and non-accrual loans is shown in the following tables at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024
			Greater
	30-89 days		than 90 days				Total past
	past due and		past due and		Non-accrual		due and
	accruing		accruing		loans		non-accrual		Current		Total loans
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	20,290	$	5,492	$	21,950	$	47,732	$	1,948,093	$	1,995,825
Municipal and non-profit		—		—		—		—		1,107,142		1,107,142
Owner occupied commercial real estate		1,611		9,447		195		11,253		1,252,891		1,264,144
Food and agribusiness		—		—		587		587		302,732		303,319
Total commercial		21,901		14,939		22,732		59,572		4,610,858		4,670,430
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Construction		—		—		—		—		250,335		250,335
Acquisition/development		—		—		—		—		82,862		82,862
Multifamily		—		—		—		—		320,781		320,781
Non-owner occupied		158		—		5,971		6,129		1,152,231		1,158,360
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		158		—		5,971		6,129		1,806,209		1,812,338
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		952		—		6,747		7,699		1,161,568		1,169,267
Junior lien		133		—		505		638		83,933		84,571
Total residential real estate		1,085		—		7,252		8,337		1,245,501		1,253,838
Consumer		20		1		39		60		14,477		14,537
Total loans	$	23,164	$	14,940	$	35,994	$	74,098	$	7,677,045	$	7,751,143

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	December 31, 2024
	Non-accrual loans		Non-accrual loans
	with a related		with no related
	allowance for		allowance for		Non-accrual
	credit loss		credit loss		loans
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	12,746	$	9,204	$	21,950
Owner occupied commercial real estate		195		—		195
Food and agribusiness		1		586		587
Total commercial		12,942		9,790		22,732
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		5,971		—		5,971
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		5,971		—		5,971
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		3,319		3,428		6,747
Junior lien		505		—		505
Total residential real estate		3,824		3,428		7,252
Consumer		39		—		39
Total loans	$	22,776	$	13,218	$	35,994


	December 31, 2023
			Greater
	30-89 days		than 90 days				Total past
	past due and		past due and		Non-accrual		due and
	accruing		accruing		loans		non-accrual		Current		Total loans
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	9,179	$	—	$	2,250	$	11,429	$	1,955,480	$	1,966,909
Municipal and non-profit		—		—		—		—		1,083,756		1,083,756
Owner occupied commercial real estate		—		—		755		755		1,123,018		1,123,773
Food and agribusiness		—		12		5,762		5,774		318,823		324,597
Total commercial		9,179		12		8,767		17,958		4,481,077		4,499,035
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Construction		—		—		—		—		405,250		405,250
Acquisition/development		1,077		—		—		1,077		99,019		100,096
Multifamily		—		—		—		—		311,770		311,770
Non-owner occupied		60		—		13,472		13,532		1,026,102		1,039,634
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		1,137		—		13,472		14,609		1,842,141		1,856,750
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		1,410		50		5,488		6,948		1,226,651		1,233,599
Junior lien		375		528		448		1,351		88,837		90,188
Total residential real estate		1,785		578		5,936		8,299		1,315,488		1,323,787
Consumer		131		1		53		185		19,001		19,186
Total loans	$	12,232	$	591	$	28,228	$	41,051	$	7,657,707	$	7,698,758


	December 31, 2023
	Non-accrual loans		Non-accrual loans
	with a related		with no related
	allowance for		allowance for		Non-accrual
	credit loss		credit loss		loans
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	2,250	$	—	$	2,250
Owner occupied commercial real estate		755		—		755
Food and agribusiness		5,176		586		5,762
Total commercial		8,181		586		8,767
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		13,472		—		13,472
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		13,472		—		13,472
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		3,277		2,211		5,488
Junior lien		448		—		448
Total residential real estate		3,725		2,211		5,936
Consumer		53		—		53
Total loans	$	25,431	$	2,797	$	28,228

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Loans to borrowers experiencing financial

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difficulties may be modified. Modified loans are discussed in more detail below. There was no interest income recognized from non-accrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company’s internal risk rating system uses a series of grades, which reflect our assessment of the credit quality of loans based on an analysis of the borrower's financial condition, liquidity and ability to meet contractual debt service requirements and are categorized as “Pass,” “Special mention,” “Substandard” and “Doubtful”. For a description of the general characteristics of the risk grades, refer to note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

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The amortized cost basis and current period gross charge-offs for all loans as determined by the Company’s internal risk rating system and year of origination is shown in the following tables as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024
													Revolving		Revolving
													loans		loans
	Origination year												amortized		converted
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		cost basis		to term		Total
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial:
Pass	$	445,993	$	181,920	$	332,246	$	215,561	$	51,902	$	92,115	$	468,752	$	2,614	$	1,791,103
Special mention		8,005		32,319		13,753		17,496		12,915		5,552		16,146		651		106,837
Substandard		13,417		34,320		8,909		21,575		3,011		2,020		8,982		387		92,621
Doubtful		1,250		1,159		1,490		17		975		373		—		—		5,264
Total commercial and industrial		468,665		249,718		356,398		254,649		68,803		100,060		493,880		3,652		1,995,825
Gross charge-offs: Commercial and industrial		—		2,028		—		26		155		156		—		—		2,365
Municipal and non-profit:
Pass		116,551		152,183		137,249		217,362		73,399		378,561		29,747		—		1,105,052
Special mention		—		—		—		170		1,920		—		—		—		2,090
Total municipal and non-profit		116,551		152,183		137,249		217,532		75,319		378,561		29,747		—		1,107,142
Owner occupied commercial real estate:
Pass		269,810		205,119		225,766		131,547		83,791		232,653		20,912		8,990		1,178,588
Special mention		430		1,664		13,798		23,482		268		12,744		—		—		52,386
Substandard		—		7,180		15,266		3,397		1,243		4,759		847		—		32,692
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		478		—		—		478
Total owner occupied commercial real estate		270,240		213,963		254,830		158,426		85,302		250,634		21,759		8,990		1,264,144
Gross charge-offs: Owner occupied commercial real estate		—		—		13		—		—		—		—		—		13
Food and agribusiness:
Pass		14,727		9,884		68,909		6,587		5,940		33,081		156,113		344		295,585
Special mention		—		—		4,045		2,898		—		204		—		—		7,147
Substandard		—		—		—		586		—		1		—		—		587
Total food and agribusiness		14,727		9,884		72,954		10,071		5,940		33,286		156,113		344		303,319
Gross charge-offs: Food and agribusiness		—		—		—		—		—		2,704		—		—		2,704
Total commercial		870,183		625,748		821,431		640,678		235,364		762,541		701,499		12,986		4,670,430
Gross charge-offs: Commercial		—		2,028		13		26		155		2,860		—		—		5,082
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Construction:
Pass		55,139		59,137		54,735		33,859		917		—		46,548		—		250,335
Total construction		55,139		59,137		54,735		33,859		917		—		46,548		—		250,335
Acquisition/development:
Pass		16,645		4,038		31,028		20,412		1,079		8,110		184		—		81,496
Special mention		—		—		1,072		—		—		—		—		—		1,072
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		294		—		—		294
Total acquisition/development		16,645		4,038		32,100		20,412		1,079		8,404		184		—		82,862
Multifamily:
Pass		1,363		16,470		138,872		70,419		45,700		31,034		853		—		304,711
Special mention		4,159		—		8,091		3,820		—		—		—		—		16,070
Total multifamily		5,522		16,470		146,963		74,239		45,700		31,034		853		—		320,781
Non-owner occupied
Pass		68,192		143,857		303,998		143,085		125,374		304,162		11,018		—		1,099,686
Special mention		5,246		1,298		17,272		12,184		—		16,009		—		—		52,009
Substandard		—		—		—		5,516		—		694		—		—		6,210
Doubtful		—		—		—		455		—		—		—		—		455
Total non-owner occupied		73,438		145,155		321,270		161,240		125,374		320,865		11,018		—		1,158,360
Gross charge-offs: Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		—		—		293		—		—		4,422		—		—		4,715
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		150,744		224,800		555,068		289,750		173,070		360,303		58,603		—		1,812,338
Gross charge-offs: Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		—		—		293		—		—		4,422		—		—		4,715
Residential real estate:
Senior lien
Pass		66,465		77,136		415,279		280,209		100,990		174,830		46,053		583		1,161,545
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		16		—		—		16
Substandard		64		663		3,422		700		394		2,270		—		—		7,513
Doubtful		—		—		172		—		—		21		—		—		193
Total senior lien		66,529		77,799		418,873		280,909		101,384		177,137		46,053		583		1,169,267

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Junior lien
Pass		6,870		3,498		4,614		1,789		1,964		5,488		59,331		311		83,865
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		27		—		—		27
Substandard		44		—		240		—		89		134		172		—		679
Total junior lien		6,914		3,498		4,854		1,789		2,053		5,649		59,503		311		84,571
Total residential real estate		73,443		81,297		423,727		282,698		103,437		182,786		105,556		894		1,253,838
Consumer
Pass		4,557		1,994		1,443		942		528		169		4,795		71		14,499
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		38		—		—		38
Total consumer		4,557		1,994		1,443		942		528		207		4,795		71		14,537
Gross charge-offs: Consumer		877		23		30		3		—		48		—		—		981
Total loans	$	1,098,927	$	933,839	$	1,801,669	$	1,214,068	$	512,399	$	1,305,837	$	870,453	$	13,951	$	7,751,143
Gross charge-offs: Total loans		877		2,051		336		29		155		7,330		—		—		10,778

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	December 31, 2023
													Revolving		Revolving
													loans		loans
	Origination year												amortized		converted
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		cost basis		to term		Total
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial:
Pass	$	348,103	$	396,618	$	271,201	$	87,234	$	41,261	$	106,711	$	563,924	$	31,620	$	1,846,672
Special mention		4,775		12,259		31,895		20,340		2,202		683		18,344		3,470		93,968
Substandard		13,729		4,555		4,248		1,314		179		347		910		—		25,282
Doubtful		600		—		—		387		—		—		—		—		987
Total commercial and industrial		367,207		413,432		307,344		109,275		43,642		107,741		583,178		35,090		1,966,909
Gross charge-offs: Commercial and industrial		—		12		215		—		47		3		—		—		277
Municipal and non-profit:
Pass		139,591		140,626		246,088		82,590		53,460		389,867		31,534		—		1,083,756
Total municipal and non-profit		139,591		140,626		246,088		82,590		53,460		389,867		31,534		—		1,083,756
Owner occupied commercial real estate:
Pass		236,897		275,644		181,472		97,523		86,761		163,997		18,281		—		1,060,575
Special mention		2,074		19,191		7,808		—		2,650		27,653		—		—		59,376
Substandard		—		515		1,732		—		687		234		—		—		3,168
Doubtful		—		6		—		—		—		648		—		—		654
Total owner occupied commercial real estate		238,971		295,356		191,012		97,523		90,098		192,532		18,281		—		1,123,773
Food and agribusiness:
Pass		16,917		69,212		14,159		15,379		10,417		34,592		149,125		51		309,852
Special mention		—		—		4,646		—		—		3,724		450		—		8,820
Substandard		—		—		586		—		—		180		1,786		—		2,552
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,373		—		3,373
Total food and agribusiness		16,917		69,212		19,391		15,379		10,417		38,496		154,734		51		324,597
Total commercial		762,686		918,626		763,835		304,767		197,617		728,636		787,727		35,141		4,499,035
Gross charge-offs: Commercial		—		12		215		—		47		3		—		—		277
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Construction:
Pass		43,385		190,826		59,477		63,486		1,006		—		47,070		—		405,250
Total construction		43,385		190,826		59,477		63,486		1,006		—		47,070		—		405,250
Acquisition/development:
Pass		13,228		39,000		21,011		5,992		597		8,814		7,416		2,961		99,019
Special mention		—		1,077		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,077
Total acquisition/development		13,228		40,077		21,011		5,992		597		8,814		7,416		2,961		100,096
Multifamily:
Pass		16,450		113,936		92,574		16,938		39,371		31,671		830		—		311,770
Total multifamily		16,450		113,936		92,574		16,938		39,371		31,671		830		—		311,770
Non-owner occupied
Pass		116,168		241,563		172,042		91,188		124,291		236,694		6,694		—		988,640
Special mention		—		—		—		21,268		3,876		2,489		—		—		27,633
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		19,848		—		—		19,848
Doubtful		—		—		—		280		—		3,233		—		—		3,513
Total non-owner occupied		116,168		241,563		172,042		112,736		128,167		262,264		6,694		—		1,039,634
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		189,231		586,402		345,104		199,152		169,141		302,749		62,010		2,961		1,856,750
Residential real estate:
Senior lien
Pass		87,608		434,963		316,080		112,582		42,752		183,890		48,462		94		1,226,431
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		515		—		—		515
Substandard		1,555		1,119		740		415		620		2,167		—		—		6,616
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		37		—		—		37
Total senior lien		89,163		436,082		316,820		112,997		43,372		186,609		48,462		94		1,233,599
Gross charge-offs: Senior lien		—		—		—		—		—		48		—		—		48
Junior lien
Pass		4,920		4,464		1,712		2,947		2,270		4,729		66,441		684		88,167
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		27		249		—		276
Substandard		263		149		236		758		—		339		—		—		1,745
Total junior lien		5,183		4,613		1,948		3,705		2,270		5,095		66,690		684		90,188
Total residential real estate		94,346		440,695		318,768		116,702		45,642		191,704		115,152		778		1,323,787
Gross charge-offs: Residential real estate		—		—		—		—		—		48		—		—		48
Consumer
Pass		5,945		3,330		2,233		997		244		410		5,947		27		19,133
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		50		3		—		53
Total consumer		5,945		3,330		2,233		997		244		460		5,950		27		19,186
Gross charge-offs: Consumer		1,225		13		1		2		1		8		—		—		1,250
Total loans	$	1,052,208	$	1,949,053	$	1,429,940	$	621,618	$	412,644	$	1,223,549	$	970,839	$	38,907	$	7,698,758
Gross charge-offs: Total loans		1,225		25		216		2		48		59		—		—		1,575

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Loans evaluated individually

We evaluate loans individually when they no longer share risk characteristics with pooled loans. These loans include loans on non-accrual status, loans in bankruptcy, and modified loans as described below. If a specific allowance is warranted based on the borrower’s overall financial condition, the specific allowance is calculated based on discounted expected cash flows using the loan’s initial contractual effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs for collateral-dependent loans.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Management individually evaluates collateral-dependent loans with an amortized cost basis of $250 thousand or more and includes collateral-dependent loans less than $250 thousand within the general allowance population. The amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans over $250 thousand was as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024
					Total amortized
	Real property		Business assets		cost basis
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	6,281	$	4,924	$	11,205
Owner occupied commercial real estate		1,343		—		1,343
Food and agribusiness		586		—		586
Total commercial		8,210		4,924		13,134
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		5,971		—		5,971
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		5,971		—		5,971
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		5,075		—		5,075
Junior lien		222		—		222
Total residential real estate		5,297		—		5,297
Total loans	$	19,478	$	4,924	$	24,402


	December 31, 2023
					Total amortized
	Real property		Business assets		cost basis
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	1,946	$	220	$	2,166
Owner occupied commercial real estate		1,883		—		1,883
Food and agribusiness		586		5,159		5,745
Total commercial		4,415		5,379		9,794
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		19,993		—		19,993
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		19,993		—		19,993
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		2,661		—		2,661
Total residential real estate		2,661		—		2,661
Total loans	$	27,069	$	5,379	$	32,448

Loan modifications

The Company’s policy is to review each prospective credit to determine the appropriateness and the adequacy of security or collateral prior to making a loan. In the event of borrower default, the Company seeks recovery in compliance with lending laws, the respective loan agreements, and credit monitoring and remediation procedures that may include modifying a loan to provide a concession by the Company to the borrower from their original terms due to borrower financial difficulties in order to facilitate repayment. The Company considers loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, where such a concession is utilized, to be TDMs. TDMs may include principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant-payment delays, term extensions or any combination thereof.

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The following schedules present, by loan class, the amortized cost basis for loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that remain outstanding and were modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024
							Combination - interest rate			Combination - term extension
	Term extension			Payment delay			reduction and term extension			and payment delay
	Amortized		% of loan	Amortized		% of loan	Amortized		% of loan	Amortized		% of loan
	cost basis		class	cost basis		class	cost basis		class	cost basis		class
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	1,488	0.1%	$	10,429	0.5%	$	—	0.0%	$	—	0.0%
Owner occupied commercial real estate		—	0.0%		1,664	0.1%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%
Total commercial		1,488	0.0%		12,093	0.3%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		164	0.0%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		164	0.0%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%		—	0.0%
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		—	0.0%		851	0.1%		21	0.0%		382	0.0%
Junior lien		—	0.0%		—	0.0%		44	0.1%		—	0.0%
Total residential real estate		—	0.0%		851	0.1%		65	0.0%		382	0.0%
Total loans	$	1,652	0.0%	$	12,944	0.2%	$	65	0.0%	$	382	0.0%


	As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023
	Term extension			Payment delay
	Amortized		% of loan	Amortized		% of loan
	cost basis		class	cost basis		class
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	—	0.0%	$	8,936	0.5%
Total commercial		—	0.0%		8,936	0.2%
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		18,770	1.8%		—	0.0%
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		18,770	1.0%		—	0.0%
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		652	0.1%		—	0.0%
Junior lien		263	0.3%		—	0.0%
Total residential real estate		915	0.1%		—	0.0%
Total loans	$	19,685	0.3%	$	8,936	0.1%

The following schedules present, by loan class, the payment status of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 on an amortized cost basis:


	December 31, 2024
	Current		30-89 days past due		90+ days past due		Non-accrual
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	9,067	$	—	$	2,851	$	—
Owner occupied commercial real estate		1,664		—		—		—
Total commercial		10,731		—		2,851		—
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		164		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		164		—		—		—
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		871		—		—		382
Junior lien		—		—		—		44
Total residential real estate		871		—		—		426
Total loans	$	11,766	$	—	$	2,851	$	426

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	December 31, 2023
	Current		30-89 days past due		90+ days past due		Non-accrual
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	$	8,936	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total commercial		8,936		—		—		—
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied		5,298		—		—		13,472
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied		5,298		—		—		13,472
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		652		—		—		—
Junior lien		263
Total residential real estate		915		—		—		—
Total loans	$	15,149	$	—	$	—	$	13,472

Accrual of interest is resumed on loans that were previously on non-accrual only after the loan has performed sufficiently for a period of time. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had two TDMs with amortized costs totaling $3.2 million that were modified within the past 12 months that defaulted on their modified terms. One TDM utilized a payment delay. The other loan utilized a combination of a term extension and payment delay. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had one TDM with an amortized cost totaling $13.5 million that was modified within the past 12 months, utilizing a term extension, that defaulted on its modified terms. For purposes of this disclosure, the Company considers “default” to mean 90 days or more past due on principal or interest. The allowance for credit losses related to TDMs on non-accrual status is determined by individual evaluation, including collateral adequacy, using the same process as loans on non-accrual status which are not classified as TDMs.

The following schedules present the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of and for the periods indicated:


	As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024
	Financial effect
	Term extension	Payment delay	Combination - Interest rate reduction and Term extension	Combination - Term extension and Payment delay
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial	Extended a weighted average of 0.5 years to the life of loans	Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.4 years
Owner occupied commercial real estate		Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.5 years
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied	Extended a weighted average of 7.5 years to the life of loans
Residential real estate:
Senior lien		Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.3 years	Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 1.5% and extended a weighted average of 11 years to the life of loans	Extended a weighted average of 0.7 years to the life of loans and delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.7 years
Junior lien			Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 1.1% and extended a weighted average of 10 years to the life of loans

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	As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023
	Financial effect
	Term extension	Payment delay	Combination - Interest rate reduction and Term extension
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial		Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.5 years
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Non-owner occupied	Extended a weighted average of 0.3 years to the life of loans
Residential real estate:
Senior lien			Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 2.5% and extended a weighted average life of 30 years
Junior lien	Extended a weighted average of 1.3 years to the life of loans

Note 7 Allowance for Credit Losses

The tables below detail the Company’s allowance for credit losses as of the dates shown:


	Year ended December 31, 2024
			Non-owner
			occupied
			commercial		Residential
	Commercial		real estate		real estate		Consumer		Total
Beginning balance	$	45,304	$	32,665	$	19,550	$	428	$	97,947
Charge-offs		(5,082)		(4,715)		—		(981)		(10,778)
Recoveries		493		7		97		359		956
Provision expense (release) for credit losses		7,837		(1,821)		(221)		535		6,330
Ending balance	$	48,552	$	26,136	$	19,426	$	341	$	94,455


	Year ended December 31, 2023
			Non-owner
			occupied
			commercial		Residential
	Commercial		real estate		real estate		Consumer		Total
Beginning balance	$	37,608	$	32,050	$	19,306	$	589	$	89,553
Charge-offs		(277)		—		(48)		(1,250)		(1,575)
Recoveries		290		3		26		125		444
Provision expense for credit losses		7,683		612		266		964		9,525
Ending balance	$	45,304	$	32,665	$	19,550	$	428	$	97,947

In evaluating the loan portfolio for an appropriate ACL level, excluding loans evaluated individually, loans were grouped into segments based on broad characteristics such as primary use and underlying collateral. Within the segments, the portfolio was further disaggregated into classes of loans with similar attributes and risk characteristics for purposes of developing the underlying data used within the discounted cash flow model including, but not limited to, prepayment and recovery rates as well as loss rates tied to macro-economic conditions within management’s reasonable and supportable forecast. The ACL also includes subjective adjustments based upon qualitative risk factors including asset quality, loss trends, lending management, portfolio growth and loan review/internal audit results.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for credit losses totaled $94.5 million and $97.9 million, respectively. The decrease during 2024 was driven by the resolution of non-performing loans and changes in the CECL model’s underlying macro-economic forecast. Net charge-offs on loans during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $9.8 million.

The Company recorded an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $8.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by loan growth and an increase in specific reserves. Net charge-offs on loans during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $1.1 million.

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The Company has elected to exclude AIR from the allowance for credit losses calculation. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, AIR from loans totaled $41.5 million and $42.4 million, respectively.

Note 8 Leases

Right-of-use lease assets totaled $25.9 million and $29.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The related lease liabilities totaled $28.9 million and $32.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Company has operating leases for banking centers, corporate offices and ATM locations, with remaining lease terms ranging from one month to 20 years. The Company only included reasonably certain renewal options in the lease terms. The weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 7.8 years and 8.2 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average discount rates were 3.41% and 3.26%, respectively, utilizing the Company’s incremental FHLB borrowing rate for borrowings of a similar term at the date of lease commencement.

Rent expense totaled $6.2 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was recorded within occupancy and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. Lease payments do not include non-lease components such as real estate taxes, insurance and common area maintenance.

Below is a summary of undiscounted future minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2024:


Years ending December 31,		Amount
2025	$	5,425
2026		4,109
2027		3,790
2028		3,412
2029		2,829
Thereafter		17,931
Total lease payments		37,496
Less: Imputed interest		(8,558)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	28,938

Note 9 Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Land	$	43,720	$	40,079
Buildings and improvements		122,905		114,006
Equipment and software		144,956		113,496
Total premises and equipment, at cost		311,581		267,581
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(114,808)		(104,848)
Premises and equipment, net	$	196,773	$	162,733

The Company recorded $9.4 million, $10.0 million and $8.4 million of depreciation expense during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as a component of occupancy and equipment expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company disposed of $3.0 million, $2.3 million and $7.0 million of premises and equipment, net, during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recorded gains totaling $0.6 million and $0.1 million on sale of premises and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, within other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. During 2024, the Company recognized $1.0 million of impairment included in other non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations related to the consolidation of three banking centers. During 2023, the Company recognized $0.2 million of impairment included in non-interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations

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from the consolidation of five banking centers classified as held-for-sale totaling $13.4 million. During 2022, the Company had no impairment related to premises and equipment.

Note 10 Other Real Estate Owned

A summary of the activity in OREO during 2024 and 2023 is as follows:


	For the years ending December 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	4,088	$	3,731
Transfers from loan portfolio, at fair value		427		1,207
Impairments		—		(249)
Sales		(3,853)		(601)
Ending balance	$	662	$	4,088

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company sold OREO properties with net book balances of $3.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Sales of OREO properties resulted in net losses of $0.4 million and $20 thousand which were included within other non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, impairments totaled $0.2 million recorded within other non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Note 11 Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets

In connection with our acquisitions, the Company’s goodwill was $306.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the fair value of net assets acquired. No goodwill impairment was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The gross carrying amount of other intangible assets and the associated accumulated amortization at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are presented as follows:


	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Gross				Net		Gross				Net
	carrying		Accumulated		carrying		carrying		Accumulated		carrying
	amount		amortization		amount		amount		amortization		amount
Core deposit intangible	$	91,566	$	(55,417)	$	36,149	$	91,566	$	(50,095)	$	41,471
Customer relationship intangible		17,000		(4,024)		12,976		17,000		(1,867)		15,133
Acquired technology intangible		2,300		(690)		1,610		2,300		(230)		2,070
Total	$	110,866	$	(60,131)	$	50,735	$	110,866	$	(52,192)	$	58,674

The Company is amortizing intangibles from acquisitions over a weighted average period of 9.8 years from the date of the respective acquisitions. The core deposit and customer relationship intangibles are being amortized over a weighted average period of 10 years, and the acquired technology intangible is being amortized over a weighted average period of five years. The Company recognized other intangible assets amortization expense of $7.9 million, $7.4 million and $2.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense during the next five years for other intangible assets as of December 31, 2024:


Years ending December 31,		Amount
2025	$	7,786
2026		7,664
2027		7,542
2028		6,142
2029		5,790

Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights

MSRs represent rights to service loans originated by the Company and sold to government-sponsored enterprises including FHLMC, FNMA, GNMA and FHLB and are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Mortgage loans serviced for others were $0.5 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Below are the changes in the MSRs for the years presented:


	For the years ending December 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	4,911	$	9,162
Originations		404		1,183
Sales		—		(4,664)
Recovery		61		5
Amortization		(541)		(775)
Ending balance		4,835		4,911
Fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	7,451	$	7,124

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold rights to service loans totaling $486.7 million in unpaid principal balances from our mortgage servicing rights portfolio. As a result of the sale, the book value of our mortgage servicing right intangible decreased $4.7 million and generated a gain of $1.1 million included in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations.

The fair value of MSRs was determined based upon a discounted cash flow analysis. The cash flow analysis included assumptions for discount rates and prepayment speeds. The discount rate ranged from 10.0% to 10.5%, and the constant prepayment speed ranged from 6.0% to 10.3% for the December 31, 2024 valuation. For the December 31, 2023 valuation, the discount rate ranged from 10.0% to 10.5%, and the constant prepayment speed ranged from 6.5% to 15.8%. Included in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations was servicing income of $1.5 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

MSRs are evaluated and impairment is recognized to the extent fair value is less than the carrying amount. The Company evaluates impairment by stratifying MSRs based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans, including loan type and loan term. The Company is amortizing the MSRs in proportion to and over the period of the estimated net servicing income of the underlying loans.

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The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense during the next five years for the MSRs as of December 31, 2024:


Years ending December 31,		Amount
2025	$	537
2026		477
2027		424
2028		377
2029		335

SBA servicing asset

The SBA servicing asset represents the value associated with servicing small business real estate loans that have been sold to outside investors with servicing retained. The SBA servicing asset is evaluated and impairment is recognized to the extent fair value is less than the carrying amount. The Company evaluates impairment by stratifying the SBA servicing asset based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans, including loan type and loan term. The Company is amortizing the SBA servicing asset in proportion to and over the period of the estimated net servicing income of the underlying loans. The Company serviced $132.0 million and $108.8 million of SBA loans that have been sold into the secondary market, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized SBA servicing asset fee income of $0.3 million and $0.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Below are the changes in the SBA servicing asset for the years presented:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	2,440	$	2,666
Originations		1,150		358
Disposals		(569)		(353)
Recovery (impairment)		124		(75)
Amortization		(283)		(156)
Ending balance		2,862		2,440
Fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	2,862	$	2,440

The Company uses assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of the SBA servicing asset. These assumptions include prepayment speeds, discount rates, and other assumptions. The assumptions used in the valuation were based on input from buyers, brokers and other qualified personnel, as well as market knowledge. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Company’s SBA servicing asset included a weighted average lifetime constant prepayment rate equal to 15.7% and 14.7%, respectively, and a weighted average discount rate equal to 10.4% and 12.3%, respectively.

Note 12 Deposits

Total deposits were $8.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Time deposits were $1.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The following table summarizes the Company’s time deposits by remaining contractual maturity:


Years ending December 31,		Amount
2025	$	822,644
2026		123,415
2027		53,647
2028		17,145
2029		2,691
Thereafter		494
Total time deposits	$	1,020,036

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The Company incurred interest expense on deposits as follows during the years indicated:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Interest bearing demand deposits	$	39,938	$	26,984	$	2,163
Money Market accounts		105,688		57,028		5,808
Savings accounts		6,057		3,945		1,376
Time deposits		34,509		21,421		5,249
Total	$	186,192	$	109,378	$	14,596

The Federal Reserve System requires cash balances to be maintained at the FRB based on certain deposit levels. At December 31, 2024, the Banks held sufficient cash on hand with the FRB to have met minimum requirements, and as such, no additional reserve was required. The aggregate amount of certificates of deposit in denominations that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250 thousand was $288.3 million and $289.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 13 Borrowings

Borrowings consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, long-term debt and FHLB advances.

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase

The following table sets forth selected information regarding repurchase agreements during 2024, 2023 and 2022:


	As of and for the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Maximum amount of outstanding agreements at any month end during the period	$	22,771	$	23,768	$	25,342
Average amount outstanding during the period		17,973		19,346		21,298
Weighted average interest rate for the period		0.12%		0.11%		0.20%

The Company enters into repurchase agreements to facilitate the needs of its clients. As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company sold securities under agreements to repurchase totaling $18.9 million, $19.6 million and $20.2 million, respectively. The Company pledged mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of approximately $31.3 million, $30.4 million and $32.0 million, as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for these agreements. The Company monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $12.4 million, $10.8 million and $11.8 million, respectively, of excess collateral pledged for repurchase agreements.

The vast majority of the Company’s repurchase agreements are overnight transactions with clients that mature the day after the transaction. At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, none of the Company’s repurchase agreements were for periods longer than one day. The repurchase agreements are subject to a master netting arrangement; however, the Company has not offset any of the amounts shown in the consolidated financial statements.

Federal Home Loan Bank advances

As a member of the FHLB, the Banks have access to a line of credit and term financing from the FHLB with total available credit of $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024. The Banks may utilize the FHLB line of credit as a funding mechanism for originated loans and loans held for sale. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Banks had $50.0 million and $340.0 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings with the FHLB. The Banks may pledge investment securities and loans as collateral for FHLB advances. There were no investment securities pledged for FHLB advances at December 31, 2024 or 2023. Loans pledged were $2.6 billion for both December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company incurred $4.6 million and $22.0 million of interest expense related to FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Long-term debt

The Company holds a subordinated note purchase agreement to issue and sell a fixed-to-floating rate note totaling $40.0 million. The balance on the note at December 31, 2024, net of long-term debt issuance costs totaling $0.2 million, totaled $39.8 million. The balance on the note at December 31, 2023, net of long-term debt issuance costs totaling $0.3 million, totaled $39.7 million. Interest expense totaling $1.2 million was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As part of the acquisition of BOJH on October 1, 2022, the Company assumed three subordinated note purchase agreements to issue and sell fixed-to-floating rate notes totaling $15.0 million. The balance on the notes at December 31, 2024, net of the fair value adjustment from the acquisition totaling $0.3 million, totaled $14.7 million. The balance on the notes at December 31, 2023, net of the fair value adjustment from the acquisition totaling $0.5 million, totaled $14.5 million. Interest expense related to the notes totaling $0.6 million was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Note 14 Regulatory Capital

As a bank holding company that has elected to be treated as a financial holding company, the Company, NBH Bank and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust are subject to regulatory capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Federal Reserve and, for NBH Bank and Bank of Jackson Hole Trust, the FDIC, including maintaining capital positions at the “well-capitalized” level. The federal banking agencies have risk-based capital adequacy regulations intended to provide a measure of capital adequacy that reflects the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s operations. Under these regulations, assets are assigned to one of several risk categories, and nominal dollar amounts of assets and credit equivalent amounts of off-balance-sheet items are multiplied by a risk-adjustment percentage for the category. Regulatory authorities can initiate certain mandatory actions if the Company, NBH Bank or Bank of Jackson Hole Trust fail to meet the minimum capital requirements, which could have a material effect on our financial statements.

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Under the Basel III requirements, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company and the Banks met all capital requirements, including the capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. The Company and the Banks had regulatory capital ratios in excess of the levels established for well-capitalized institutions, as detailed in the tables below:


	December 31, 2024
				Required to be			Required to be
				well capitalized under			considered
				prompt corrective			adequately
	Actual			action provisions			capitalized⁽¹⁾
	Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount
Tier 1 leverage ratio:
Consolidated	10.7%	$	1,037,550	N/A		N/A	4.0%	$	388,278
NBH Bank	9.5%		921,509	5.0%	$	483,533	4.0%		386,826
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	31.0%		12,461	5.0%		2,013	4.0%		1,611
Common equity tier 1 risk based capital:
Consolidated	13.2%	$	1,037,550	N/A		N/A	7.0%	$	550,074
NBH Bank	11.8%		921,509	6.5%	$	508,418	7.0%		547,528
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	77.2%		12,461	6.5%		1,049	7.0%		1,129
Tier 1 risk based capital ratio:
Consolidated	13.2%	$	1,037,550	N/A		N/A	8.5%	$	667,947
NBH Bank	11.8%		921,509	8.0%	$	625,746	8.5%		664,855
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	77.2%		12,461	8.0%		1,291	8.5%		1,371
Total risk based capital ratio:
Consolidated	15.1%	$	1,187,514	N/A		N/A	10.5%	$	825,111
NBH Bank	13.0%		1,016,471	10.0%	$	782,182	10.5%		821,291
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	77.3%		12,462	10.0%		1,613	10.5%		1,694


	December 31, 2023
				Required to be			Required to be
				well capitalized under			considered
				prompt corrective			adequately
	Actual			action provisions			capitalized⁽¹⁾
	Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount
Tier 1 leverage ratio:
Consolidated	9.7%	$	941,369	N/A		N/A	4.0%	$	386,775
NBH Bank	8.9%		856,243	5.0%	$	481,685	4.0%		385,348
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	30.0%		11,609	5.0%		1,936	4.0%		1,549
Common equity tier 1 risk based capital:
Consolidated	11.9%	$	941,369	N/A		N/A	7.0%	$	554,325
NBH Bank	10.9%		856,243	6.5%	$	512,408	7.0%		551,824
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	71.2%		11,609	6.5%		1,059	7.0%		1,141
Tier 1 risk based capital ratio:
Consolidated	11.9%	$	941,369	N/A		N/A	8.5%	$	673,109
NBH Bank	10.9%		856,243	8.0%	$	630,656	8.5%		670,072
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	71.2%		11,609	8.0%		1,304	8.5%		1,385
Total risk based capital ratio:
Consolidated	13.8%	$	1,092,800	N/A		N/A	10.5%	$	831,487
NBH Bank	12.1%		952,674	10.0%	$	788,319	10.5%		827,735
Bank of Jackson Hole Trust	71.2%		11,609	10.0%		1,629	10.5%		1,711


(1)		Includes the capital conservation buffer of 2.5%.

Note 15 Revenue from Contracts with Clients

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with clients are satisfied. Below is the detail of the Company’s revenue from contracts with clients, including service charges and other deposit account related fees, bank card fees and other non-interest income. Other non-interest income includes trust and wealth management fees and Cambr fee income.

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Service charges and other account-related fees

Service charge fees are primarily comprised of monthly service fees, check orders and other deposit account related fees. Other fees include revenue from processing wire transfers, bill pay service, cashier’s checks and other services. The Company’s performance obligation for account analysis fees and monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Check orders and other deposit account-related fees are largely transactional based, and therefore, the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to clients’ accounts.

Bank card fees

Bank card fees are primarily comprised of debit card income, ATM fees, merchant services income and other fees. Debit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Company’s debit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa. ATM fees are primarily generated when a Bank cardholder uses a non-Bank ATM or a non-Bank cardholder uses a Bank ATM. Merchant services income mainly represents fees charged to merchants to process their debit card transactions. The Company’s performance obligation for bank card fees are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.

Other non-interest income

Trust and wealth management fees

The trust and wealth management business offers separately managed investment account solutions and trustee services to clients. Services may include custody of securities, trust investments and wealth management services, directed trusts or fixed income portfolio management and irrevocable life insurance trusts. The Company charges an asset-based fee earned for personal and corporate accounts. Additional fees may include minimum annual fees, fees for additional tax reporting and preparation for irrevocable trust returns or annual flat fees for certain trusts. The performance obligations related to this revenue include items such as performing investment advisory services, custody and record-keeping services, and fund administrative and accounting services. The performance obligations are satisfied upon completion of service and fees are generally a fixed flat rate or based on a percentage of the account’s market value per the contract with the client. These fees are recorded within other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Cambr fee income

Cambr operates a deposit acquisition and processing platform that generates core deposits from accounts offered through third-party embedded finance companies. Cambr’s platform facilitates the movement of embedded finance companies’ client deposits into FDIC-insured accounts at banks within Cambr’s network. Cambr generates fee income by charging a percentage-based fee of the client’s deposit balance placed into the Cambr network. The performance obligation is satisfied upon completion of service, and Cambr fee income is recorded within other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Other non-interest expense

Included within other non-interest expense are gains and losses from OREO sales, which are recognized when the Company meets its performance obligation to transfer title to the buyer. The gain or loss is measured as the excess of the proceeds received compared to the OREO carrying value. Sales proceeds are received in cash at the time of transfer.

The following table presents non-interest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, and non-interest expense in-scope of Topic 606 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.


	For the years ending December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Non-interest income
In-scope of Topic 606:
Service charges and other account-related fees	$	21,605	$	22,623	$	18,772
Bank card fees		18,963		19,636		18,299
Other non-interest income		5,606		4,665		583
Non-interest income (in-scope of Topic 606)		46,174		46,924		37,654
Non-interest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606)		15,057		16,993		29,658
Total non-interest income	$	61,231	$	63,917	$	67,312
Non-interest expense
In-scope of Topic 606:
Other non-interest expense	$	(385)	$	(20)	$	648
Total revenue in-scope of Topic 606	$	45,789	$	46,904	$	38,302

Contract acquisition costs

The Company utilizes the practical expedient which allows entities to expense immediately contract acquisition costs when the asset that would have resulted from capitalizing these costs would have been amortized in one year or less. The Company has not capitalized any contract acquisition costs.

Note 16 Stock-based Compensation and Benefits

The Company provides stock-based compensation in accordance with shareholder-approved plans. On May 9, 2023, shareholders approved the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan"). The 2023 Plan replaces the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Prior Plan"), pursuant to which the Company granted equity awards prior to the approval of the 2023 Plan. Pursuant to the 2023 Plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the authority to grant, from time to time, awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, other stock-based awards, or any combination thereof to eligible persons.

As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate number of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2023 Plan is 1,000,062 shares. Any shares subject to awards under the 2023 Plan will be counted against the amount available for issuance as one share for every one share granted. The 2023 Plan provides for recycling of shares from both the Prior Plan and the 2023 Plan, the terms of which are further described in the Company's Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Upon an option exercise, it is the Company’s policy to issue shares from treasury stock.

To date, the Company has issued stock options, restricted stock and performance stock units under the plans. The Compensation Committee sets the option exercise price at the time of grant, but in no case is the exercise price less than the fair market value of a share of stock at the date of grant.

During 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the adoption of the 2023 Equity Unit Incentive Plan (the “2UniFi Plan”), an equity incentive plan with respect to class B units of 2Unifi, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The 2UniFi Plan provides for the grant of up to 200,000 Class B Units (intended to be in the form of profit interests) to the employees and other service providers of 2UniFi and its affiliates, including the named executive officers of the Company. The 2UniFi Plan is administered by the Managing Member Board of 2UniFi and any grant of Class B units to an executive officer of the Company is subject to the approval of the Company’s Compensation Committee. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 122,000 and 112,000 units outstanding, respectively. The awards vest over a 5 year period with 50% of the awards vesting on the third anniversary of the grant date, and 25% vesting on the fourth and fifth anniversary of the grant

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date, respectively. At December 31, 2024, there was $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested units under the plan.

Stock options

The Company issues stock options, which are primarily time-vesting with 1/3 vesting on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the date of grant or date of hire. The expense associated with the awarded stock options was measured at fair value using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The outstanding option awards vest on a graded basis over 1-4 years of continuous service and have 10-year contractual terms.

The Company issued no stock options during 2024. Below are the weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine fair value of the Company’s stock options granted in 2023 and 2022:


	2023		2022
Weighted average fair value	$	9.01	$	11.14
Weighted average risk-free interest rate⁽¹⁾		3.57%		2.69%
Expected volatility⁽²⁾		32.48%		31.16%
Expected term (years)⁽³⁾		6.05		6.04
Dividend yield⁽⁴⁾		2.99%		2.24%

(1)		The risk-free rate for the expected term of the options was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the date of grant and based on the expected term.
(2)		Expected volatility was calculated using historical volatility of the Company’s stock price for a period commensurate with the expected term of the options.
(3)		The expected term was estimated to be the average of the contractual vesting term and time to expiration.
(4)		The dividend yield was calculated in accordance with the Company’s dividend policy at the time of grant.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for 2024:


				Weighted
				average
		Weighted		remaining
		average		contractual	Aggregate
		exercise		term in	intrinsic
	Options	price		years	value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	755,546	$	30.95	5.79	$	5,270
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(177,379)		24.48
Forfeited	(14,175)		34.24
Outstanding at December 31, 2024	563,992		32.90	5.37		5,759
Options exercisable at December 31, 2024	472,290		32.36	4.86		5,072
Options vested and expected to vest	558,813		32.88	5.34		5,716

Stock option expense is a component of salaries and benefits in the consolidated statements of operations and totaled $0.3 million, $0.9 million and $0.7 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024, there was $0.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted under the plans. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding stock options:


				Options outstanding				Options exercisable
					Weighted average
				Number	remaining contractual	Weighted average		Number	Weighted average
Range of exercise price				outstanding	life (years)	exercise price		exercisable	exercise price
$	18.00	-	22.99	11,184	0.94	$	19.43	11,184	$	19.43
	23.00	-	27.99	116,194	5.24		23.15	116,194		23.15
	28.00	-	32.99	69,818	3.18		32.63	69,818		32.63
	33.00	-	37.99	230,144	5.45		33.84	163,814		33.99
	38.00	and above		136,652	6.81		40.84	111,280		40.72

Restricted stock awards

The Company issues primarily time-based restricted stock awards that vest over a range of a 1 - 3 year period. Restricted stock with time-based vesting was valued at the fair value of the shares on the date of grant as they are assumed to be held beyond the vesting period.

Performance stock units

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 79,254, 79,215, and 51,931 performance stock units in accordance with the 2024 Plan and Prior Plan, respectively. The Company grants performance stock units (“PSU”) which represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the final performance results, which are to be determined at the end of the three-year performance period (vesting date). The actual number of shares to be awarded at the end of the performance period will range from 0% - 150% of the initial target awards. For PSU components granted in 2024, one-third of the award is based on the Company’s cumulative earnings per share (EPS target), one-third is based on the Company’s relative return on tangible assets (“ROTA”), and one-third is based on the Company’s cumulative total shareholder return (“TSR”) during the performance period. On the vesting date, the Company’s annual ROTA will be compared to the respective ROTAs of companies comprising the S&P 600 Regional Banks group. The Company’s ranking will be averaged over the measurement period to determine the shares awarded. The fair value of the ROTA award was determined based on the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. On the vesting date, the Company’s TSR will be compared to the respective TSRs of the companies comprising the S&P 600 Regional Banks group at the grant date to determine the shares awarded. The fair value of the TSR target portion of the award was determined using a Monte Carlo Simulation at the grant date. The fair value of the EPS target portion of the award was determined based on the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

The weighted-average grant date fair value per unit, for the awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, of the EPS target portion, ROTA target portion and TSR target portion were $35.41, $35.41 and $34.91, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value per unit for the EPS target portion and the TSR target portion granted during 2023 was $33.46 and $27.06, respectively. The initial weighted-average performance price for the TSR target portion granted during 2024 was $36.72. During 2024, the Company canceled 530 units due to final performance results related to performance stock units granted in 2021. During 2023, the Company awarded an additional 18,664 units due to final performance results related to performance stock units granted in 2020.

For PSU components granted in 2023 and 2022, sixty percent of the award was based on the Company’s cumulative EPS and forty percent of the award was based on the Company’s cumulative TSR during the performance period. On the vesting date, the Company’s TSR will be compared to the respective TSRs of the companies comprising the KBW Regional Index at the grant date to determine the shares awarded.

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The following table summarizes restricted stock and performance stock unit activity during 2024 and 2023:


		Weighted			Weighted
	Restricted	average grant-		Performance	average grant-
	stock shares	date fair value		stock units	date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2022	165,137	$	38.28	155,857	$	33.81
Granted	186,546		31.16	79,215		30.57
Adjustment due to performance	—		—	18,664		25.94
Vested	(101,171)		34.42	(74,142)		26.55
Forfeited	(9,928)		36.42	(7,812)		34.58
Unvested at December 31, 2023	240,584	$	34.47	171,782	$	34.56
Granted	186,050		35.43	79,254		35.24
Adjustment due to performance	—		—	(530)		35.75
Vested	(108,762)		35.85	(46,490)		37.82
Forfeited	(25,858)		35.97	(5,752)		32.66
Unvested at December 31, 2024	292,014	$	34.43	198,264	$	34.31

As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock awards and performance stock units totaled $5.1 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.9 years and 1.8 years, respectively. Expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards totaled $5.1 million, $4.3 million and $3.4 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Expense related to non-vested performance stock units totaled $2.7 million, $2.0 million and $1.9 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards and units is a component of salaries and benefits expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Employee stock purchase plan

The 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) is intended to be a qualified plan within the meaning of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock through payroll deductions up to a limit of $25,000 per calendar year and 2,000 shares per offering period. The price an employee pays for shares is 90.0% of the fair market value of Company common stock on the last day of the offering period. The offering periods are the six-month periods commencing on March 1 and September 1 of each year and ending on August 31 and February 28 (or February 29 in the case of a leap year) of each year. There are no vesting or other restrictions on the stock purchased by employees under the ESPP. Under the ESPP, the total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance totaled 400,000 shares, of which 214,530 were available for issuance at December 31, 2024.

Under the ESPP, employees purchased 21,389 shares and 26,563 shares during 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 17 Common Stock

The Company had 38,054,482 and 37,784,851 shares of Class A common stock outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, the Company had 292,014 and 240,584 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of restricted Class A common stock issued but not yet vested under the 2023 Plan that are not included in shares outstanding until such time that they are vested; however, these shares do have voting and certain dividend rights during the vesting period.

On May 9, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s stock from time to time in either the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The remaining authorization under the current program as of December 31, 2024 was $50.0 million.

Note 18 Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates earnings per share under the two-class method, as certain non-vested share awards contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends. As such, these awards are considered securities that participate in the earnings of the Company. Non-vested shares are discussed further in note 16.

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The Company had 38,054,482 and 37,784,851 shares of Class A common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, exclusive of issued non-vested restricted shares. Certain stock options and non-vested restricted shares are potentially dilutive securities, but are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The following table illustrates the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for 2024, 2023 and 2022:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274
Less: income allocated to participating securities		(327)		(243)		(152)
Income allocated to common shareholders	$	118,488	$	141,805	$	71,122
Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings per common share		38,212,304		37,937,579		32,360,005
Dilutive effect of equity awards		206,822		173,629		320,927
Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings per common share		38,419,125		38,111,208		32,680,932
Basic earnings per share	$	3.10	$	3.74	$	2.20
Diluted earnings per share		3.08		3.72		2.18

The Company had 563,992, 755,546 and 717,088 outstanding stock options to purchase common stock at weighted average exercise prices of $32.90, $30.95 and $29.79 per share at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which have time-vesting criteria, and as such, any dilution is derived only for the timeframe in which the vesting criteria had been met and where the inclusion of those stock options is dilutive. The Company had 490,278, 412,366 and 320,994 unvested restricted shares and performance stock units issued as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which have performance, market and/or time-vesting criteria, and as such, any dilution is derived only for the timeframe in which the vesting criteria had been met and where the inclusion of those restricted shares and units is dilutive.

Note 19 Income Taxes

Income tax expense attributable to income before taxes was $26.4 million, $33.6 million and $14.9 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(a) Income taxes

Total income taxes for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were allocated as follows:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Current expense:
U.S. federal	$	19,076	$	30,319	$	7,193
State and local		3,502		5,750		1,831
Total current income tax expense		22,578		36,069		9,024
Deferred expense (benefit):
U.S. federal		2,993		(1,564)		5,100
State and local		861		(951)		786
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)		3,854		(2,515)		5,886
Income tax expense	$	26,432	$	33,554	$	14,910

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(b) Tax Rate Reconciliation

The reconciliation between the income tax expenses and the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to pretax income is as follows:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Income tax at federal statutory rates (21%)	$	30,502	$	36,876	$	18,098
State income taxes, net of federal benefits		3,447		3,791		2,067
Non-deductible compensation		579		642		514
Non-deductible acquisition costs		—		—		427
Tax-exempt loan interest income, net		(4,480)		(4,437)		(5,208)
Research and development tax credits		(1,600)		(2,400)		—
Bank-owned life insurance income		(959)		(777)		(374)
Stock-based compensation		(451)		(345)		(402)
Other		(606)		204		(212)
Income tax expense	$	26,432	$	33,554	$	14,910

(c) Significant Components of Deferred Taxes

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	22,471	$	23,685
Net unrealized losses on investment securities		21,864		24,367
Lease liability		6,884		7,764
Accrued compensation		5,479		4,939
Accrued stock-based compensation		2,276		2,116
Net unrealized losses on equity securities		1,845		945
Nonaccrual interest income		1,034		1,083
Net deferred loan fees		919		419
Other reserves		499		434
Excess tax basis of acquired loans over carrying value		401		438
Net operating loss		393		461
Capitalized research and development costs		—		1,108
Other		2,391		3,098
Total deferred tax assets		66,456		70,857
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets		(13,660)		(11,883)
Right of use assets		(6,459)		(7,404)
Premises and equipment		(4,126)		(4,840)
Mortgage servicing rights		(1,511)		(1,702)
Excess book basis in partnerships		(1,174)		(908)
Capitalized research and development costs		(1,123)		—
Other		(3,098)		(2,458)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(31,151)		(29,195)
Net deferred tax asset	$	35,305	$	41,662

At December 31, 2024, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryovers (“NOLs”) of $1.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income. The federal NOLs expire in varying amounts through 2034, and the state NOLs expire in varying amounts between 2026 and 2035. While these NOLs are subject to

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certain restrictions on the amount that can be utilized per year, the Company does not expect any tax attribute carryovers to expire before they are utilized.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, if any (including the impact of available carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, management believes a valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset is not necessary based on the current and future projected earnings of the Company. The Company has no ASC 740-10 unrecognized tax benefits recorded as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase within the next 12 months. The Company and its subsidiary banks are subject to income tax by federal, state and local government taxing authorities. The Company is not currently subject to any open income tax examinations; however, the Company’s tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2021 through 2024 remain subject to examination by U.S. federal income tax authorities. The years open to examination by state and local government authorities vary by jurisdiction.

Note 20 Derivatives

Risk management objective of using derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company has established policies stipulating that neither carrying value nor fair value at risk should exceed established guidelines. The Company has designed strategies to confine these risks within the established limits and identify appropriate trade-offs in the financial structure of its balance sheet. These strategies include the use of derivative financial instruments to help achieve the desired balance sheet repricing structure while meeting the desired objectives of its clients. Currently, the Company employs certain interest rate swaps that are designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges and economic hedges. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

Fair values of derivative instruments on the balance sheet

The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Information about the valuation methods used to measure fair value is provided in note 22.


		Asset derivatives fair value					Liability derivatives fair value
	Balance Sheet	December 31,		December 31,		Balance Sheet	December 31,		December 31,
	location	2024		2023		location	2024		2023
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate products	Other assets	$	31,864	$	28,928	Other liabilities	$	1,296	$	3,400
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments		$	31,864	$	28,928		$	1,296	$	3,400

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate products	Other assets	$	7,773	$	8,480	Other liabilities	$	7,780	$	8,484
Interest rate lock commitments	Other assets		282		287	Other liabilities		—		5
Forward contracts	Other assets		104		—	Other liabilities		10		110
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments		$	8,159	$	8,767		$	7,790	$	8,599

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Cash flow hedges

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses floors and collars as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate floors designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates fall below the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. Interest rate collars designated as cash flow hedges involve the payments of variable-rate amounts if interest rates rise above the cap strike rate on the contract and receipt of variable-rate amounts if interest rates fall below the floor strike rate on the contract.

For derivatives that qualify and are designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized over the life of the hedge on a systematic and rational basis. The earnings recognition of excluded components is included in interest income. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest income as interest payments are received on the Company’s variable-rate assets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash flow hedges with a notional amount of $200.0 million. The Company expects to reclassify $1.2 million of loss from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a reduction to interest income during the next 12 months.

Fair value hedges

Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $348.5 million, which were designated as fair value hedges of interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $351.0 million that were designated as fair value hedges. These interest rate swaps were associated with $456.1 million and $469.4 million of the Company’s fixed-rate loans as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, including a loss of $28.7 million and a gain of $22.6 million from the fair value hedge adjustment in the carrying amount. Losses and gains are included in loans receivable in the statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Fair value hedge adjustments included basis adjustments on terminated positions to be amortized through the contractual maturity date of each respective hedged item. Excluding those terminated positions, the fair value hedge adjustments consisted of a loss totaling $31.2 million and a gain totaling $25.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. The Company includes the gain or loss on the hedged items in the same line item as the offsetting loss or gain on the related derivatives.

Non-designated hedges

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and consist of interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients that facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the client swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had matched interest rate swap transactions with an aggregate notional amount of $840.9 million related to this program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had matched interest rate swap transactions with an aggregate notional amount of $464.9 million. Derivative fee income from non-designated hedges totaled $2.7 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As part of its mortgage banking activities, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments, which are commitments to originate loans where the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the clients have locked into that interest rate. The Company then locks in the loan and interest rate with an investor and commits to deliver the loan if settlement occurs ("best efforts") or commits to deliver the locked loan in a binding ("mandatory") delivery program with an

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investor. Fair value changes of certain loans under interest rate lock commitments are hedged with forward sales contracts of MBS. Forward sales contracts of MBS are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in non-interest income. Interest rate lock commitments and commitments to deliver loans to investors are considered derivatives. The market value of interest rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts are not readily ascertainable with precision because they are not actively traded in stand-alone markets. The Company determines the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and delivery contracts by measuring the fair value of the underlying assets. The fair value of the underlying assets is impacted by current interest rates, remaining origination fees, costs of production to be incurred, and the probability that the interest rate lock commitments will close or will be funded.

Certain additional risks arise from these forward delivery contracts in that the counterparties to the contracts may not be able to meet the terms of the contracts. The Company does not expect any counterparty to any MBS contract to fail to meet its obligation. Additional risks inherent in mandatory delivery programs include the risk that, if the Company fails to deliver the loans subject to interest rate risk lock commitments, it will still be obligated to “pair off” MBS to the counterparty. Should this be required, the Company could incur significant costs in acquiring replacement loans and such costs could have an adverse effect on the consolidated financial statements.

The fair value of the mortgage banking derivative is recorded as a freestanding asset or liability with the change in value being recognized in current earnings during the period of change.

The Company had interest rate lock commitments with a notional value of $20.0 million and forward contracts with a notional value of $29.2 million at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the Company had interest rate lock commitments with a notional value of $13.8 million and forward contracts with a notional value of $17.7 million.

Effect of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statements of operations for 2024 and 2023:


	Location of gain (loss)	Amount of gain recognized in income on derivatives
	recognized in income on	For the years ended December 31,
Derivatives in hedging relationships	derivatives	2024		2023
Interest rate products	Interest and fees on loans	$	13,567	$	1,107


	Location of gain (loss)	Amount of (loss) gain recognized in income on derivatives
	recognized in income on	For the years ended December 31,
Hedged items	hedged items	2024		2023
Interest rate products	Interest and fees on loans	$	(6,104)	$	6,702


	Location of gain (loss)	Amount of (loss) gain recognized in income on derivatives
Derivatives not designated	recognized in income on	For the years ended December 31,
as hedging instruments	derivatives	2024		2023
Interest rate products	Other non-interest expense	$	(115)	$	2
Interest rate lock commitments	Mortgage banking income		(27)		(10)
Forward contracts	Mortgage banking income		204		(216)
Total		$	62	$	(224)

The table below presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI as of the dates presented.


	For the year ended December 31, 2024
	Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives		Loss recognized in OCI included component		Loss recognized in OCI excluded component		Location of loss recognized from AOCI into income	Loss reclassified from AOCI into income		Loss reclassified from AOCI into income included component		Loss reclassified from AOCI into income excluded component
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate products	$	(1,639)	$	(906)	$	(733)	Interest income	$	(2,009)	$	(1,535)	$	(474)

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	For the year ended December 31, 2023
	Loss recognized in OCI on derivatives		Loss recognized in OCI included component		Loss recognized in OCI excluded component		Location of loss recognized from AOCI into income	Loss reclassified from AOCI into income		Loss reclassified from AOCI into income included component		Loss reclassified from AOCI into income excluded component
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate products	$	(1,453)	$	(1,081)	$	(372)	Interest income	$	(1,678)	$	(1,223)	$	(455)

Credit-risk-related contingent features

The Company has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness for reasons other than an error or omission of an administrative or operational nature, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

The Company also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well/adequately capitalized institution, then the counterparty has the right to terminate the derivative positions and the Company would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

As of December 31, 2024, the termination value of derivatives in a net liability position related to these agreements was zero. The Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and, as of December 31, 2024, the Company had met these thresholds. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2024, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value.

Note 21 Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various off-balance sheet commitments to help meet the financing needs of clients. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commercial and consumer lines of credit and standby letters of credit. The same credit policies are applied to these commitments as the loans in the consolidated statements of financial condition; however, these commitments involve varying degrees of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The total amounts of unused commitments do not necessarily represent future credit exposure or cash requirements, as commitments often expire without being drawn upon. However, the contractual amount of these commitments, offset by any additional collateral pledged, represents the Company’s potential credit loss exposure.

Total unfunded commitments at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commitments to fund loans	$	663,859	$	724,928
Credit card lines of credit		3,272		6,278
Unfunded commitments under lines of credit		752,861		890,530
Commercial and standby letters of credit		10,760		13,029
Total unfunded commitments	$	1,430,752	$	1,634,765

Commitments to fund loans—Commitments to fund loans are legally binding agreements to lend to clients in accordance with predetermined contractual provisions providing there have been no violations of any conditions specified in the contract. These commitments are generally at variable interest rates and are for specific periods or contain termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The total amounts of unused commitments are not necessarily representative of future credit exposure or cash requirements, as commitments often expire without being drawn upon.

Credit card lines of credit—The Company extends lines of credit to clients through the use of credit cards issued by NBH Bank. These lines of credit represent the maximum amounts allowed to be funded, many of which will not exhaust the established limits, and as such, these amounts are not necessarily representations of future cash requirements or credit exposure.

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Unfunded commitments under lines of credit—In the ordinary course of business, the Company extends revolving credit to its clients. These arrangements may require the payment of a fee.

Commercial and standby letters of credit—The Company routinely issues commercial and standby letters of credit, which may be financial standby letters of credit or performance standby letters of credit. These are various forms of “back-up” commitments to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. While these arrangements represent a potential cash outlay for the Company, the majority of these letters of credit will expire without being drawn upon. Letters of credit are subject to the same underwriting and credit approval process as traditional loans, and as such, many of them have various forms of collateral securing the commitment, which may include real estate, personal property, receivables or marketable securities.

Contingencies

Mortgage loans sold to investors may be subject to repurchase or indemnification in the event of specific default by the borrower or subsequent discovery that underwriting standards were not met. The Company established a reserve liability for expected losses related to these representations and warranties based upon management’s evaluation of actual and historical loss history, delinquency trends or other documentation or deficiency findings in the portfolio and economic conditions. Charges against the reserve during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaling $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, were primarily driven by early payoffs and repurchases. The Company recorded a repurchase reserve of $1.0 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The following table summarizes mortgage repurchase reserve activity for the periods presented:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	1,198	$	1,725
Provision released from operating expense, net		(122)		(323)
Charge-offs		(76)		(204)
Ending balance	$	1,000	$	1,198

In the ordinary course of business, the Company and NBH Bank may be subject to litigation. Based upon the available information and advice from the Company’s legal counsel, management does not believe that any potential, threatened or pending litigation to which it is a party will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Note 22 Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to disclose the fair value of its financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. For disclosure purposes, the Company groups its financial and non-financial assets and liabilities into three different levels based on the nature of the instrument and the availability and reliability of the information that is used to determine fair value. The three levels are defined as follows:

●

Level 1—Includes assets or liabilities in which the valuation methodologies are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

●

Level 2—Includes assets or liabilities in which the inputs to the valuation methodologies are based on similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, and other inputs obtained from observable market input.

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●

Level 3—Includes assets or liabilities in which the inputs to the valuation methodology are based on at least one significant assumption that is not observable in the marketplace. These valuations may rely on management’s judgment and may include internally-developed model-based valuation techniques.

Level 1 inputs are considered to be the most transparent and reliable and level 3 inputs are considered to be the least transparent and reliable. The Company assumes the use of the principal market to conduct a transaction of each particular asset or liability being measured and then considers the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Whenever possible, the Company first looks for quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (level 1 inputs) to value each asset or liability. However, when inputs from identical assets or liabilities on active markets are not available, the Company utilizes market observable data for similar assets and liabilities. The Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and limits the use of unobservable inputs to occasions when observable inputs are not available. The need to use unobservable inputs generally results from the lack of market liquidity of the actual financial instrument or of the underlying collateral. While third party price indications may be available in those cases, limited trading activity can challenge the observability of those inputs.

Changes in the valuation inputs used for measuring the fair value of financial instruments may occur due to changes in current market conditions or other factors. Such changes may necessitate a transfer of the financial instruments to another level in the hierarchy based on the new inputs used. The Company recognizes these transfers at the end of the reporting period that the transfer occurs. During 2024 and 2023, there were no transfers of financial instruments between the hierarchy levels.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of each instrument under the valuation hierarchy:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis

Investment securities available-for-sale—Investment securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. To the extent possible, observable quoted prices in an active market are used to determine fair value and, as such, these securities are classified as level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, discounted cash flows or other pricing characteristics are used to estimate fair values and the securities are then classified as level 2.

Loans held for sale—The Company has elected to record loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market at estimated fair value. The portfolio consists primarily of fixed rate residential mortgage loans that are sold within 45 days. The Company estimates fair value based on quoted market prices for similar loans in the secondary market and are classified as level 2.

Interest rate swap derivatives—The Company's derivative instruments are limited to interest rate swaps that may be accounted for as fair value hedges or non-designated hedges. The fair values of the swaps incorporate credit valuation adjustments in order to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. The credit valuation adjustment is the dollar amount of the fair value adjustment related to credit risk and utilizes a probability weighted calculation to quantify the potential loss over the life of the trade. The credit valuation adjustments are calculated by determining the total expected exposure of the derivatives (which incorporates both the current and potential future exposure) and then applying the respective counterparties’ credit spreads to the exposure offset by marketable collateral posted, if any. Certain derivative transactions are executed with counterparties who are large financial institutions ("dealers"). International Swaps and Derivative Association Master Agreements and Credit Support Annexes are employed for all contracts with dealers. These contracts contain bilateral collateral arrangements. The fair value inputs of these financial instruments are determined using discounted cash flow analysis through the use of third-party models whose significant inputs are readily observable market parameters, primarily yield curves, with appropriate adjustments for liquidity and credit risk, and are classified as level 2.

Mortgage banking derivatives—The Company relies on a third-party pricing service to value its mortgage banking derivative financial assets and liabilities, which the Company classifies as a level 3 valuation. The external valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale includes grouping the

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interest rate lock commitments by interest rate and terms, applying an average 85.0% estimated pull-through rate based on historical experience, and then multiplying by quoted investor prices determined to be reasonably applicable to the loan commitment groups based on interest rate, terms, and rate lock expiration dates of the loan commitment groups. The Company also relies on an external valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (i.e., an estimate of what the Company would receive or pay to terminate the forward delivery contract based on market prices for similar financial instruments), which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing.

The tables below present the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, in the consolidated statements of financial condition utilizing the hierarchy structure described above:


	December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries	$	24,874	$	—	$	—	$	24,874
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		135,045		—		135,045
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		364,938		—		364,938
Corporate debt		—		1,962		—		1,962
Loans held for sale		—		24,495		—		24,495
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		39,637		—		39,637
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		386		386
Total assets at fair value	$	24,874	$	566,077	$	386	$	591,337
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives	$	—	$	9,076	$	—	$	9,076
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		10		10
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	9,076	$	10	$	9,086


	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries	$	73,044	$	—	$	—	$	73,044
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		201,809		—		201,809
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		351,242		—		351,242
Municipal securities		—		79		—		79
Corporate debt		—		1,843		—		1,843
Loans held for sale		—		18,854		—		18,854
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		37,408		—		37,408
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		287		287
Total assets at fair value	$	73,044	$	611,235	$	287	$	684,566
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives	$	—	$	15,284	$	—	$	15,284
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		115		115
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	15,284	$	115	$	15,399

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The table below details the changes in level 3 financial instruments during 2024:


	Mortgage banking
	derivatives, net
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	172
Gain included in earnings, net		177
Fee income (cost) included in earnings, net		27
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	376

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets may be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as conditions warrant. These non-recurring fair value measurements typically result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or a write-down occurring during the period.

Individually evaluated loans—The Company records individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all contractual amounts due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. The Company relies on third-party appraisals and internal assessments, utilizing a discount rate in the range of 4% - 32%, with a weighted average discount rate of 11.8%, in determining the estimated fair values of these loans. The inputs used to determine the fair values of loans are considered level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2024, the Company maintained a specific reserve of $6.4 million related to 13 loans with a carrying balance of $27.0 million. At December 31, 2023, the Company maintained a specific reserve of $8.6 million related to 10 loans with a carrying balance of $32.7 million.

OREO—OREO is recorded at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs using a range of 6% - 10% with a weighted average discount rate of 8.6%. The estimated fair values of OREO are updated periodically and further write-downs may be taken to reflect a new basis. The Company recognized zero and $0.2 million of OREO impairments, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The fair values of OREO are derived from third party price opinions or appraisals that generally use an income approach or a market value approach. If reasonable comparable appraisals are not available, the Company may use internally developed models to determine fair values. The inputs used to determine the fair value of OREO properties are considered level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgage servicing rights—MSRs represent the value associated with servicing residential real estate loans that have been sold to outside investors with servicing retained. The fair value for servicing assets is determined through discounted cash flow analysis and utilizes a discount rate ranging from 10.0% to 10.5% with a weighted average discount rate of 10.0% at December 31, 2024 and a prepayment speed assumption range from 6.0% to 10.3% with a weighted average rate of 6.0% at December 31, 2024 as inputs. At December 31, 2023, discount rates ranged from 10.0% to 10.5% with a weighted average discount rate of 10.0% and a prepayment speed assumption range from 6.5% to 15.8% with a weighted average rate of 7.0%. The weighted average MSRs are subject to impairment testing. The carrying values of these MSRs are reviewed quarterly for impairment based upon the calculation of fair value. For purposes of measuring impairment, the MSRs are stratified into certain risk characteristics including note type and note term. If the valuation model reflects a value less than the carrying value, MSRs are adjusted to fair value through a valuation allowance and the adjustment is included in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations. There was no impairment on MSRs during 2024 and 2023, respectively. The inputs used to determine the fair values of MSRs are considered level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

SBA servicing asset—The SBA servicing asset represents the value associated with servicing small business real estate loans that have been sold to outside investors with servicing retained. The fair value for the SBA servicing asset is determined through a discounted cash flow analysis and utilizes a weighted average discount rate of 10.4% and a weighted average lifetime constant prepayment rate of 15.7% for the year ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate was 12.3%, and the weighted average lifetime constant prepayment rate was 14.7%. The SBA servicing asset is amortized over the period of the estimated future net servicing life of the underlying assets, and it is evaluated quarterly for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to their amortized cost. Impairment is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations to the extent the fair value is less than the capitalized amount of the SBA servicing asset. The Company recorded zero and $75 thousand of impairment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Premises and equipment—Premises and equipment held-for-sale are written down to estimated fair value less costs to sell in the period in which the held-for-sale criteria are met. Fair value is estimated in a process which considers current local commercial real estate market conditions and the judgment of the sales agent and often involves obtaining third party appraisals from certified real estate appraisers. These fair value measurements are classified as Level 3. Unobservable inputs to these measurements, which include estimates and judgments often used in conjunction with appraisals, are not readily quantifiable. During the year ended December 31. 2024, the Company recognized $1.0 million of impairment included in other non-interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations related to the consolidation of three banking centers. During 2023, the Company completed the consolidation of five banking centers and recognized $0.2 million of impairments in its consolidated statements of operations related to premises and equipment classified as held-for-sale totaling $13.4 million.

The Company may be required to record fair value adjustments on other available-for-sale and municipal securities valued at par on a non-recurring basis.

The tables below provide information regarding losses from the assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2024 and 2023.


	December 31, 2024
	Total		Losses from fair value changes
Individually evaluated loans	$	64,797	$	9,439
Premises and equipment		1,795		958
Total	$	66,592	$	10,397


	December 31, 2023
	Total		Losses from fair value changes
Individually evaluated loans	$	45,245	$	1,575
Other real estate owned		4,088		249
Premises and equipment		13,413		349
SBA servicing rights		2,440		75
Total	$	65,186	$	2,248

The Company did not record any liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during 2024 and 2023.

Note 23 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is determined based upon quoted market prices to the extent possible; however, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques that may be significantly impacted by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Changes in any of these assumptions could significantly affect the fair value estimates. The fair value of the financial instruments listed below does not reflect a premium or discount that could result from offering all of the Company’s holdings of financial instruments at one time, nor does it reflect the underlying value of the Company, as ASC Topic 825 excludes certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments from its disclosure requirements. The estimated fair value amounts have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies and are based on the exit price concept within ASC Topic 825 and applied to this disclosure on a prospective basis. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data in order to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange.

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The fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are set forth below:


	Level in fair value	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	measurement	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated
	hierarchy	amount		fair value		amount		fair value
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	127,848	$	127,848	$	190,826	$	190,826
U.S. Treasury securities - AFS	Level 1		24,874		24,874		73,044		73,044
U.S. Treasury securities - HTM	Level 1		49,639		49,159		49,338		48,334
Mortgage-backed securities—residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises available-for-sale	Level 2		135,045		135,045		201,809		201,809
Mortgage-backed securities—other residential mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises available-for-sale	Level 2		364,938		364,938		351,242		351,242
Municipal securities available-for-sale	Level 2		—		—		79		79
Corporate debt available-for-sale	Level 2		1,962		1,962		1,843		1,843
Other available-for-sale securities	Level 3		728		728		812		812
Mortgage-backed securities—residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises held-to-maturity	Level 2		271,105		234,286		299,337		265,011
Mortgage-backed securities—other residential mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises held-to-maturity	Level 2		212,364		167,941		236,377		190,983
FHLB and FRB stock	Level 2		27,984		27,984		40,890		40,890
Loans receivable	Level 3		7,751,143		7,535,875		7,698,758		7,411,687
Loans held for sale	Level 2		24,495		24,495		18,854		18,854
Accrued interest receivable	Level 2		43,469		43,469		44,944		44,944
Interest rate swap derivatives	Level 2		39,637		39,637		37,408		37,408
Mortgage banking derivatives	Level 3		386		386		287		287
LIABILITIES
Deposit transaction accounts	Level 2		7,217,857		7,217,857		7,208,421		7,208,421
Time deposits	Level 2		1,020,036		1,021,763		981,970		972,793
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	Level 2		18,895		18,895		19,627		19,627
Long-term debt	Level 2		55,000		49,168		55,000		43,760
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	Level 2		50,000		50,000		340,000		340,000
Accrued interest payable	Level 2		15,146		15,146		12,239		12,239
Interest rate swap derivatives	Level 2		9,076		9,076		15,284		15,284
Mortgage banking derivatives	Level 3		10		10		115		115

Note 24 Business Segment

The Company has aligned its operations into one reportable segment. The Company’s primary operations are conducted through its wholly owned banking subsidiaries, which offer a full range of traditional banking products and financial services, including mortgage banking services and trust and wealth management services. To date, the Company has made eight community bank acquisitions, all operate utilizing a centralized core technology platform and operating policies, all consolidated under one reportable segment. The Company provides community banking services or products and conducts its business operations within the United States. The identification of the business segment was determined based on the nature of services provided and management’s evaluation of the consolidated financial information. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in Note 2 summary of significant accounting policies.

The Company has identified the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM analyzes key metrics including consolidated net income and its major components to strategize and allocate resources. Revenue and expenses reviewed by the CODM are consistent with the consolidated statement of operations, and

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the measure of segment assets reviewed by the CODM is consistent with total consolidated assets on the balance sheet. As part of this analysis, the CODM receives financial information on a consolidated basis, including actual and budgeted information, credit quality metrics, net income, earnings per share, loan originations, deposit growth, total non-interest income and non-interest expense. Executive compensation is based upon analysis of the consolidated target performance metrics.

Note 25 Parent Company Only Financial Statements

Parent company only financial information for National Bank Holdings Corporation is summarized as follows:

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	105,278	$	77,853
Non-marketable securities		29,830		33,144
Investment in subsidiaries		1,203,495		1,139,290
Other assets		31,007		30,528
Total assets	$	1,369,610	$	1,280,815
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Long-term debt, net	$	54,511	$	54,200
Other liabilities		10,024		13,808
Total liabilities		64,535		68,008
Shareholders' equity		1,305,075		1,212,807
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,369,610	$	1,280,815

Condensed Statements of Operations


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Income
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries	$	55,848	$	92,990	$	30,260
Distributions from subsidiaries		75,000		62,000		52,000
Loss from non-marketable securities		(3,088)		(4,431)		(262)
Total income	$	127,760	$	150,559	$	81,998
Expenses
Interest expense	$	2,073	$	2,073	$	1,519
Salaries and benefits		8,126		7,318		6,138
Other expenses		3,021		3,382		6,433
Total expenses		13,220		12,773		14,090
Income before income taxes		114,540		137,786		67,908
Income tax benefit		(4,275)		(4,262)		(3,366)
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	118,815	$	142,048	$	71,274
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		(55,848)		(92,990)		(30,260)
Stock-based compensation expense		8,048		7,222		6,059
Amortization		311		310		158
Other		(2,599)		15,833		(221)
Net cash provided by operating activities		68,727		72,423		47,010
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash paid for acquisitions		—		—		(67,128)
Investment in subsidiary		(2,000)		—		—
Sales (purchases) of non-marketable securities, net		103		(1,773)		(11,471)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,897)		(1,773)		(78,599)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans		(1,515)		(1,534)		(1,481)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		3,555		617		1,102
Payment of dividends		(42,945)		(39,644)		(30,447)
Net cash used in financing activities		(40,905)		(40,561)		(30,826)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		25,925		30,089		(62,415)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		79,353		49,264		111,679
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year	$	105,278	$	79,353	$	49,264

Note 26 Acquisition Activities

During 2022 and 2023, the Company completed the acquisitions of Community Bancorporation, the bank holding company for Rock Canyon Bank, Bancshares of Jackson Hole, the bank holding company for Bank of Jackson Hole and Cambr Solutions, LLC. The Company determined that the acquisitions constitute business combinations as defined in ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, as of the date of the acquisitions, the Company recorded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value. The Company determined fair values in accordance with the guidance provided in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. In many cases, the determination of these fair values required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature.

Cambr Solutions, LLC

On April 3, 2023, NBH Bank completed the acquisition of Cambr Solutions, LLC. Upon closing, Cambr became a stand-alone subsidiary of NBH Bank. Cambr is a deposit acquisition and processing platform that generates core deposits from accounts offered through third-party embedded finance companies. At the time of acquisition, Cambr administered approximately $1.7 billion of deposits comprising more than 500,000 FDIC-insured deposit accounts.

Cambr acquisition-related costs totaled $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of Cambr are included in the financial results of the Company subsequent to the acquisition date.

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The table below summarizes net assets acquired (at fair value) and consideration transferred in connection with the Cambr acquisition:


	April 3, 2023
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	1,224
Other intangibles		18,000
Other assets		6,729
Total assets acquired		25,953

Liabilities:
Other liabilities	$	6,340
Total liabilities assumed		6,340

Identifiable net assets acquired	$	19,613

Consideration:
Cash	$	46,524
Total		46,524

Goodwill	$	26,911

In connection with the Cambr acquisition, the Company recorded $26.9 million of goodwill. The amount of goodwill recorded reflects the expanded market presence, synergies and operational efficiencies that are expected to result from the acquisition. The total amount of goodwill expected to be deductible for tax purposes is $27.8 million. The Company recorded other intangible assets of $18.0 million, including intangibles related to customer relationships and acquired technology intangible. The other intangible assets were valued by discounting future cash flows to present value. The discount rates applied were derived using market participant assumptions. The other intangible assets are being amortized over a weighted average period of 9.4 years.

Bank of Jackson Hole

On October 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Bancshares of Jackson Hole, the bank holding company of Wyoming-based Bank of Jackson Hole. Pursuant to the merger agreement executed in March 2022, the Company paid $51.0 million of cash consideration and issued 4,391,964 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Bancshares of Jackson Hole. The transaction was valued at $213.4 million in the aggregate, based on the Company’s closing price of $36.99 on September 30, 2022. The acquisition added 12 banking centers with operations in Wyoming and Idaho. Immediately following the closing of the acquisition, BOJH sold substantially all of its assets and liabilities to NBH Bank, with the exception of assets and liabilities related to its trust business. Effective October 1, 2022, BOJH was renamed as Bank of Jackson Hole Trust.

BOJH acquisition-related costs totaled $24.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, including a Day 1 CECL provision expense of $16.3 million. The results of BOJH are included in the results of the Company subsequent to the acquisition date.

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The table below summarizes net assets acquired (at fair value) and consideration transferred in connection with the BOJH acquisition:



	October 1, 2022
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	40,509
Investment securities		203,728
Non-marketable securities		3,104
Loans, net		1,185,699
Loans held for sale		504
Premises and equipment		30,318
Core deposit and other intangibles		30,696
Other assets		31,970
Total assets acquired		1,526,528

Liabilities:
Total deposits		1,375,593
Long-term debt		39,229
Fed funds purchased		25
Other liabilities		9,483
Total liabilities assumed		1,424,330

Identifiable net assets acquired	$	102,198

Consideration:
NBHC common stock paid, closing price of $36.99 on September 30, 2022	$	162,459
Cash		50,989
Total		213,448

Goodwill	$	111,250

In connection with the BOJH acquisition, the Company recorded $111.3 million of goodwill. The amount of goodwill recorded reflects the expanded market presence, synergies and operational efficiencies that are expected to result from the acquisition. The Company transferred $75.3 million of available-for-sale securities to held-to-maturity as of Day 1. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above:

Cash and due from banks—The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment securities— The investment securities portfolio was fair valued on Day 1 utilizing third-party pricing services. A portion of the investment securities portfolio was sold upon acquisition, and the remaining securities were transferred to held-to-maturity.

Loans, net—The fair value of loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered the loans’ underlying characteristics including account type, remaining terms of loan, annual interest rates or coupon, interest types, past delinquencies, timing of principal and interest payments, current market rates, loan to value ratios, loss exposure and remaining balance. The discount rates applied were based upon a build-up approach considering the alternative cost of funds, capital charges, servicing costs, and a liquidity premium. Loans were aggregated according to similar characteristics when applying the valuation method.

Core deposit and other intangibles—The Company recorded a core deposit intangible asset of $29.4 million and a wealth management intangible of $1.3 million. The core deposit intangible was valued utilizing a discounted cash flow methodology based upon assumptions regarding retained balances, such as account retention rate and growth rates, interest expense

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including maintenance costs, and alternative costs of funding. The discount rate applied is consistent to that applied to loans above. The fair value for the wealth management client relationships intangible was based on a multi-period excess earnings method, which utilized a contributory asset analysis to ascertain a fair return on investment of all the assets used in the production of income associated with the specific intangible asset. The sum of the resulting net, or excess, earnings attributable to the client relationships was then discounted to present value utilizing an appropriate discount rate.

The core deposit intangible and wealth management intangible are being amortized straight-line over ten years.

Deposits—By definition, the fair value of demand and saving deposits equals the amount payable. For time deposits acquired, the Company utilized an income approach, discounting the contractual cash flows on the instruments over their remaining contractual lives at prevailing market rates.

Long-term debt—The Company fair valued the subordinated debt using a market interest rate based on similar securities at acquisition date. The Company modeled out the future cash flows over the term of the debt using the forward interest rate curve at acquisition date, and then discounted the cash flows using rates from similar transactions at or near acquisition date.

Accounting for acquired loans

A Day 1 CECL allowance for credit losses on the non-PCD loans was recorded through provision for credit loss expense within the consolidated statements of operations. At the date of acquisition, of the $1.2 billion of loans acquired from BOJH, $13.9 million, or 1.1% of BOJH’s loan portfolio, were accounted for as PCD loans. The gross contractual amounts receivable of PCD loans, inclusive of all principal and interest, was $14.0 million, including $0.5 million of loans previously charged off by BOJH. The Company’s best estimate of the contractual cash flows for PCD loans not expected to be collected was $3.8 million.

The following table provides a summary of PCD loans purchased as part of the BOJH acquisition as of the acquisition date:


	Commercial		Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		Residential real estate		Consumer		Total
Unpaid principal balance	$	5,061	$	8,353	$	476	$	12	$	13,902
PCD allowance for credit loss at acquisition		(151)		(3,557)		(55)		(1)		(3,764)
Discount on acquired loans		(336)		(226)		(16)		—		(578)
Purchase price of PCD loans	$	4,574	$	4,570	$	405	$	11	$	9,560

The Company has determined that it is impractical to report the amounts of revenue and earnings of legacy BOJH since the acquisition date due to the integration of certain processes occurring shortly after the acquisition date. Such amounts would require significant estimates that cannot be objectively made.

Rock Canyon Bank

On September 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Community Bancorporation, the bank holding company of Utah-based Rock Canyon Bank. Immediately following the completion of the acquisition, RCB merged into NBH Bank. Pursuant to the merger agreement executed in April 2022, the Company paid $16.1 million of cash consideration and issued 3,096,745 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Community Bancorporation. The transaction was valued at $140.4 million in the aggregate, based on the Company’s closing price of $40.13 on August 31, 2022. The acquisition added seven banking centers to the Company’s footprint within the Provo and Greater Salt Lake City regions.

RCB acquisition-related costs totaled $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, including a Day 1 CECL provision expense of $5.4 million. The results of RCB are included in the results of the Company subsequent to the acquisition date.

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The table below summarizes net assets acquired (at fair value) and consideration transferred in connection with the RCB acquisition:



	September 1, 2022
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	260,883
Investment securities available-for-sale		402
Non-marketable securities		977
Loans, net		535,197
Loans held for sale		3,069
Premises and equipment		3,413
Core deposit and other intangibles		16,463
Other assets		11,749
Total assets acquired		832,153

Liabilities:
Total deposits		734,480
Other liabilities		10,115
Total liabilities assumed		744,595

Identifiable net assets acquired	$	87,558

Consideration:
NBHC common stock paid, closing price of $40.13 on August 31, 2022	$	124,272
Cash		16,141
Total		140,413

Goodwill	$	52,855

In connection with the RCB acquisition, the Company recorded $52.9 million of goodwill. The amount of goodwill recorded reflects the expanded market presence, synergies and operational efficiencies that are expected to result from the acquisition. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above:

Cash and due from banks—The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Core deposit and other intangibles—The Company recorded a core deposit intangible asset of $13.3 million and an SBA servicing asset of $3.1 million. The core deposit intangible was valued utilizing a discounted cash flow methodology based upon assumptions regarding retained balances, such as account retention rate and growth rates, interest expense including maintenance costs, and alternative costs of funding. The discount rate applied is consistent to that applied to loans above. The SBA servicing asset was valued using a discounted cash flow methodology that included assumptions for pre-payment speeds and defaults discounted at a market-based discount rate. The valuation methodology was applied to each loan individually based upon its specific characteristics.

The core deposit intangible is being amortized straight-line over ten years, and the SBA servicing asset is being amortized over the life of the underlying portfolio.

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Accounting for acquired loans

A Day 1 CECL allowance for credit losses on non-PCD loans was recorded through provision for credit loss expense within the consolidated statements of operations. At the date of acquisition, of the $537.7 million of loans acquired from RCB, $11.1 million, or 2.1% of RCB’s loan portfolio, were accounted for as PCD loans. The gross contractual amounts receivable of PCD loans, inclusive of all principal and interest, was $13.8 million, including $2.1 million of loans previously charged off by RCB. The Company’s best estimate of the contractual principal and interest cash flows for PCD loans not expected to be collected was $4.5 million, including $2.1 million of loans previously charged off by RCB.

The following table provides a summary of PCD loans purchased as part of the RCB acquisition as of the acquisition date:


	Commercial		Commercial real estate non-owner occupied		Residential real estate		Consumer		Total
Unpaid principal balance	$	12,079	$	220	$	843	$	3	$	13,145
PCD allowance for credit loss at acquisition		(2,257)		(2)		(215)		—		(2,474)
(Discount) premium on acquired loans		(787)		19		(5)		—		(773)
Loans previously charged off by RCB		(2,051)		—		—		(3)		(2,054)
Purchase price of PCD loans	$	6,984	$	237	$	623	$	—	$	7,844

The Company has determined that it is impractical to report the amounts of revenue and earnings of legacy RCB since the acquisition date due to the integration of certain processes occurring shortly after the acquisition date. Such amounts would require significant estimates that cannot be objectively made.

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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES.

There were no changes in or disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosures.

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, which report is included in this Item 9A below.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes made during the most recently completed fiscal year in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors

National Bank Holdings Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited National Bank Holdings Corporation and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 25, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Kansas City, Missouri

February 25, 2025

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Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

The Information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of our fiscal year-end.

The Company's Supplemental Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers, which applies to the CEO, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer, is available at www.nationalbankholdings.com. Amendments to, and waivers of, the code of ethics are publicly disclosed as required by applicable law, regulation or rule.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS.

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.

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PART IV

Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

(a)

The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements:


	Page
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	76
Consolidated Statements of Operations	77
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	78
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	79
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	80
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	81

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

All schedules are omitted as such information is inapplicable or is included in the financial statements.

(b)

The exhibits filed as part of this report and exhibits incorporated herein by reference to other documents are listed below:



Exhibit No		Description

2.1*		Agreement and Plan Merger, dated as of June 23, 2017, by and among Peoples, Inc., National Bank Holdings Corporation, the Significant Stockholders (as defined herein) and Winton A. Winter, Jr., solely in his capacity as the Holders’ Representative (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Form 8-K dated June 23, 2017 and filed on June 27, 2017)

2.2		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 31, 2022, by and among Bancshares of Jackson Hole Incorporated and National Bank Holdings Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Form 8-K dated March 31, 2022 and filed on April 5, 2022)

2.3		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 18, 2022, by and among Community Bancorporation, National Bank Holdings Corporation, the Significant Stockholders named therein and Park Roney (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Form 8-K dated April 18, 2022 and filed on April 20, 2022)

3.1		Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-177971), filed on August 22, 2012)

3.2		Second Amended and Restated By-Laws (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2014)

4.1		Specimen common stock certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-177971), filed on August 22, 2012)

4.2		Description of Capital Stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 26, 2020)

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4.3		Form of 3.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due 2031 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed on November 5, 2021)

10.1		Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between NBH Holdings Corp. and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration Statement No. 333-177971), filed on September 10, 2012)^˄

10.2		Employment Agreement, dated May 22, 2010, by and between G. Timothy Laney and NBH Holdings Corp. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration Statement No. 333-177971), filed on September 10, 2012)^˄

10.3		First Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated November 17, 2015, by and between G. Timothy Laney and National Bank Holdings Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on November 20, 2015)^˄

10.4		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated November 17, 2015, by and between Richard U. Newfield, Jr. and National Bank Holdings Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Form 8-K, filed on November 20, 2015)^˄

10.5		Employment Agreement, dated May 2, 2018, by and between Aldis Birkans and National Bank Holdings Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 2, 2018)^˄

10.6		Employment Agreement, dated May 5, 2020, by and between National Bank Holdings Corporation and Angela N. Petrucci (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 10-Q, filed on August 5, 2020)^˄

10.7		Change of Control Agreement applicable to executive officers not party to an employee agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to our form 10-K, filed on February 28, 2018)^˄

10.8		Support Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2017, by and among Peoples, Inc., National Bank Holdings Corporation and the undersigned stockholders of Peoples, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K dated June 23, 2017 and filed on June 27, 2017)

10.9		NBH Holdings Corp. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-177971), filed on November 14, 2011)^˄

10.10		Amendment to the NBH Holdings Corp. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan dated February 22, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our form 10-K, filed on February 24, 2017)^˄

10.11		National Bank Holdings Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed on March 30, 2015)^˄

10.12		National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed on March 31, 2014)^˄

10.13		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to our Form 10-K, filed on March 1, 2019)^˄

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10.14		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to our Form 10-K, filed on March 1, 2019)^˄

10.15		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to our Form 10-K, filed on March 1, 2019)^˄

10.16		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement (For Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 9, 2014)^˄

10.17		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (TSR) (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 10-Q, filed on August 5, 2020)^˄

10.18		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (ROTA) (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Form 10-Q, filed on August 5, 2020)^˄

10.19		Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated November 5, 2021, by and among National Bank Holding Corporation and the Purchaser named therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K dated and filed on November 5, 2021)

10.20		Form of Voting and Support Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2022, by and among Bancshares of Jackson Hole Incorporated, National Bank Holdings Corporation and certain shareholders of Bancshares of Jackson Hole Incorporated (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K dated March 31, 2022 and filed on April 5, 2022)

10.21		Form of Voting and Support Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2022, by and among National Bank Holdings Corporation and certain shareholders of Community Bancorporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K dated April 18, 2022 and filed on April 20, 2022)

10.22		Form of Aircraft Time-Sharing Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 10-Q, filed on August 2, 2022)

10.23		2UniFi LLC, 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on December 12, 2023)

10.24		Form of 2UniFi, LLC Class B Unit Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on December 12, 2023)

10.25		National Bank Holdings Corporation 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed on April 3, 2023)

10.26		Employment Agreement, dated September 10, 2024, by and between Nicole Van Denabeele and National Bank Holdings Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on September 10, 2024)

10.27		Form of Transition Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on November 5, 2024)

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10.28		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement (For Non-Employee Directors) (filed herewith)

10.29		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement (For Management) (filed herewith)

10.30		Form of National Bank Holdings Corporation 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (For Management) (filed herewith)

19.1		National Bank Holdings Corporation Insider Trading and Information Policy (filed herewith)

19.2		National Bank Holdings Corporation Supplemental Insider Trading and Pre-Clearance Policy (filed herewith)

21.1		Subsidiaries of National Bank Holdings Corporation

23.1		Consent of KPMG LLP

31.1		Certification of CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32		Certifications of CEO and CFO pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

97.1		National Bank Holdings Corporation Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to our Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2024)

101.INS		XBRL Instance – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*	Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

^˄	Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on February 25, 2025, on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

National Bank Holdings Corporation


By		/s/ G. Timothy Laney
		G. Timothy Laney
		Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 25, 2025, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

/s/ G. TIMOTHY LANEY

G. Timothy Laney

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

(principal executive officer)

/s/ NICOLE VAN DENABEELE

Nicole Van Denabeele

Chief Financial Officer

(principal financial officer)

/s/ EMILY GOODEN

Emily Gooden

Chief Accounting Officer

(principal accounting officer)

/s/ RALPH W. CLERMONT

Ralph W. Clermont, Lead Director

/s/ ROBERT E. DEAN

Robert E. Dean, Director

/s/ ROBIN A. DOYLE

Robin A. Doyle, Director

/s/ ALKA GUPTA

Alka Gupta, Director

/s/ FRED J. JOSEPH

Fred J. Joseph, Director

/s/ PATRICK G. SOBERS

Patrick G. Sobers, Director

/s/ MICHO F. SPRING

Micho F. Spring, Director

/s/ ART ZEILE

Art Zeile, Director

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