UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2025
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_______to________

Commission File Number: 001-41764

BV FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Maryland		14-1920944
(State of Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7114 North Point Road, Baltimore, MD, 21219

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(410) 477-5000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	BVFL	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated Filer	☒	Smaller Reporting Company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 7, 2025, the registrant had 10,528,744 shares of common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Consolidated Statements of Income	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	3
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	41
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	41
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	42
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	42
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	42
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	42
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	42
Item 5.	Other Information	42
Item 6.	Exhibits	43
Signatures		44

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	(unaudited)			(derived from audited financial statements)

Assets
Cash	$	8,568		$	5,842
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks		62,252			64,658
Cash and cash equivalents		70,820			70,500
Equity investment		408			391
Securities available for sale		35,185			37,259
Securities held to maturity (fair value of $5,191 and $5,171, ACL of $3 and $4)		5,909			5,979
Total loans		750,174			737,760
Allowance for credit losses		(8,888	)		(8,522	)
Net loans		741,286			729,238
Foreclosed real estate		158			159
Premises and equipment, net		13,243			13,224
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost		1,385			1,366
Investment in life insurance		20,145			20,058
Accrued interest receivable		3,121			3,161
Goodwill		14,420			14,420
Intangible assets, net		786			831
Deferred tax assets, net		8,989			8,899
Other assets		6,083			6,336
Total assets	$	921,938		$	911,821
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	136,261		$	129,724
Interest-bearing deposits		521,635			521,767
Total deposits		657,896			651,491
FHLB borrowings		15,000			15,000
Subordinated debentures		34,922			34,883
Other liabilities		16,047			14,948
Total liabilities		723,865			716,322
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding; Common stock, $0.01 par value; 45,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; 10,594,044 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and 10,645,284 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024		106			106
Paid-in capital		94,915			94,679
Retained earnings		111,594			109,495
Unearned common stock held by employee stock ownership plan		(7,115	)		(7,160	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,427	)		(1,621	)
Total stockholders' equity		198,073			195,499
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	921,938		$	911,821

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 1

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(unaudited)


(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	Three Months Ended March 31,
Interest Income	2025		2024
Loans, including fees	$	10,741	$	9,782
Investment securities available for sale		350		306
Investment securities held to maturity		47		92
Other interest income		743		824
Total interest income		11,881		11,004
Interest Expense
Interest on deposits		2,601		1,986
Interest on FHLB borrowings		171		—
Interest on subordinated debentures		466		1,055
Total interest expense		3,238		3,041
Net interest income		8,643		7,963
Provision for credit losses		297		18
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		8,346		7,945
Noninterest Income
Service fees on deposits		103		103
Fees from debit cards		164		171
Income from investment in life insurance		87		87
Other income		176		217
Total noninterest income		530		578
Noninterest Expense
Compensation and related benefits		4,524		3,129
Occupancy		444		438
Data processing		397		377
Advertising		6		5
Professional fees		231		112
Equipment		91		102
Foreclosed real estate and holding costs		3		5
Amortization of intangible assets		45		45
FDIC insurance premiums		81		83
Other		356		627
Total noninterest expense		6,178		4,923
Net income before tax		2,698		3,600
Income tax expense		599		1,026
Net income	$	2,099	$	2,574
Basic earnings per share	$	0.21	$	0.24
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.21	$	0.24

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 2

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2025			2024
Net income	$	2,099		$	2,574

Other comprehensive income
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale		268			3
Income tax relating to securities available for sale		(74	)		(1	)
Other comprehensive income		194			2

Total comprehensive income	$	2,293		$	2,576

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 3

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(unaudited)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024



(dollars in thousands)	Common stock		Paid-in capital			Unearned common stock held by ESOP			Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total

Balance, December 31, 2024	$	106	$	94,679		$	(7,160	)	$	109,495	$	(1,621	)	$	195,499
Net income		—		—			—			2,099		—			2,099
Other comprehensive income
(net of tax of ($74))		—		—			—			—		194			194
Stock compensation		—		1,217			—			—		—			1,217
Repurchased shares to authorized and unissued		—		(981	)		—			—		—			(981	)
ESOP shares committed to be released		—		—			45			—		—			45

Balance, March 31, 2025	$	106	$	94,915		$	(7,115	)	$	111,594	$	(1,427	)	$	198,073




(dollars in thousands)	Common stock		Paid-in capital			Unearned common stock held by ESOP			Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total

Balance, December 31, 2023	$	114	$	110,465		$	(7,328	)	$	97,772	$	(1,958	)	$	199,065
Net income		—		—			—			2,574		—			2,574
Other comprehensive income
(net of tax of ($1))		—		—			—			—		2			2
Stock compensation		—		69			—			—		—			69
ESOP shares committed to be released		—		—			42			—		—			42

Balance, March 31, 2024	$	114	$	110,534		$	(7,286	)	$	100,346	$	(1,956	)	$	201,752

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 4

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	2,099		$	2,574
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Net accretion of discounts and premiums		(232	)		—
Provision for credit losses		297			18
Proceeds received on foreclosed real estate		1			—
Amortization of deferred loan fees/costs		(42	)		(38	)
Amortization of intangible assets		45			45
Amortization of debt issuance costs		39			39
Write-off fair market value of subordinated debentures		—			566
Depreciation of premises and equipment		198			212
Deferred tax expense		(164	)		269
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance		(87	)		(87	)
Stock-based compensation expense		1,217			27
ESOP compensation expense		45			—
Decrease in accrued interest and other assets		293			714
Increase in other liabilities		726			228
Net cash provided by operating activities		4,435			4,567
Cash flows from investing activities
Increase in equity trading account		3			—
Proceeds from maturities and principal payments of investment securities available for sale		7,726			6,321
Purchases of investment securities available for sale		(5,301	)		(5,328	)
Proceeds from maturities and principal payments of investment securities held to maturity		71			56
Net (increase) in loans		(12,264	)		(3,869	)
Purchase of premises and equipment		(217	)		(435	)
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock		(19	)		(28	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(10,001	)		(3,283	)
Cash flows provided by financing activities
(Decrease) increase in official checks		(590	)		(218	)
Net increase in deposits		6,495			5,412
Increase in advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance		962			1,710
Repayment of subordinate debt		—			(3,093	)
Repurchase of shares		(981	)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,886			3,811
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		320			5,095
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		70,500			73,742
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	70,820		$	78,837
Supplementary cash flows information
Interest paid	$	2,331		$	2,480
Income taxes (recovered) paid	$	(173	)	$	269
Supplementary noncash transactions

Noncash investing and financing activities:
Net change on equity and available for sale securities	$	14		$	—
Net change on available for sale securities		(119	)		—
Net change on loans		(39	)		—
Deferred tax assets		74			—
Net change in adjusted other comprehensive income		194			—

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 5

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Note 1 – Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements and other financial information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes of BV Financial, Inc. ("BV Financial," the "Company" or "we") included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Business

BV Financial was organized as a federal corporation and savings and loan holding company in January 2005 as part of the mutual holding company reorganization of Bay-Vanguard Federal Savings Bank. In February 2019, the Company became a Maryland-chartered corporation and a bank holding company.

Prior to consummation of its mutual to stock conversion in July 2023, BayVanguard, M.H.C., Inc. (the “MHC”) a Maryland-chartered mutual holding company, owned 86.3% of the outstanding common stock of the Company. On January 19, 2023, the MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization (the “Plan”) pursuant to which the MHC reorganized from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to the fully-public stock holding company structure (the “Conversion”). The conversion was consummated on July 31, 2023 on which date the MHC ceased to exist. As part of the Conversion, the Company sold 9,798,980 shares of its common stock at a price of $10.00 per share. Each outstanding share of Company common stock owned by the public stockholders of the Company were converted into new shares of Company common stock based on an exchange ratio of 1.5309-to-1. The Company had 11,375,803 shares of Company common stock outstanding as a result of the Conversion.

The Company is a registered bank holding company subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”).

The Bank is headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland and is a full-service community-oriented financial institution dedicated to serving the financial service needs of consumers and businesses. The Bank is engaged primarily in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such funds to originate one- to- four-family real estate, construction, multi-family, commercial real estate, farm, marine loans, commercial and consumer loans.

The Bank's deposits are insured up to the applicable legal limits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Deposit Insurance Fund. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Bank's subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Financial Statement Presentation and Significant Estimates

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, goodwill impairment, and the valuation of deferred tax assets.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Significant Group Concentrations of Credit Risk

A significant portion of the Company's activities are with customers located within the Baltimore metropolitan area and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The Company does not have any significant concentrations in any one industry or with any one customer.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, cash items in the process of clearing, and interest-bearing deposits with banks with original maturities of less than 90 days.

Securities

The Company classifies investment securities as held to maturity ("HTM") or available for sale ("AFS"). Debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and are reported at amortized cost (including amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts). Net unrealized gains and losses for debt securities classified as available for sale are recognized as increases or decreases in other comprehensive income or loss, net of taxes, and excluded from the determination of net income.

Equity securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net gains/losses in noninterest income.

Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method and are included in earnings. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Premiums and discounts on callable debt securities are amortized through the earliest call date.

When the fair value of an AFS debt security has declined below its amortized cost basis, the Company is required to assess whether the decline is from a credit loss or other factors. For any security, either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the federal government, an analysis is performed on the individual security using the latest available information to determine if the decline in fair value is attributable to a credit loss. If such determination is made, the Company would record an allowance for credit loss for the debt instrument. As of March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, we recognized no credit losses on AFS securities.

For HTM debt securities, an allowance will be recognized when lifetime credit losses are expected, in an amount that reflects the expected contractual credit losses, even when the risk of such loss is remote. Any security, either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. Government is excluded from this analysis. This includes U.S. Treasury securities, securities issued by agencies of the U.S. Government and mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for HTM securities is computed using bond global default rates tracked by S&P with a loss given default of 45%. Accrued interest receivable on the HTM debt securities excluded from this analysis totaled $12,000 at March 31, 2025. At March 31, 2025 and 2024, the ACL for HTM securities was $3,155 and $5,171, respectively.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank System to hold stock of its district Federal Home Loan Bank (the "FHLB") in an amount determined by both asset size and borrowings from the FHLB. Purchases and sales of stock are made directly with the FHLB at par value.

The Bank held $1.4 million of FHLB restricted stock at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The restricted stock is carried at cost. Management evaluates whether this investment is impaired based on its assessment of the ultimate recoverability of the investment rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of the investment is influenced by criteria such as (1) the significance of the decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the capital stock amount for the FHLB and the length of time this

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

situation has persisted, (2) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, on the customer base of the FHLB.

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable are stated at unpaid principal balances, adjusted for premiums and discounts on loans purchased, the undisbursed portion of loans in process, net deferred loan origination fees and costs, fair value adjustments on loans acquired in a merger, and the allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees and costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the yield of the related loans. The Company is amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the loan using the interest method. For purchased loans, the related premium or discount is recognized over the contractual life of the purchased loan and is included as part of interest income. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management's judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. Interest payments on impaired loans are recorded in the same manner as interest payments on non-accrual loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL includes quantitative estimates of losses for collectively and individually evaluated loans. The quantitative estimate for collectively evaluated loans (other than investor commercial real estate loans) is determined using the average charge-off method that utilizes historical losses for all Maryland banks with assets less than $1 billion beginning in March 2000. The loss history is updated through the most recent quarter-end prior to the reporting period. The investor commercial real estate portfolio utilizes the national loss history for banks with assets less than $1 billion over the same time period. Investor CRE loans are made nationwide, therefore, management deems it appropriate to utilize national loss rates when evaluating this portfolio. Adjustments are made to the historical loss factors under each scenario for economic conditions, portfolio concentrations, collateral values, the level and trend of delinquent and non-accrual loans and internal changes in staffing, loan policies and monitoring of the portfolio. Loans are selected for individual evaluation primarily based on their payment status and whether the loan has been placed on non-accrual status. Loans on non-accrual status include all loans greater than 90 days delinquent and other loans with weaknesses sufficient for management to place these loans on non-accrual status.

The ACL is measured on a collective basis when similar risk factors exist as determined by internal loan coding and assignment to a portfolio segment.

The Company utilizes reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions when estimating the ACL on loans. The model's calculation also uses an adjustment for a 12-month forecast period utilizing the most recent 12-month economic forecast from the Federal Reserve Board for national gross domestic product ("GDP"). The model compares the average history of loss rates described above to the forecasted GDP to determine the necessity and amount of any forward looking adjustment.

The establishment of the ACL is significantly affected by management's judgment and by economic and other uncertainties, and different amounts may be reported under different conditions or assumptions. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC") and the Maryland Office of the Commissioner of Financial Regulation, as an integral part of their

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

examination process, periodically review the ACL for reasonableness and, as a result of such reviews, we may be required to increase our ACL or recognize loan charge-offs.

The calculation of ACL excludes accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are reversed in a timely manner against previously recognized interest income when a loan is placed on non-accrual status.

Loan Commitments and Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure

The Company's off-balance sheet credit instruments primarily consist of unfunded commitments on existing loans. In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit. Such financial instruments are recorded on the balance sheet when they are funded.

The Company records a reserve for unfunded commitments on off-balance sheet credit exposures through a charge to the provision for credit loss expense. The reserve is estimated by loan segment at each measurement date under the ASC 326 model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur, and is included in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets are composed of property acquired through a foreclosure proceeding or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. If the fair value of the asset, net of estimated selling costs, is less than the related loan balance at the time of acquisition, a charge against the allowance for credit losses is recorded. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Revenues and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in noninterest income and expenses.

Premises and Equipment

Land is stated at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed based on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized while costs for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.

Investment in Life Insurance

Investment in life insurance is reflected at the net cash surrender value to the Company.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually and on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates it is likely an impairment has occurred. Any impairment of goodwill would be recorded against income in the period of impairment.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets, consisting of core deposit intangibles, represent purchased assets that also lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability. Core deposit intangibles are amortized on an accelerated basis over an estimated useful life. Core deposit intangibles are evaluated annually for impairment. Any impairment of intangible assets would be recorded against income in the period of impairment.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not that such amounts will be realized based on consideration of available evidence.

Statements of Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents in the statements of cash flows include cash, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in other banks. Federal funds are generally purchased and sold for one-day periods.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the appropriate period. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted average shares outstanding as adjusted for the dilutive effect of stock options based on the treasury stock method. Unearned ESOP shares are removed from the weighted average number of shares in the calculations. As of March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the Company had 933,033 and 55,648 outstanding stock options, respectively. As a result of the Conversion, the number of shares subject to the stock option and the price of the options have been adjusted to reflect the 1.5309-to-1 exchange ratio. Options with an exercise price greater than the average market price of the common shares are excluded from the calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive. There were no anti-dilutive options outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

Information related to the calculation of earnings per share is presented in Note 12.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the fair value method of accounting. For stock options, the Company uses a Black-Scholes valuation model to measure stock-based compensation expense at the date of grant. Compensation expense related to stock-based awards is recognized over the period during which an individual is required to provide service in exchange for such award.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

At the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 5, 2024, the stockholders approved the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. In September 2024, the Company granted 878,916 stock options and 343,562 shares of restricted stock.

Revenue Recognition

Management is required by accounting pronouncements governing the recognition of revenue to recognize revenue when the Company transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

The Company records revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Under ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from interest and dividends earned on loans, investment securities, and other financial instruments that are not within the scope of ASC 606. The Company evaluated the nature of its contracts with customers and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond what is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income was not necessary. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity.

Accounting Standards Updates

ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in ASU 2023-09 require an entity to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, which is greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the entity’s applicable statutory rate, on an annual basis. Additionally, the amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions that are equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). Lastly, the amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The purpose of this amendment is to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) in commonly presented expense captions (such as cost of sales and research and development). The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Note 2 - Securities

Securities available for sale at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2025
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value

Available for sale
Agencies	$	489	$	1	$	—	$	490
Corporate securities		1,728		—		166		1,562
Mortgage-backed securities		20,736		9		1,813		18,932
Treasuries		14,200		7		6		14,201
Total	$	37,153	$	17	$	1,985	$	35,185


	December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value

Available for sale
Agencies	$	528	$	—	$	6	$	522
Corporate securities		1,727		—		192		1,535
Mortgage-backed securities		22,950		6		2,062		20,894
Treasuries		14,289		19		—		14,308
Total	$	39,494	$	25	$	2,260	$	37,259

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Securities held to maturity at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2025
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value

Held to maturity
Corporate securities (1)	$	3,197	$	—	$	283	$	2,914
Mortgage-backed securities		2,712		2		437		2,277
Total	$	5,909	$	2	$	720	$	5,191


	December 31, 2024
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value

Held to maturity
Corporate securities (1)	$	3,196	$	—	$	336	$	2,860
Mortgage-backed securities		2,783		2		474		2,311
Total	$	5,979	$	2	$	810	$	5,171

(1) Amount is net of CECL credit reserve of $3,000 at March 31, 2025 and $4,000 at December 31, 2024.

The Company pledged securities with an amortized cost of $31.6 million and a fair value of $29.4 million at March 31, 2025 to secure deposits from municipalities. At December 31, 2024, the Company pledged securities with an amortized cost of $33.6 million and a fair value of $31.2 million to secure deposits from municipalities. The amortized cost and fair value of securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the securities may be called or prepaid with or without prepayment penalties.


	March 31, 2025
	Available for sale				Held to maturity
	Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	cost		value		cost		value

Maturing
Due under one year	$	24,375	$	24,318	$	161	$	162
Due after one year through five years		120		117		3,312		3,023
Due after five years through ten years		1,764		1,572		342		325
Due after ten years		10,894		9,178		2,094		1,681
Total	$	37,153	$	35,185	$	5,909	$	5,191

All mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae or Ginnie Mae.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Investment securities with unrealized losses for continuous periods of less than 12 months and 12 months or longer are as follows:


	Less than 12 months				Over 12 months				Total
	Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair
March 31, 2025	losses		value		losses		value		losses		value
(dollars in thousands)
Available for sale
Corporate securities	$	—	$	—	$	166	$	1,562		166		1,562
Mortgage-backed securities		—		196		1,813		16,404		1,813		16,600
Treasuries		6		9,236		—		—		6		9,236
Total	$	6	$	9,432	$	1,979	$	17,966	$	1,985	$	27,398

Held to maturity
Corporate securities (1)	$	—	$	—	$	283	$	2,917		283		2,917
Mortgage-backed securities		—		10		437		2,152		437		2,162
Total	$	—	$	10	$	720	$	5,069	$	720	$	5,079

	Less than 12 months				Over 12 months				Total
	Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair
December 31, 2024	losses		value		losses		value		losses		value
(dollars in thousands)
Available for sale
Agency securities	$	6	$	522	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	522
Corporate securities		—		—		192		1,535		192		1,535
Mortgage-backed securities		—		214		2,062		18,400		2,062		18,614
Total	$	6	$	736	$	2,254	$	19,935	$	2,260	$	20,671

Held to maturity
Corporate securities (1)	$	—	$	—	$	336	$	2,860	$	336	$	2,860
Mortgage-backed securities		1		31		473		2,162		474		2,193
Total	$	1	$	31	$	809	$	5,022	$	810	$	5,053

(1) Fair value amount is net of CECL credit reserve of $3,000 at March 31, 2025 and $4,000 at December 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company determined that for its available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, it did not intend to sell nor was it more likely than not that it would be required to sell any security and that the decline in fair value was not due to credit factors, but due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Accordingly, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sale debt securities.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

We monitor the credit quality of HTM debt securities through both internal analysis performed on a quarterly basis and credit ratings when available. The following table reflects the credit ratings for the HTM debt securities at March 31, 2025.


(dollars in thousands)	AAA		A-		BBB/BBB+		BBB-		Not Rated		Total

Corporate securities	$	—	$	500	$	1,248	$	700	$	749	$	3,197
Mortgage-backed securities		2,712		—		—		—		—		2,712
	$	2,712	$	500	$	1,248	$	700	$	749	$	5,909

The following table provides a breakdown of our HTM debt securities by year of origination at March 31, 2025.


(dollars in thousands)	Total		2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior
Corporate securities	$	3,197	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	750	$	2,447	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities		2,712		—		—		—		1,801		101		810
	$	5,909	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,551	$	2,548	$	810

The following table is a roll forward of our allowance for credit losses on HTM debt securities at March 31, 2025 and 2024.


(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2025			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Beginning balance	$	4		$	6
(Recovery) for credit losses		(1	)		(1	)
Ending Balance	$	3		$	5

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Note 3 – Loans Receivable

Portfolio loans, net of deferred costs and fees, are summarized by type as follows at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


	Period Ended
	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	144,856			19.31	%	$	141,867			19.23	%
One to four family - non owner occupied		94,038			12.54	%		99,824			13.53	%
Commercial owner occupied		82,592			11.01	%		82,614			11.20	%
Commercial investor		333,014			44.39	%		328,680			44.56	%
Construction and land		32,275			4.30	%		30,578			4.14	%
Farm loans		11,551			1.54	%		11,329			1.54	%
Total real estate loans		698,326			93.09	%		694,892			94.20	%

Marine and other consumer loans		16,098			2.15	%		16,772			2.27	%
Guaranteed by U.S. Government		2,612			0.35	%		2,902			0.39	%
Commercial		33,138			4.41	%		23,194			3.14	%
Total consumer and commercial		51,848			6.91	%		42,868			5.80	%

Total loans		750,174			100.0	%		737,760			100.0	%
Allowance for credit losses		(8,888	)					(8,522	)
Total loans, net of deferred costs and fees	$	741,286					$	729,238

Net deferred loan origination fees at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 totaled $2.3 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

In the normal course of banking business, risks related to specific loan categories are as follows:

Real Estate Loans – Real estate loans are typically made to consumers and businesses and are secured by real estate. Credit risk arises from the borrower’s continuing financial stability, which can be adversely impacted by the economy as well as borrower-specific occurrences. Also impacting credit risk would be a shortfall in the value of the real estate in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default or subsequent liquidation of the collateral.

Residential lending repayment is generally dependent on economic and market conditions in the Company's lending area. Commercial real estate, commercial and construction loan repayments are generally dependent on the operations of the related properties or the financial condition of its borrower or guarantor. Accordingly, repayment of such loans can be more susceptible to adverse conditions in the real estate market and the regional economy.

Marine Loans – Marine loans are typically made to consumers and are secured by boats. Credit risk is similar to real estate loans above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Marine loans may entail greater risk than residential mortgage loans, as they are collateralized by assets that depreciate rapidly. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding and small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower.

Other Consumer – Other consumer loans include installment loans and personal lines of credit which may be secured or unsecured. Credit risk is similar to real estate loans above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan, if any. Consumer loans may entail greater risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by assets that depreciate rapidly. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and a small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Guaranteed by the U.S. Government – Loans guaranteed by the U.S. Government do not present similar risks as reflected in the other categories mentioned herein because of an explicit guarantee is provided by the government, therefore substantially mitigating any risk of loss in the event of credit deterioration.

Commercial – Commercial loans are secured or unsecured loans used for business purposes. Loans are typically secured by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and/or other assets of the business. Credit risk arises from the successful operation of the business, which may be affected by competition, rising interest rates, regulatory changes and adverse conditions in the local and regional economy.

Non-accrual loans as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:


	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
	No		With an				No		With an
(dollars in thousands)	Allowance		Allowance		Total		Allowance		Allowance		Total
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	920	$	—	$	920	$	1,218	$	—	$	1,218
One to four family - non owner occupied		322		—		322		280		—		280
Commercial owner occupied		1,778		—		1,778		1,323		—		1,323
Commercial investor		735		—		735		772		—		772
Construction and land		26		—		26		26		—		26
Total real estate loans		3,781		—		3,781		3,619		—		3,619

Marine and other consumer loans		11		—		11		11		—		11
Commercial		948		94		1,042		286		94		380
Total consumer and commercial loans		959		94		1,053		297		—		391

Total nonaccrual loans	$	4,740	$	94	$	4,834	$	3,916	$	—	$	3,916

Loans can be current but classified as non-accrual due to customer operating results or payment history. All interest accrued but not collected from loans that are placed on non-accrual status or charged-off is reversed against interest income. In accordance with the Company’s policy, such interest income is recognized on a cash basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual status. There was no material nonaccrual loan interest recognized in income during the first quarter of 2025 or 2024.

The Company considers a loan to be past due or delinquent when the terms of the contractual obligation are not met by the borrower. An analysis of days past due loans as of March 31, 2025 follows:


	March 31, 2025
	30 - 59		60 - 89		90+
	Days		Days		Days		Total		Current		Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Loans		Loans
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	2,137	$	31	$	585	$	2,753	$	142,103	$	144,856
One to four family - non owner occupied		414		—		—		414		93,624		94,038
Commercial owner occupied		1,331		—		993		2,324		80,268		82,592
Commercial investor		—		—		—		—		333,014		333,014
Construction and land		—		—		—		—		32,275		32,275
Farm loans		—		—		—		—		11,551		11,551
Total real estate loans		3,882		31		1,578		5,491		692,835		698,326

Marine and other consumer loans		—		—		11		11		16,087		16,098
Guaranteed by U.S. Government		—		—		—		—		2,612		2,612
Commercial		—		—		455		455		32,683		33,138
Total consumer and commercial loans		—		—		466		466		51,382		51,848

Total loans	$	3,882	$	31	$	2,044	$	5,957	$	744,217	$	750,174

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

An analysis of days past due loans as of December 31, 2024 follows:


	December 31, 2024
	30 - 59		60 - 89		90+
	Days		Days		Days		Total		Current		Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Loans		Loans
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	2,923	$	558	$	608	$	4,089	$	137,778	$	141,867
One to four family - non owner occupied		576		—		0		576		99,248		99,824
Commercial owner occupied		408		—		656		1,064		81,550		82,614
Commercial investor		0		—		—		—		328,680		328,680
Construction and land		299		—		0		299		30,279		30,578
Farm loans		—		—		—		—		11,329		11,329
Total real estate loans		4,206		558		1,264		6,028		688,864		694,892

Marine and other consumer loans		9		—		11		20		16,752		16,772
Guaranteed by U.S. Government		9		52		—		61		2,841		2,902
Commercial		—		—		380		380		22,814		23,194
Total consumer and commercial loans		18		52		391		461		42,407		42,868

Total loans	$	4,224	$	610	$	1,655	$	6,489	$	731,271	$	737,760

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables detail activity in the ACL at and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. An allocation of the allowance to one category of loans does not prevent the Company from using that allowance to absorb losses in a different category.


Three Months Ended	March 31, 2025
(dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provisions (Recovery)			Ending Balance
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	1,858	$	—		$	3	$	(214	)	$	1,647
One to four family - non owner occupied		742		—			16		(141	)		617
Commercial owner occupied		511		—			—		(16	)		495
Commercial investor		3,592		—			—		440			4,032
Construction and land		940		—			1		14			955
Farm loans		69		—			—		4			73
Total real estate loans		7,712		—			20		87			7,819

Marine and other consumer loans		399		(5	)		—		2			396
Commercial		411		—			—		262			673
Total consumer and commercial		810		(5	)		—		264			1,069

Total loans	$	8,522	$	(5	)	$	20	$	351		$	8,888

The following table summarized the ACL activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025.


(dollars in thousands)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses - loans	$	351
Provision for (recovery of) allowance for securities - HTM		(1	)
Provision for (recovery of ) allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments		(53	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses per the consolidated statements of income	$	297

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The following table summarized the ACL activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024.


(dollars in thousands)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses - loans	$	(133	)
Reduction in allowance for securities - HTM		(1	)
Provision for allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments		152
Provision for credit losses per the consolidated statement of income	$	18


Three Months Ended	March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provisions (recovery)			Ending Balance
Real estate
One to four family - owner occupied	$	1,728	$	—		$	52	$	(83	)	$	1,697
One to four family - non owner occupied		1,030		(1	)		29		(43	)		1,015
Commercial owner occupied		563		—			3		12			578
Commercial investor		3,725		—			—		(155	)		3,570
Construction and land		772		—			1		(10	)		763
Farm loans		179		—			—		(5	)		174
Total real estate loans		7,997		(1	)		85		(284	)		7,797

Marine and other consumer loans		403		—			1		24			428
Commercial		154		—			—		127			281
Total consumer and commercial		557		—			1		151			709

Total loans	$	8,554	$	(1	)	$	86	$	(133	)	$	8,506

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Term Loans by Origination Year


(dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Balance at March 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving		Total
One to four family - owner occupied
Pass	$	8,324	$	24,386	$	5,448	$	7,666	$	12,740	$	75,837	$	9,848	$	144,249
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		336		244		27		607
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total One to four family - owner occupied	$	8,324	$	24,386	$	5,448	$	7,666	$	13,076	$	76,081	$	9,875	$	144,856
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

One to four family - non owner occupied
Pass	$	345	$	4,871	$	12,592	$	27,627	$	16,075	$	31,830	$	—	$	93,340
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		698		—		698
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total One to four family - non owner occupied	$	345	$	4,871	$	12,592	$	27,627	$	16,075	$	32,528	$	—	$	94,038
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial owner occupied
Pass	$	1,319	$	4,405	$	20,113	$	10,698	$	6,096	$	37,270	$	—	$	79,901
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		2,691		—		2,691
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial owner occupied	$	1,319	$	4,405	$	20,113	$	10,698	$	6,096	$	39,961	$	—	$	82,592
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial investor
Pass	$	11,705	$	39,569	$	64,211	$	96,143	$	71,435	$	49,216	$	—	$	332,279
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		735		—		735
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial investor	$	11,705	$	39,569	$	64,211	$	96,143	$	71,435	$	49,951	$	—	$	333,014
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Construction and land
Pass	$	792	$	27,097	$	708	$	1,595	$	1,011	$	918	$	—	$	32,121
Special Mention		—		—		128		—		—		—		—		128
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		26		—		26
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Construction and land	$	792	$	27,097	$	836	$	1,595	$	1,011	$	944	$	—	$	32,275
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Farm loans
Pass	$	301	$	316	$	—	$	4,086	$	1,775	$	5,073	$	—	$	11,551
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Farm loans	$	301	$	316	$	—	$	4,086	$	1,775	$	5,073	$	—	$	11,551
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Marine and other consumer loans
Pass	$	100	$	2,183	$	3,123	$	1,672	$	5,070	$	3,950	$	—	$	16,098
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Marine and other consumer loans	$	100	$	2,183	$	3,123	$	1,672	$	5,070	$	3,950	$	—	$	16,098
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	5

Guaranteed by U.S. Government
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,612	$	—	$	2,612
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Guaranteed by U.S. Government	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,612	$	—	$	2,612
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial
Pass	$	4,272	$	5,941	$	338	$	2,540	$	8,972	$	10,033	$	—	$	32,096
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		380		—		662		—		1,042
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial	$	4,272	$	5,941	$	338	$	2,920	$	8,972	$	10,695	$	—	$	33,138
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—


(dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Balance at March 31, 2025	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving		Total
Total Loans
Pass	$	27,158	$	108,768	$	106,533	$	152,027	$	123,174	$	216,739	$	9,848	$	744,247
Special Mention		—		—		128		—		—		—		—		128
Substandard		—		—		—		380		336		5,056		27		5,799
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans	$	27,158	$	108,768	$	106,661	$	152,407	$	123,510	$	221,795	$	9,875	$	750,174

Term Loans by Origination Year

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


(dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Balance at December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving		Total
One to four family - owner occupied
Pass	$	24,477	$	5,517	$	7,718	$	12,903	$	9,523	$	69,150	$	11,871	$	141,159
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		338		—		370		—		708
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total One to four family - owner occupied	$	24,477	$	5,517	$	7,718	$	13,241	$	9,523	$	69,520	$	11,871	$	141,867
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

One to four family - non owner occupied
Pass	$	5,483	$	13,078	$	28,690	$	16,470	$	9,607	$	25,782	$	1	$	99,111
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		232		481		—		713
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total One to four family - non owner occupied	$	5,483	$	13,078	$	28,690	$	16,470	$	9,839	$	26,263	$	1	$	99,824
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1

Commercial owner occupied
Pass	$	4,433	$	20,314	$	10,753	$	6,144	$	5,192	$	31,608	$	—	$	78,444
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		2,261		1,909		—		4,170
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial owner occupied	$	4,433	$	20,314	$	10,753	$	6,144	$	7,453	$	33,517	$	—	$	82,614
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial investor
Pass	$	41,332	$	65,585	$	99,623	$	71,681	$	15,340	$	34,347	$	—	$	327,908
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		772		—		772
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial investor	$	41,332	$	65,585	$	99,623	$	71,681	$	15,340	$	35,119	$	—	$	328,680
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Construction and land
Pass	$	26,399	$	1,113	$	863	$	1,279	$	—	$	898	$	—	$	30,552
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		26		—		26
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Construction and land	$	26,399	$	1,113	$	863	$	1,279	$	—	$	924	$	—	$	30,578
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Farm loans
Pass	$	315	$	—	$	4,131	$	1,787	$	—	$	5,096	$	—	$	11,329
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Farm loans	$	315	$	—	$	4,131	$	1,787	$	—	$	5,096	$	—	$	11,329
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Marine and other consumer loans
Pass	$	2,236	$	3,195	$	1,749	$	5,251	$	1,599	$	2,742	$	—	$	16,772
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Marine and other consumer loans	$	2,236	$	3,195	$	1,749	$	5,251	$	1,599	$	2,742	$	—	$	16,772
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	3

Guaranteed by U.S. Government
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	2,882	$	—	$	2,902
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Guaranteed by U.S. Government	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	2,882	$	—	$	2,902
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial
Pass	$	5,847	$	360	$	2,738	$	4,214	$	6,151	$	2,836	$	—	$	22,146
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		380		—		—		668		—		1,048
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial	$	5,847	$	360	$	3,118	$	4,214	$	6,151	$	3,504	$	—	$	23,194
Current Period Gross Write-off	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—


(dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Balance at December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving		Total
Total Loans
Pass	$	110,522	$	109,162	$	156,265	$	119,729	$	47,432	$	175,341	$	11,872	$	730,323
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		380		338		2,493		4,226		—		7,437
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans	$	110,522	$	109,162	$	156,645	$	120,067	$	49,925	$	179,567	$	11,872	$	737,760

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered to be of lesser quality, as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss allowance is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as “special mention” by our management.

When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as “loss,” it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, such that additional general or specific loss allowances may be required.

In connection with the filing of our periodic reports with the FDIC and in accordance with our classification of assets policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

Through our loan evaluation process, we have identified certain loans for which the primary source of loan repayment may no longer be a viable option. The Company is dependent on the liquidation of the collateral to provide funds for repayment of the loan. The following table shows the loans determined by management to be collateral dependent at March 31, 2025.


	Loan Balance		Estimated Collateral Values		Loan Balance		Estimated Collateral Values
(dollars in thousands)	Real Estate		Real Estate		Business\Other Assets		Business\Other Assets
One to four family - owner occupied	$	920	$	4,330	$	—	$	—
One to four family - non-owner occupied		322		923		—		—
Commercial owner occupied real estate		1,778		7,110		—		—
Commercial investor real estate		735		1,500		—		—
Construction and land		26		666		—		—
Commercial		1,042		1,709		—		124
Marine and other consumer		11		—		—		50
Total	$	4,834	$	16,238	$	—	$	174

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Borrowers experiencing financial difficulty ("BEFD") modifications included in the collateral dependent schedule above, as of March 31, 2025 were as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	Number of Loans	Amortized Cost
One to four family - non owner occupied	1	$	59
Commercial	2		663

Total BEFD modification loans	3	$	722

Modifications on non-accrual	2	$	663

There was one BEFD modification past due as of March 31, 2025. This was a commercial loan with an amortized cost balance of $76,000.

The following table details the amortized cost basis for loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of the period ended March 31, 2025.


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in thousands)	Term Extensions		Payment Deferral and Term Extensions		Total		Percentage of Total Loans
One to four family - non-owner occupied		59		—		59		0.01	%
Commercial		663		—		663		0.09	%
Total	$	722	$	—	$	722		0.10	%

Note 4 - Goodwill And Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets are presented in the tables below.


(dollars in thousands)	As of March 31, 2025		As of December 31, 2024

Goodwill	$	14,420	$	14,420


	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net

Core deposit intangible	$	1,868	$	1,082	$	786	$	1,868	$	1,037	$	831

As of March 31, 2025 future estimated annual amortization expense is as follows:


Year ending
(dollars in thousands)
2025	$	135
2026		180
2027		180
2028		180
2029		72
Thereafter		39
Total Estimated Amortization Expense	$	786

Management performed its annual analysis of goodwill and core deposit intangibles during the third quarter of 2024 and concluded that there was no impairment at September 30, 2024. At March 31, 2025, management's analysis concluded that there were no changes in the Company's financial statements or operations subsequent to the annual analysis that would indicate that it was more likely than not that goodwill or core deposit intangible was impaired.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Note 5 – Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate assets are presented net of the valuation allowance. The Company considers foreclosed real estate as classified assets for regulatory and financial reporting. Foreclosed real estate carrying amounts reflect management’s estimate of the realizable value of these properties incorporating current appraised values, local real estate market conditions and related selling costs. The Company had foreclosed real estate of $158,000 and $159,000 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the Company incurred foreclosed real estate expenses of $2,500 and $5,000, respectively.

The Company had $812,000 and $84,000 in loans secured by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The table below shows the foreclosed real estate roll forward balance as of March 31, 2025.


(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Beginning of period balance	$	159		$	160
Principal payments		(1	)		(1	)
End of period balance	$	158		$	159

Note 6 - Deposits

Deposits consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Percentage	Balance		Percentage
Noninterest-bearing checking accounts	$	136,261	20.71%	$	129,724	19.91%
Interest-bearing checking accounts		76,834	11.68%		82,954	12.73%
Money market accounts		127,006	19.30%		121,558	18.66%
Savings accounts		129,947	19.75%		127,207	19.53%
Certificates of deposit		187,848	28.56%		190,048	29.17%
Total deposits	$	657,896	100.00%	$	651,491	100.00%

At March 31, 2025, the Bank had two account relationships from local government entities that comprised 2.4% and 1.7% of total deposits, respectively. The Company had $50.0 million of brokered certificates of deposits at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank had $25.5 million and $25.9 million in certificates of deposits of $250,000 or more, respectively. Deposits in excess of $250,000 are not be insured by the FDIC.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

At March 31, 2025 scheduled maturities of certificates of deposits are as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2025
Within one year	$	109,613
Year 2		11,828
Year 3		9,342
Year 4		13,082
Year 5		43,983
Thereafter		—
Total certificates of deposit	$	187,848

Note 7 - Borrowings And Subordinated Debt

A summary of the Company’s borrowings and subordinated debt at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are indicated as follows:


		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Maturity	Balance			Rate	Balance			Rate
									—
Federal Home Loan Bank Advance	2025	$	15,000		4.57%	$	15,000		4.57%
BV Financial Inc. Series 2020 Notes	2030		35,000		4.88%		35,000		4.88%
Total Borrowings, gross			50,000				50,000
Less: Debt issuance costs			(78	)			(117	)
Total Borrowings, net		$	49,922			$	49,883

Note 8 – Lease Commitments And Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified
as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance
Sheets. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Consolidated
Statements of Income.

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease
liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating
lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the
expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease
payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease
commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease
commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or
unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend
or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease
terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include
lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The table below details the right of use asset (net of accumulated amortization), lease liability and other information related to the Company's operating leases:


	Consolidated Balance
(dollars in thousands)	Sheet Classification	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024

Operating lease right of use asset	Other assets	$	874		$	926
Operating lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$	915		$	967

Other information related to leases:
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases		4.7 years			4.7 years
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases			4.48	%		4.40	%

The table below details the Company's lease cost, which is included in occupancy expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2025		2024

Operating lease cost	$	71	$	72

Cash paid for lease liability	$	59	$	57

A maturity analysis of operating lease liabilities and reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the total operating lease liability is as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	As of March 31, 2025
Lease payments due:
Within one year	$	255
After one but within two years		208
After two but within three years		114
After three but within four years		75
After four but within five years		75
After five years		248
Total undiscounted lease payments		975
Less: imputed interest		60
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	915

Note 9 – Regulatory Matters

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possible additional discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period for certain provisions). Quantitative measures established by the Basel III Capital Rules to ensure capital adequacy require the maintenance of minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and Total capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital to adjusted quarterly average assets (as defined).

In connection with the adoption of the Basel III Capital Rules, the Bank elected to opt-out of the requirement to include accumulated other comprehensive income in Common Equity Tier 1 capital. Common Equity Tier 1 capital for the Bank is reduced by goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities and subject to transition provisions.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Insured depository institutions are required to meet the following in order to qualify as "well capitalized:" (1) a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.5%; (2) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8%; (3) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10%; and (4) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5%.

The maintenance of a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% is also required. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a "countercyclical capital buffer" that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Bank. The aforementioned capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.


											To be well
											capitalized under
						For capital					prompt corrective
	Actual					adequacy purposes					action provisions
As of March 31, 2025	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
	(dollars in thousands)
Tier 1 Leverage ratio	$	173,443		19.39	%	$	35,784		4.00	%	$	44,730		5.00	%

Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	173,443		24.07	%	$	43,241		6.00	%	$	57,655		8.00	%

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio (to risk-weighted assets)	$	173,443		24.07	%	$	32,431		4.50	%	$	46,845		6.50	%

Total Capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)	$	182,453		25.32	%	$	57,655		8.00	%	$	72,069		10.00	%


											To be well capitalized under
						For capital					prompt corrective
	Actual					adequacy purposes					action provisions
As of December 31, 2024	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
	(dollars in thousands)
Tier 1 Leverage ratio	$	171,775		19.83	%	$	34,657		4.00	%	$	43,322		5.00	%

Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	171,775		24.24	%	$	42,514		6.00	%	$	56,685		8.00	%

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio (to risk-weighted assets)	$	171,775		24.24	%	$	31,885		4.50	%	$	46,056		6.50	%

Total Capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)	$	180,632		25.49	%	$	56,685		8.00	%	$	70,856		10.00	%

Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements

The Company adopted ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” and ASC Topic 825, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which provides a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value under U.S. GAAP. ASC Topic 820 requires disclosures about the fair value of assets and liabilities recognized in the consolidated balance sheet in periods subsequent to initial recognition, whether the measurements are made on a recurring basis (for example, AFS investment securities) or on a nonrecurring basis (for example, individually evaluated loans).

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. AFS securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis such as loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Under ASC Topic 820, the Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded, and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine the fair value. These hierarchy levels are:

Level 1 inputs - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 inputs - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs - Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the actual date of the event or circumstances that caused the transfer, which generally coincides with the Company’s quarterly valuation process. Intra-quarter transfers in and out of level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are disclosed. There were no such transfers during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 or the year ended December 31, 2024.

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value:

Securities Available for Sale

AFS investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Standard inputs include quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include agency and mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities (“GSEs”), municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Equity Securities Carried at Fair Value Through Income

Equity securities carried at fair value through income are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Standard inputs include quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 equity securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Level 2 equity securities include mutual funds with asset-backed securities issued by GSEs as the underlying investment supporting the fund. Equity securities classified as Level 3 include mutual funds with asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Loans Receivable

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis; however, from time to time, a loan is individually evaluated and an ACL is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan are segregated individually. Management estimates the fair value of individually evaluated loans using one of several methods, including the collateral value, market value of similar debt, or discounted cash flows. Individually evaluated loans not requiring an allowance are those for which the fair value of expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investment in such loans.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

In accordance with FASB ASC 820, loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral (loans with impairment) require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price (e.g., contracted sales price), the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When the fair value of the collateral dependent loan is derived from an appraisal, the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 3. Fair value is reassessed at least quarterly or more frequently when circumstances occur that indicate a change in the fair value. The fair values of collateral dependent loans that are not measured based on collateral values are measured using discounted cash flows and considered to be Level 3 inputs.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate is adjusted for fair value upon transfer of the loans to foreclosed assets. Subsequently, foreclosed real estate is reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is based on independent market prices, appraised value of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price (e.g., contracted sales price), the Company records the foreclosed asset as nonrecurring Level 2 when the fair value is derived from an appraisal, the Company records the foreclosed asset at nonrecurring Level 3.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The tables below present the recorded amount of assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 measured at fair value on a recurring basis.


			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
			Quoted prices		Significant		Significant
			in active		other		other
			markets for		observable		unobservable
As of March 31, 2025	Total		identical assets		inputs		inputs
	(dollars in thousands)
Securities available for sale
Agencies	$	490	$	—	$	490	$	—
Corporate securities		1,562		—		1,562		—
Mortgage-backed securities		18,932		—		18,932		—
Treasuries		14,201		—		14,201		—
	$	35,185	$	—	$	35,185	$	—


			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
			Quoted prices		Significant		Significant
			in active		other		other
			markets for		observable		unobservable
As of December 31, 2024	Total		identical assets		inputs		inputs
	(dollars in thousands)
Securities available for sale
Agencies	$	522	$	—	$	522	$	—
Corporate securities		1,535		—		1,535		—
Mortgage-backed securities		20,894		—		20,894		—
Treasuries		14,308		—		14,308		—
	$	37,259	$	—	$	37,259	$	—

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The Company may be required to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were included in the tables below.


			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
			Quoted prices		Significant		Significant
			in active		other		other
			markets for		observable		unobservable
As of March 31, 2025	Total		identical assets		inputs		inputs
(dollars in thousands)
Individually evaluated loans	$	4,834	$	—	$	—	$	4,834
Foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets		158		—		—		158
	$	4,992	$	—	$	—	$	4,992


			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
			Quoted prices		Significant		Significant
			in active		other		other
			markets for		observable		unobservable
As of December 31, 2024	Total		identical assets		inputs		inputs
(dollars in thousands)
Individually evaluated loans	$	4,010	$	—	$	—	$	4,010
Foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets		159		—		—		159
	$	4,169	$	—	$	—	$	4,169

Note 11 – Fair Value Of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments require disclosure of fair value information, whether or not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets, when it is practical to estimate the fair value. A financial instrument is defined as cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity or a contractual obligation which requires the exchange of cash. Certain items are specifically excluded from the financial instrument fair value disclosure requirements, including the Company’s common stock, foreclosed real estate, premises and equipment and other assets and liabilities.

The estimated fair value amounts have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Therefore, any aggregate unrealized gains or losses should not be interpreted as a forecast of future earnings or cash flows. Furthermore, the fair values disclosed should not be interpreted as the aggregate current value of the Company.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The Company’s estimated fair values of financial instruments are presented in the following table.


		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Fair value	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	hierarchy	amount		value		amount		value

Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	70,820	$	70,820	$	70,500	$	70,500
Equity investment	Level 1		408		408		391		391
Securities held to maturity	Level 2		5,909		5,191		5,979		5,171
Securities held to available for sale	Level 2		35,185		35,185		37,259		37,259
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock	Level 2		1,385		1,385		1,366		1,366
Loans receivable	Level 3		741,286		737,645		729,238		722,005
Accrued interest receivable	Level 2		3,121		3,121		3,161		3,161

Financial liabilities
Deposits	Level 3	$	657,896	$	580,739	$	651,491	$	574,273
FHLB Borrowings	Level 2		15,000		15,000		15,000		15,000
Subordinated Debentures	Level 3		34,922		31,117		34,883		31,117
Accrued interest payable	Level 2		1,253		1,253		346		346

Note 12 – Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

Basic earnings per common share represent income available to common shareholders, divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As a result of the Conversion, previously outstanding shares held by public stockholders were adjusted to reflect the 1.5309-to-1 exchange ratio. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Potential common shares that may have been issued by the Company related to outstanding unvested restricted stock awards were determined using the treasury stock method and included in the calculation of dilutive common stock equivalents.

As of the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, there were no, unvested restricted stock awards which were excluded from the calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive. Basic and diluted earnings per share have been computed based on weighted-average common and common equivalent shares outstanding as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025				2024
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted

Net income	$	2,099	$	2,099	$	2,574	$	2,574
Weighted average common shares outstanding		9,895		9,895		10,638		10,638
Dilutive securities
Stock options		—		94		—		31
Adjusted weighted average shares outstanding		9,895		9,989		10,638		10,669
Earnings -per share amount	$	0.21	$	0.21	$	0.24	$	0.24

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Note 13 – Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with its subsidiaries. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability (or balance sheet) method which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. If it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will not be realized, deferred tax assets will be reduced by a valuation allowance. It is the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2025			2024

Current expense
Federal	$	529		$	519
State		234			238
Total current expense		763			757
Deferred expense		(164	)		269
Income tax expense	$	599		$	1,026

A reconciliation of the expected tax to the reported tax as of March 31, 2025 is shown below:


	Percentage			Amount
Federal tax		21.00	%	$	566
State tax, net		6.09	%		164
Tax exempt		-1.11	%		(30	)
Nondeductibles		-0.17	%		(4	)
Other		-3.60	%		(97	)
Total		22.21	%	$	599

There were no income tax payments made in the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Estimated payments were made in December 2024.

Note 14 – Segment Reporting

The Company operates a single reportable business segment that is comprised of commercial banking. The
Company’s Co- CEOs are deemed the Chief Operating Decision Makers (“CODMs”). The CODMs evaluate the
financial performance of the Company by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing the Company’s single reporting segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The CODMs use consolidated net income to benchmark the Company against peers and to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Significant revenue and expense categories evaluated by the CODMs are consistent with the presentation of the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Note 15 – Subsequent Events

On April 4, 2025, the Company announced the adoption and regulatory non-objection for a stock repurchase program for up to 10% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock. The previous stock repurchase program announced on July 30, 2024 ,was completed in January 2025.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

Management’s discussion and analysis is intended to enhance your understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The financial information in this section is derived from the accompanying financial statements. You should read the financial information in this section in conjunction with the business and financial information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2025.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “intend,” “target” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•

statements of our goals, financial performance, intentions and expectations;

•

statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

•

statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and

•

estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

These forward-looking statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations and are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. We are under no duty to and do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

•

general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected, including as a result of unemployment levels and labor shortages, and any potential recession or slowed economic growth;

•

changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and charge-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses;

•

changes in the economic assumptions and methodology used to calculate the allowance for credit losses;

•

our ability to access cost-effective funding;

•

changes in liquidity, including the size and composition of our deposit portfolio and the percentage of uninsured deposits in the portfolio;

•

fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions;

•

our continued ability to originate loans outside of our market area;

•

our ability to implement and update our business strategies;

•

competition among depository and other financial institutions;

•

inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields, the fair value of financial instruments or our level of loan originations or prepayments on loans we have made and make;

•

adverse changes in the securities markets;

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

•

changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements and insurance premiums;

•

the imposition of tariffs or other domestic or international governmental policies;

•

changes in the quality or composition of our loan or investment portfolios;

•

technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

•

system failure or cyber-security breaches of our information technology infrastructure;

•

the failure to maintain current technologies and/or successfully implement future information technology enhancements;

•

the inability of third-party providers to perform as expected;

•

our ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk in the current economic environment;

•

our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

•

our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we may acquire, and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames and any goodwill charges related thereto;

•

changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

•

changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

•

our ability to retain key employees;

•

our compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to our employees; and

•

changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own.

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Critical Accounting Estimates

Our accounting policies are integral to understanding the results reported. We consider accounting policies that require management to exercise significant judgment or discretion or to make significant assumptions that have, or could have, a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets or on income to be critical accounting policies.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL is an estimate of the expected credit losses for loans held for investment and for off-balance sheet exposures. ASC 326, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses," requires an immediate recognition of the credit loss expected to occur over the lifetime of a financial asset whether originated or purchased. Charge-offs are recorded to the ACL when management believes a loan is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL. Management believes the ACL is maintained in accordance with GAAP and in compliance with appropriate regulatory guidelines. The ACL includes quantitative estimates of losses for collectively and individually evaluated loans. The quantitative estimate for collectively evaluated loans (other than investor commercial real estate loans) is determined using the average charge-off method that utilizes historical losses for all Maryland banks with assets less than $1 billion beginning in March 2000. The investor commercial real estate portfolio utilizes the national loss history for banks with assets less than $1 billion over the same time period. Investor CRE loans are made nationwide, therefore, management deems it appropriate to utilize national loss rates when evaluating this portfolio. Adjustments are made to the historical loss factors under each scenario for economic

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

conditions, portfolio concentrations, collateral values, the level and trend of delinquent and non-accrual loans and internal changes in staffing, loan policies and monitoring of the portfolio. Loans are selected for individual evaluation primarily based on their payment status and whether the loan has been placed on non-accrual status. Loans on non-accrual status include all loans greater than 90 days delinquent and other loans with weaknesses sufficient for management to place these loans on non-accrual status. The ACL is measured on a collective basis when similar risk factors exist as determined by internal loan coding and assignment to a portfolio segment. The Company utilizes reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions when estimating the ACL on loans. The model's calculation also uses an adjustment for a 12-month forecast period utilizing the most recent 12-month economic forecast from the Federal Reserve Board for national gross domestic product ("GDP"). The model compares the average history of loss rates described above to the forecasted GDP to determine the neccessity and amount of any forward-looking adjustment. The establishment of the ACL is significantly affected by management's judgment and by economic and other uncertainties, and different amounts may be reported under different conditions or assumptions. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Maryland Office of the Commissioner of Financial Regulation, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the ACL for reasonableness and, as a result of such reviews, we may be required to increase our ACL or recognize loan charge-offs. The calculation of ACL excludes accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are reversed in a timely manner against previously recognized interest income when a loan is placed on non-accrual.

Goodwill

The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets from acquisitions, or goodwill, is evaluated for impairment at least annually and on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates it is likely impairment has occurred. Goodwill impairment is determined by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount. In any given year, the Company may elect to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is in excess of its carrying value. If it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is in excess of the carrying value, or if the Company elects to bypass the qualitative assessment, a quantitative impairment test is performed. In performing a quantitative test for impairment, the fair value of net assets is estimated based on analyses of the Company’s market value, discounted cash flows, and peer values. The determination of goodwill impairment is sensitive to market conditions and other key assumptions used in determining or allocating fair value. Variability in the market and changes in assumptions or subjective measurements used to estimate fair value are reasonably possible and may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or results of operations. Our annual goodwill impairment test is performed each year as of September 30. The Company performed its 2024 goodwill impairment qualitative assessment and determined its goodwill was not considered impaired.

Deferred Income Taxes

At March 31, 2025, we had a net deferred tax asset totaling $9.0 million. In accordance with ASC Topic 740 “Income Taxes,” we use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. If currently available information raises doubt as to the realization of the deferred tax assets, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets are subjective and are reviewed on a regular basis as regulatory, economic or business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance that results in additional income tax expense in the period in which it is recognized would negatively affect income. Management believes, based upon current facts, that it is more likely than not that there will be sufficient taxable income in future years to realize its federal and state deferred tax asset.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024

Assets. Assets were $921.9 million at March 31, 2025, an increase of $10.1 million, or 1.1%, from $911.8 million at December 31, 2024. The increase was due primarily to a $12.0 million increase in net loans receivable, partially offset by a decrease of $2.1 million in securities available for sale. The loan growth in the quarter was funded by an increase in deposits and quarterly net income.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents increased $320,000, or 0.5%, to $70.8 million at March 31, 2025 from $70.5 million at December 31, 2024.

Loans. Net loans receivable increased $12.0 million, or 1.65%, to $741.3 million at March 31, 2025 from $729.2 million at December 31, 2024. Increases in commercial loans of $9.9 million, investor commercial real estate loans of $4.3 million and owner occupied one-to four-family loans of $3.0 million was offset by a $5.8 million decrease in non-owner occupied one- to four-family loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses.

Our allowance for credit losses – loans increased $366,000 to $8.9 million at March 31, 2025 compared to $8.5 million at December 31, 2024. The ratio of our allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.18% at March 31, 2025 compared to 1.15% at December 31, 2024, while the allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans was 183.87% at March 31, 2025 compared to 212.51% at December 31, 2024.

Securities. Securities available for sale decreased $2.1 million, or 5.6%, to $35.2 million at March 31, 2025 from $37.3 million at December 31, 2024. The decrease was due to new purchases not fully replacing maturities and paydowns in the portfolio. Securities held-to-maturity were relatively unchanged at $5.9 million.

Liabilities. Total liabilities increased $7.6 million or 1.1%, to $723.9 million at March 31, 2025 from $716.3 million at December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase in total deposits of $6.4 million, and an increase in escrow accounts and other accrued balances within other liabilities.

Deposits. Total deposits increased $6.4 million, or 1.0%, to $657.9 million at March 31, 2025 from $651.5 million at December 31, 2024. Noninterest bearing deposits increased $6.5 million, or 5.0%, to $136.3 million at March 31, 2025 from $129.7 million at December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing deposits were relatively unchanged at $521.6 million.

Stockholders’ Equity. Stockholders’ equity increased $2.6 million, or 1.3%, to $198.1 million at March 31, 2025, primarily due to $2.1 million net income and $1.2 million of stock-based compensation, offset by $981,000 of share repurchases.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Comparison of Operating Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

Average Balances and Yields. The following table sets forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as the effects would be immaterial. All average balances are daily average balances. Non-accrual loans are included in the computation of average balances only. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. Average balances exclude loans held for sale, if applicable. Net deferred loan origination fees totaled $2.3 million and $2.2 million at March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025						2024
(dollars in thousands)	Average Outstanding Balance			Interest		Average Yield/Rate(1)	Average Outstanding Balance			Interest		Average Yield/Rate(1)
	(Unaudited)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans	$	739,666		$	10,741	5.89%	$	708,367		$	9,782		5.54	%
Securities available-for-sale		36,884			350	3.85%		34,045			306		3.61	%
Securities held-to-maturity		7,323			47	2.60%		10,815			92		3.41	%
Cash, cash equivalents and other interest-earning assets		66,832			743	4.51%		62,681			824		5.27	%
Total interest-earning assets		850,705			11,881	5.66%		815,908			11,004		5.41	%
Noninterest-earning assets		65,008						67,460
Total assets	$	915,713					$	883,368

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	80,149			171	0.87%	$	84,550			236		1.12	%
Savings deposits		122,458			99	0.33%		146,629			65		0.18	%
Money market deposits		124,962			764	2.48%		87,738			352		1.61	%
Certificates of deposit		195,379			1,567	3.52%		173,093			1,333		3.09	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		522,948			2,601	2.02%		492,010			1,986		1.62	%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		15,000			171	4.62%		—			—		—
Subordinated debentures		34,905			466	5.41%		35,805			1,055		11.85	%
Total borrowings		49,905			637	5.18%		35,805			1,055		11.82	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		572,853			3,238	2.29%		527,815			3,041		2.31	%
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		131,981						139,688
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities		14,941						16,145
Total liabilities		719,775						683,648
Equity		195,938						199,720
Total liabilities and equity	$	915,713					$	883,368
Net interest income				$	8,643					$	7,963
Net interest rate spread(2)						3.37%							3.10	%
Net interest-earning assets(3)	$	277,852					$	288,093
Net interest margin(4)						4.12%							3.91	%
Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities		148.50	%					154.58	%

(1)

Annualized.

(2)

Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate of interest-bearing liabilities.

(3)

Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

(4)

Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by current rate). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume which cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and volume.


	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
	Interest Income Increase (Decrease) Due to
	(In thousands)
	Volume			Rate			Total
Interest income:
Loans receivable	$	409		$	550		$	959

Investment securities AFS		25			19			44
Investment securities HTM		(23	)		(22	)		(45	)
Total Investment securities		2			(3	)		(1	)

Short-term investments and other
interest-earning assets		51			(132	)		(81	)
Total interest-earning assets	$	462		$	415		$	877

Interest expense:
Deposits	$	149		$	466		$	615

FHLB Borrowings		171			—			171
Subordinated Debentures		(12	)		(577	)		(589	)
Total Borrowings		159			(577	)		(418	)
Total interest-bearing liabilities		308			(111	)		197

Change in net interest income	$	154		$	526		$	680

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Net Income. Net income was $2.1 million or $0.21 per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $2.6 million, or $0.24 per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $877,000, or 8.0%, to $11.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $11.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was due primarily to an increase in interest income on loans, partially offset by a decrease in other interest income on cash and cash equivalents. Interest income on loans increased $959,000 or 9.8%, to $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $9.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to increases in the portfolio and in the average yield on loans. The average balance of loans increased $31.3 million, or 4.4%, to $739.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $708.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The weighted average yield on loans increased 35 basis points to 5.89% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 5.54% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as variable rate loans reset to higher interest rates and the rates on new loans exceeded the rates on paid off loans due to the higher interest rate environment. Other interest income decreased related to interest income on cash and cash equivalents $81,000 to $743,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $824,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to a decrease in the yield of 76 basis points, offset by a $4.2 million increase in the average balance of cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $197,000 or 6.5% to $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $3.0 million at March 31, 2024. Interest expense on deposits increased $615,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, as rates paid increased and depositors moved money into higher-cost certificates of deposit and money market accounts, offset by a decrease in interest expense on borrowings of $418,000.

The increase in interest expense on deposits was due to a 40 basis point increase in the average rate, as well as a $30.9 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits to $522.9 million at March 31, 2025 from $492.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The average rate on interest-bearing deposits was 2.02% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 1.62% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Interest expense on FHLB advances for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $171,000 compared to $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to $15.0 million in new borrowings in 2025.

Interest expense on subordinated debentures decreased $589,000, or 55.8%, to $466,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was due primarily to the pay-off in the first quarter of 2024 of $3.0 million in junior subordinated debt assumed in a prior acquisition and the concurrent write-off of the purchase accounting adjustment on that debt.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income was $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $8.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 4.12% compared to 3.91% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The net interest spread for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 3.37% compared to 3.10% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Provision for Credit Losses.

We recorded a provision for credit losses of $297,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to a provision for credit losses of $18,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Our allowance for credit losses was $8.9 million at March 31, 2025 compared to $8.5 million at March 31, 2024. The ratio of our allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.18% at March 31, 2025 compared to 1.20% at March 31, 2024, while the allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans was 183.9% at March 31, 2025 compared to 79.2% at March 31, 2024. The Company had net recoveries on previously charged off loans of $15,000 in the quarter ended March 31, 2025 as compared to net recoveries of $85,000 in the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

Non-interest Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, noninterest income totaled $530,000 compared to $578,000 in the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

Non-interest Expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, noninterest expense totaled $6.2 million compared to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Compensation and benefits expenses increased $1.4 million, or 44.6%, due to increases in salaries and the $1.2 million cost of the equity awards granted after the stockholders approved the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. Professional fees increased $119,000, or 106.3%, primarily due to a recovery in 2024 of previously expensed legal fees of $109,000 on the disposition of a problem loan. Other expenses decreased $271,000 or 43.2%.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Income Tax Expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, income tax expense was $599,000 for an effective tax rate of 22.2%. In the quarter ended March 31, 2024, income tax expense was $1.0 million for an effective tax rate of 28.5%. The lower rate was due to an accrual adjustment made in the current quarter.

Asset Quality. Non-performing assets at March 31, 2025 totaled $5.0 million consisting of $4.8 million in nonperforming loans and $158,000 in foreclosed real estate, compared to $4.2 million at December 31, 2024, consisting of $4.0 million in non-performing loans and $159,000 in foreclosed real estate. Non-performing owner occupied commercial real estate loans increased by $500,000 in the quarter. On April 1, 2025, $600,000 of the non-performing loans in this segment paid in full. Commercial non-performing loans increased by $660,000 in the quarter due to a $660,000 loan relationship being placed on non-accrual status. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Bank was able to secure these loans with previously unencumbered real estate. At March 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on loans was $8.9 million, which represented 1.18% of total loans and 183.9% of non-performing loans compared to $8.5 million at December 31, 2024, which represented 1.15% of total loans and 212.5% of non-performing loans.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity. Liquidity describes our ability to meet the financial obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Liquidity is primarily needed to meet the borrowing and deposit withdrawal requirements of our customers and to fund current and planned expenditures. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, principal and interest payments on loans and securities and proceeds from maturities of securities. We also have the ability to borrow from the FHLB of Atlanta. At March 31, 2025, we had a $165.6 million line of credit with the FHLB of Atlanta, $23.0 million of FHLB in unfunded letters of credit used to secure municipal deposits and $15.0 million in advances outstanding against the line of credit with the FHLB of Atlanta. The Company also has a $20.0 million short-term unsecured facility from a correspondent bank.

While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Our most liquid assets are cash and short-term investments, including interest-bearing demand deposits. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period. We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position.

We monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. Based on our deposit retention experience and current pricing strategy, we anticipate that a significant portion of maturing time deposits will be retained. However, if a substantial portion of these deposits is not retained, we may utilize FHLB advances, brokered deposits or raise interest rates on deposits to attract new accounts, which may result in higher levels of interest expense. At March 31, 2025, the Company had $50.0 million in brokered deposits compared to $10.0 million in brokered deposits at March 31, 2024. In addition, we had $57.0 million of municipal deposits at March 31, 2025, which represented 8.7% of total deposits. The Bank's uninsured deposits totaled $179.1 million, or 26.0% of total deposits, of which $50.1 million were secured using the market value of pledged collateral or letters of credit issued by FHLB, and an additional $31.1 million were deposits of the Company at the Bank.

Capital Resources. At March 31, 2025, the Bank exceeded all of its regulatory capital requirements and was categorized as well capitalized. Management is not aware of any conditions or events since the most recent notification that would change our category.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable, as the Company is a smaller reporting company.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Co-Chief Executive Officers and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of March 31, 2025. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Co-Chief Executive Officers and the Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part II – Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to various legal actions arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the resolution of these legal actions is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" contained in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company's evaluation of the risk factors applicable to it has not changed materially from those disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On July 30, 2024, the Company announced that it had adopted a stock repurchase program for up to 10% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock (approximately 1,138,772 shares). This program was completed in January 2025. On April 4, 2025, the Company announced that it had adopted a stock repurchase program for up to 10% of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock (approximately 1,059,404 shares). The program does not have a scheduled expiration date and the Company's Board has the right to suspend or discontinue the program at any time.

The following table provides information on repurchases by the Company of its common stock under the Company’s Board approved program during the quarter ended March 31, 2025.


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
December 31, 2024		—	$	—		—		51,240
January 1 - 31, 2025		51,240		17.06		51,240		-
		-		-		-		-
Total		51,240	$	17.06		51,240

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement."

BV FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 6. Exhibits


3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of BV Financial, Inc. (1)

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of BV Financial Bancorp, Inc. (2)

31.1 31.2		Certification of Co- Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Co- Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.3		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32		Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101		The following materials for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

(1)

Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (Commission File No. 001-41764), filed on July 31, 2023.

(2)

Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Commission File No. 333-270496), filed on March 13, 2023.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		BV FINANCIAL, INC.

Date: May 13, 2025		/s/ Timothy L. Prindle
		Timothy L. Prindle Co-President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 13, 2025		/s/ David M. Flair
		David M. Flair
		Co-President and Chief Executive Officer


Date: May 13, 2025		/s/ Michael J. Dee
		Michael J. Dee
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer