UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

Commission File Number 001-41764

BV FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (410) 477-5000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO X

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO X

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO X

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on June 30 , 2024, the end of the Company's second fiscal quarter was approximately $135,627,781.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 14, 2025 was 10,594,044.

Auditor Firm Id: 686 Auditor Name: Forvis Mazars, LLP Auditor Location: Tysons, Virginia, United States

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could” or “may,” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

BV Financial, Inc.

BV Financial, Inc. (“BV Financial,” the “Company” or “we”) was organized as a federal corporation and savings and loan holding company in January 2005 as part of the mutual holding company reorganization of Bay-Vanguard Federal Savings Bank. In February 2019, the Company became a Maryland-chartered corporation and a bank holding company.

Prior to consummation of its mutual to stock conversion in July 2023, BayVanguard, M.H.C., Inc. (the “MHC”) a Maryland-chartered mutual holding company, owned 86.3% of the outstanding common stock of the Company. On January 19, 2023, the MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization (the “Plan”) pursuant to which the MHC reorganized from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to the fully-public stock holding company structure (the “Conversion”). The conversion was consummated on July 31, 2023 on which date the MHC ceased to exist. As part of the Conversion, the Company sold 9,798,980 shares of its common stock at a price of $10.00 per share. Each outstanding share of Company common stock owned by the public stockholders of the Company were converted into new shares of Company common stock based on an exchange ratio of 1.5309-to-1. The Company had 11,375,803 shares of Company common stock outstanding as a result of the Conversion.

The Company conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank, a Maryland-chartered commercial bank. At December 31, 2024, the Company had total assets of $911.8 million, loans of $737.8 million, deposits of $651.5 million, and stockholders’ equity of $195.5 million.

The executive offices of BV Financial are located at 7114 North Point Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21219, and its telephone number is (410) 477-5000. Our website address is www.bayvanguard.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this annual report. The Company is a registered bank holding company subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”).

BayVanguard Bank

Originally chartered in 1873, the Bank is a Maryland-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland and is a full-service community-oriented financial institution dedicated to serving the financial service needs of consumers and businesses. BayVanguard Bank’s business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations, in commercial real estate loans (commercial – owner occupied and commercial – investor), one- to four-family real estate loans (one- to four-family – owner occupied and one- to four-family – non-owner occupied) and, to a lesser extent, commercial loans, construction and land loans, marine loans, farm loans and certain consumer loans. In recent years, we have increased our focus, consistent with our conservative underwriting standards, on originating commercial real estate and commercial loans. We also invest in investment securities. Our revenues are derived primarily from interest on loans and, to a lesser extent, interest on investment securities. Our primary sources of funds are deposits and principal and interest payments on loans and securities. BayVanguard Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts, including noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts, savings accounts and certificates of deposit.

The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Regulation for the State of Maryland (the “OCFR”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). BayVanguard Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank system.

Market Area

We conduct our operations from our main office, 13 branch offices and one standalone interactive teller machine (“ITM”), all of which are located in the Baltimore market (Baltimore City, Anne Arundel, Baltimore and Harford Counties, Maryland) and Dorchester and Talbot Counties, Maryland on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

The economy in our primary market area has benefited from being varied and diverse, with a broad economic base.

Competition

We face competition within our market area both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market area has a concentration of financial institutions that include large money center and regional banks, community banks and credit unions. We also face competition from mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, and financial technology or “fintech” companies, and, with respect to deposits, from money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies.

Lending Activities

General. Our principal lending activity is the origination of commercial real estate loans, one- to four-family real estate loans and, to a lesser extent, commercial loans, construction and loan loans, marine loans and farm loans. Our lending function focuses on three areas – consumer, community, and investment real estate. The consumer group generally includes loans made to our customer base (e.g., mortgages) and through local brokers (e.g., marine lending). The community group generally includes loans serving the business needs of the communities in our market area, including through non-owner occupied residential lending, commercial real estate lending and other commercial lending. In 2020, we established the investment real estate group charged with originating larger real estate loans, primarily non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, both inside and outside of our market area.

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no loans held for sale.

Net deferred origination (fees) and costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $2.2 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

Contractual Maturities. The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. The tables present contractual maturities and do not reflect repricing or the effect of prepayments. Actual maturities may differ.

The following table sets forth our fixed and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2024 that are contractually due after December 31, 2024.

Commercial Real Estate Lending. At December 31, 2024, we had $411.3 million in commercial real estate loans, representing 55.8% of our total loan portfolio. Of this amount, we had $82.6 million in owner occupied commercial real estate loans and $328.7 million in commercial – investor real estate loans. Our commercial real estate loans are

secured by a variety of properties, including multi-family, commercial retail, smaller suburban office buildings, shopping centers and hotels.

Our commercial real estate loans are generally originated as five- to ten-year balloon loans and are amortized over 20 to 25 years. Interest rates on such loans are generally priced at origination to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity, plus a margin.

The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial real estate loans is generally 80% of the lower of purchase price or appraised value of the properties securing the loan and generally requires a minimum debt-service coverage ratio of 1.25x.

We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. In addition to the debt-service coverage ratio, we evaluate the loan purpose, the quality of collateral and the borrower’s qualifications, experience, credit history, cash flows and financial statements and sources of repayment. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals. We gather information on environmental risks associated with commercial properties and also require appropriate insurance coverage on properties securing real estate loans. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. We also purchase and participate in commercial real estate loans from other financial institutions. Such loans are subject to the same underwriting criteria and loan approval requirements applied to loans originated by BayVanguard Bank. BayVanguard independently undertakes this analysis prior to its decision to purchase and/or participate in any commercial loan from another financial institution.

At December 31, 2024, $243.2 million, or 53.3% of our commercial real estate loans (which include both commercial– owner occupied and commercial–investor loans) and 33.0% of our total loan portfolio, were secured by collateral located outside of Maryland in 37 states throughout the United States. We generally underwrite these loans under the same methodology and terms that are used for our in-state loans.

At December 31, 2024, the average loan balance outstanding in the commercial real estate loan portfolio was $898,000 and the largest individual commercial real estate loan outstanding, net of participations sold, was a $12.6 million loan secured by land. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2024.

One- to-Four Family Residential Real Estate Lending. Our one-to four-family residential loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance homes. At December 31, 2024, we had $241.7 million of loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate, representing 32.8% of our total loan portfolio, of which $207.4 million, or 85.7% are secured by properties located in Maryland. At December 31, 2024, $99.8 million, or 41.3% of the one- to four-family residential real estate loan portfolio and 13.5% of the total loan portfolio, was secured by non-owner occupied properties. We generally will not make loans in excess of 80% loan to value on non-owner occupied properties.

Generally, our one- to four-family residential real estate loans have terms of up to 30 years. At December 31, 2024, 64.7% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans and 35.3% were adjustable-rate loans. Generally, our adjustable-rate mortgage loans have initial repricing terms of five years. Following the initial repricing term, such loans adjust annually for the balance of the loan term. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans are indexed to the One- or Five-Year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rate, plus a margin.

Loan-to-value ratios are determined by collateral type and occupancy level. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our residential mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80%. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made in excess of this limit, up to 97% of the value of the property.

We do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on permanent, owner occupied, one- to four-family residential real estate loans (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan), but we do offer such loans on one- to four-family non-owner occupied loans. At December 31, 2024, $9.4 million of our one- to four-family non-owner occupied loans were “interest only” loans. All such loans were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. We do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not have a “subprime lending” program for one- to four-family residential real estate loans (i.e., loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories).

Commercial Lending. At December 31, 2024, we had $23.2 million of commercial loans outstanding, representing 3.1% of the total loan portfolio. We originate commercial loans, including equipment loans and business acquisitions loans, floor plan loans and lines of credit to small- and medium-sized companies in our market area. Our commercial loan portfolio consists of mix of secured loans and unsecured loans. Generally, secured loans can have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 90% of the collateral securing the loan. We generally require our commercial business borrowers to maintain their principal deposit accounts with us, which improves our overall interest rate spread and profitability. We may increase this type of lending in the future.

The commercial loans that we offer are variable- and fixed-rate loans, generally for a one- to ten-year term. Variable interest rates are indexed to the Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal, plus a margin. Commercial loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than commercial real estate loans.

When making commercial loans, we consider the financial statements of the borrower, the lending history of the borrower, the debt service capabilities of the borrower, the projected cash flows of the business, the value of the collateral, if any, and whether the loan is guaranteed by the principals of the borrower.

At December 31, 2024, our largest commercial loan relationship totaled $5.9 million and was secured by real estate secured margined notes receivable. At December 31, 2024, this loan was performing in accordance with its contractual terms.

Construction and Land Lending. We make construction loans, mostly to builders and commercial borrowers for owner occupied projects. We also originate a limited amount of land loans. At December 31, 2024, our construction and land loans totaled $30.6 million, representing 4.1% of our total loan portfolio, and included $16.2 million of land loans. Most of our construction and land loans are secured by properties located in our market area.

Construction loans generally have a maximum term of 24 months. Construction loans are limited to 80% of the appraised value on residential construction/rehab loans (lot and improvements), 75% of the appraised value on non-residential construction loans and 90% of appraised value on residential owner-occupied dwellings, with adequate mortgage insurance. At December 31, 2024, our largest outstanding construction loan was for $9.6 million, all of which was outstanding. This loan was performing according to its contractual terms at December 31, 2024.

Land development loans are generally secured by vacant land located in Maryland and in process of improvement. We generally originate land loans up to 75% of the lower of cost or as completed appraised value. These loans generally have a maximum term of 24 months. At December 31, 2024, our largest land loan had an outstanding balance of $12.4 million and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

Marine Lending. At December 31, 2024, we had $15.2 million, or 2.1% of our total loans, of marine loans. Marine loans are typically made through two, long standing, dealer and broker relationships, and, to a much lesser extent, walk-in applications. These loans typically have a maximum loan term of 20 years and are made at a fixed rate. Marine loans are generally limited to no more than 90% of retail price plus taxes and fees or survey value or NADA Marine Appraisal Guide value, whichever is less.

Farm Lending. At December 31, 2024, we had $11.3 million, or 1.5% of our total loans, of farm loans. The farm loan portfolio consists of loans to farmers and agricultural businesses, most of which are located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. These loans typically have a five-year term and are made at a fixed rate, indexed to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rate, plus a margin. We generally limit farm loans to 80% of the purchase price or appraised value of land and 90% of the purchase price or market value of equipment, whichever is less.

Other Consumer Lending. We originate limited amounts of consumer loans apart from marine loans. At December 31, 2024, our consumer loan portfolio totaled $1.6 million, or 0.2% of our total loan portfolio. The consumer loans that we originate generally consist of loans secured by automobile loans, deposits and miscellaneous other types of installment loans and are generally only provided to existing lending clients upon request.

Guaranteed by the U.S. Government. We have in the past purchased the guaranteed portion of U.S. Department of Agriculture and SBA loans in the secondary market, though we are no longer actively engaged in this market. Such loans totaled $2.9 million at December 31, 2024. We are also authorized lenders under the SBA’s 7(a) and 504 programs and have originated loans under those programs in the past.

Loan Underwriting Risks

Commercial Real Estate Loans. Loans secured by commercial real estate generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. The primary concern in commercial real estate lending is the borrower’s creditworthiness and the feasibility and cash flow potential of the project. Payments on loans secured by income properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be subject, to a greater extent than residential real estate loans, to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. To monitor cash flows on income properties, we generally require borrowers and loan guarantors to provide monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual financial statements, depending on the size of the loan or lending relationship, on commercial real estate loans. In reaching a decision on whether to make a commercial real estate loan, we consider and review a global cash flow analysis of the borrower and consider the net operating income of the property, the borrower’s expertise, credit history and profitability and the value of the underlying property. Also, many of our borrowers have more than one of these types of loans outstanding. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a residential mortgage loan.

If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be lengthy with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

Adjustable-Rate One- to Four-Family Residential Real Estate Loans. Although adjustable-rate mortgage loans may reduce to an extent our vulnerability to changes in market interest rates because they periodically re-price, as interest rates increase the required payments due from the borrower also increase (subject to rate caps), increasing the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the ability of the borrower to repay the loan and the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. Upward adjustments of the contractual interest rate are also limited by our maximum periodic and lifetime rate adjustments. As a result, the effectiveness of adjustable-rate mortgage loans in compensating for changes in market interest rates may be limited.

Commercial Loans. Commercial loans have greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. Our commercial loans are made based primarily on historical and projected cash flows of the borrower, the borrower’s experience and stability and the value and marketability of the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not materialize as forecasted, and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value because of economic or individual performance factors. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself and the general economic environment in our market area. In addition, commercial loans often result in larger outstanding balances to single borrowers, or related groups of borrowers, and also generally require substantially greater evaluation and oversight efforts. Accordingly, financial information is obtained from the borrowers to evaluate cash flow sufficiency and is periodically updated during the life of the loan.

Construction and Land Lending. Our construction loans are based upon estimates of costs and values associated with the completed project. Underwriting is focused on the borrowers’ financial strength, credit history and demonstrated ability to produce a quality product and effectively market and manage their operations.

Construction lending involves additional risks when compared with permanent lending because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value prior to its completion. Risk of loss on a construction loan also depends on the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. In addition, generally during the term of a construction loan, interest may be funded by the borrower or disbursed from an interest reserve set aside from the construction loan budget. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Construction loans also carry the risk that construction will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. These loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of

the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If the appraised value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss.

Land loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on developed real estate. If a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a land loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of development costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Land loans also carry the risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated.

Marine Lending. Marine loans may entail greater risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted marine loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and a small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower. Further, any collateral securing such loan may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value.

Farm Lending. The material risks associated with farm loans include a decline in land values or agricultural commodity prices, increases in production costs, and adverse weather.

Loan Originations, Participations, Purchases and Sales

Most of our loan originations are generated by our loan personnel and from referrals from existing customers, real estate brokers, accountants and other professionals. All loans we originate are underwritten pursuant to our policies and procedures. We originate fixed-rate loans and adjustable-rate loans. Our ability to originate fixed-rate loans or adjustable-rate loans depends on relative customer demand for such loans, which is affected by current and expected future levels of market interest rates.

As a supplement to our in-house loan originations, we have entered into agreements with unaffiliated brokers as a source for certain marine loans. We currently work with two different brokers for marine loans, neither of which we have an ownership interest in or any common employees or directors. Both of the brokers are located in our market area. For each marine loan arranged through our broker relationships, we generally pay the broker a commission based on the loan amount. We use the same parameters in evaluating these loans as we do for our in-house loan originations of one- to four-family residential real estate loans.

We generally do not sell loans we originate into the secondary market. When we do sell certain of our loans, we do so on a best effort basis to third-party investors servicing released. At December 31, 2024, we had no loans held for sale.

We purchase loan participations secured by properties primarily within Maryland in which we are not the lead lender. In these circumstances, we follow our customary loan underwriting and approval policies. At December 31, 2024, the outstanding balances of our loan participations where we are not the lead lender totaled $8.0 million, or 1.1% of our loan portfolio, of which $7.9 million were commercial real estate loans. All such loans were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. We also have participated portions of commercial real estate loans that would have exceeded our loans-to-one borrower legal lending limit and for risk diversification. Historically, we have not purchased whole loans, however, in 2024, we purchased a package of $14.0 million in five and seven year adjustable owner occupied 1-4 loans.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending is subject to underwriting standards and origination procedures. Generally, decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of information submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain, and property valuations (consistent with our appraisal policy) prepared by outside independent licensed appraisers as well as internal evaluations, where permitted by regulations. The loan application processes are designed primarily to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the requested loan, and the more significant items on the application are verified through use of credit reports, bank statements and tax returns.

The Board of Directors has granted loan approval authority to certain individual officers and groupings of officers up to prescribed limits.

Loans-to-One Borrower

Pursuant to applicable law, the aggregate amount of loans that BayVanguard Bank is permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of BayVanguard Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by “readily marketable collateral”). At December 31, 2024, based on the 15% limitation, BayVanguard Bank’s loans-to-one-borrower limit was approximately $27.0 million. At December 31, 2024, net of participations sold, our largest loan relationship with one borrower was 31 loans for $19.8 million, which were secured by properties leased by our borrower to operators of restaurants, retail stores and gasoline stations. At December 31, 2024, the underlying loans were performing in accordance with their contractual terms.

Delinquencies and Asset Quality

Delinquency Procedures. When a borrower fails to make a required loan payment by the due date, a late notice is generated stating the payment and late charges due. If payment is not received, a system generated follow-up notice is sent at 31 days. Staff begin calling customers at 16 days past due and sending default letters at 60 days. If the payment default remains uncured, the appropriate action required to collect against the collateral is commenced. When applicable, accounts are assigned to legal counsel with all rights and remedies reserved.

Loans Past Due and Non-Performing Assets. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is impaired or non-performing when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When a loan is determined to be individually evaluated, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for credit losses is based on present value of expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. All loans that become 90 days or more delinquent are placed on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received on a cash basis. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as real estate owned. The real estate owned is recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Soon after acquisition, we order a new appraisal to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan satisfied over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for credit losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense of the current period. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. At December 31, 2024, we had $159,000 in real estate owned, which consisted of a one-to four-family, non-owner occupied property.

Delinquent Loans. The following tables set forth our loan delinquencies, including non-accrual loans, by type and amount at the dates indicated.