cohn20250331

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-32026

COHEN & COMPANY INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	16-1685692
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Cira Centre 2929 Arch Street, Suite 1703 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	19104
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (215) 701-9555

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share		COHN		The NYSE American Stock Exchange

As of April 29, 2025, there were 2,054,674 shares of common stock ($0.01 par value per share) of Cohen & Company Inc. ("Common Stock") outstanding.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

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Cohen & Company Inc.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

March 31, 2025

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5

	Consolidated Balance Sheets—March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024	5

	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)—Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	6

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity—Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	7

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	9

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	10

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	53

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	74

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	75

Part II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	76

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	76

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	77

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	77

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	77

Item 5.	Other Information	77

Item 6.	Exhibits	78

Signatures		79

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. Because they discuss future events or conditions, forward-looking statements may include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “may,” “seek,” “plan,” “might,” “will,” “expect,” “predict,” “project,” “forecast,” “potential,” “continue,” negatives thereof or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, are based on various underlying assumptions and current expectations about the future and are not guarantees. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance, or achievement to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are found at various places throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and include information concerning possible or assumed future results of our operations, including statements about the following subjects:

	●	integration of operations;
	●	business strategies;
	●	growth opportunities;
	●	competitive position;
	●	market outlook;
	●	expected financial position;
	●	expected results of operations;
	●	future cash flows;
	●	financing plans;
	●	plans and objectives of management;
	●	tax treatment of the business combinations;
	●	our investments in both SPACs and SPAC sponsor entities, including through our SPAC Series Funds;
	●	our role as asset manager and sponsor in our SPAC franchise;
	●	fair value of assets; and
	●	any other statements regarding future growth, future cash needs, future operations, business plans, future financial results, and any other statements that are not historical facts.

These forward-looking statements represent our intentions, plans, expectations, assumptions, and beliefs about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors. Many of those factors are outside of our control and could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the events described in the forward-looking statements might not occur or might occur to a different extent or at a different time than we have described. You should consider the areas of risk and uncertainty described above and discussed under “Item 1A — Risk Factors” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Actual results may differ materially as a result of various factors, some of which are outside our control, including the following:

	●	a decline in general economic conditions or the global financial markets;
	●	economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability;
	●	losses and reduced transaction volumes as a result of increasing interest rates and inflation;
	●	risks and liabilities due to our investments in the equity interests of SPACs and SPAC sponsor entities including the risk of increased regulation applicable to SPACs, risks regarding litigation in connection with the SPACs in which we invest and those which we sponsor, uncertainty of whether the SPACs in which we invest and those we sponsor will consummate a business combination, significant competition for business opportunities in the SPAC industry, write-downs or write-offs with respect to the securities which we hold subsequent to the consummation of an initial business combination by the SPACs in which we invest and those which we sponsor, and the target of a SPAC being an early-stage and financially unstable company;
	●	losses caused by financial or other problems experienced by third parties;
	●	losses due to unidentified or unanticipated risks;
	●	losses (whether realized or unrealized) on our principal investments;
	●	a lack of liquidity, i.e., ready access to funds for use in our businesses, or the availability of financing at prohibitive rates;
	●	the ability to attract and retain personnel;
	●	the ability to meet regulatory capital requirements administered by federal agencies;
	●	the ability to pay dividends;
	●	an inability to generate incremental income from acquired, newly established, or expanded businesses;
	●	unanticipated market closures due to inclement weather or other disasters;
	●	the volume of trading in securities including collateralized securities transactions;
	●	the liquidity in capital markets;
	●	the creditworthiness of our correspondents, trading counterparties, and banking and margin customers;
	●	changing interest rates and their impacts on U.S. residential mortgage volumes;
	●	competitive conditions in each of our business segments;
	●	the availability of borrowings under credit lines, credit agreements, warehouse agreements, and our credit facilities;
	●	the potential misconduct or errors by our employees or by entities with which we conduct business; and
	●	the potential for litigation and other regulatory liability.

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Our Internet website is www.cohenandcompany.com and we make available on our website our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports and any amendments to those filings. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained therein into this Form 10-Q. We also use our website to disseminate other material information to our investors (on the Home Page and in the “Investor Relations” section). Also, we post on our website our press releases and information about any public conference calls that we may conduct (including the scheduled dates, times, and the methods by which investors and others can listen to any of those calls), and we make available for replay webcasts of those calls and other presentations for a limited time, if applicable.

You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning other matters addressed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, a change in events, conditions, circumstances, or assumptions underlying such statements, or otherwise.

Certain Terms Used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless otherwise noted or as the context otherwise requires, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Cohen & Company Inc. (formerly Institutional Financial Markets, Inc.), a Maryland corporation, and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis; and “Cohen & Company, LLC” (formerly IFMI, LLC) or the “Operating LLC” refer to the main operating subsidiary of the Company.

“JVB Holdings” refers to JVB Financial Holdings, L.P., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating LLC; “JVB” refers to J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC, a wholly owned broker-dealer subsidiary of JVB Holdings; "CCFESA" refers to Cohen & Company Financial (Europe) S.A., a majority-owned subsidiary regulated by the Autorite de Controle Prudentiel et de Resolution ("ACPR") in France; "CCM" refers to Cohen & Company Capital Markets, a division of JVB, the Company's full-service boutique investment bank, which focuses on mergers and acquisitions ("M&A"), underwriting, capital markets and special purpose acquisition company ("SPAC") advisory services.

“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; and “Exchange Act” refers to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

COHEN & COMPANY INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025
	(unaudited)			December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,985		$	19,590
Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies		43,369			45,650
Due from related parties		1,235			941
Other receivables		6,007			6,526
Investments-trading		160,566			148,332
Other investments, at fair value		32,137			35,262
Receivables under resale agreements		673,700			668,259
Investments in equity method affiliates		24,427			23,430
Deferred income taxes		2,172			2,257
Goodwill		109			109
Right-of-use asset - operating leases		15,208			15,540
Other assets		5,135			5,253
Total assets	$	978,050		$	971,149

Liabilities
Payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies	$	76,246		$	66,655
Accounts payable and other liabilities		7,191			10,913
Accrued compensation		17,300			17,770
Lease liability - operating leases		16,546			16,575
Trading securities sold, not yet purchased		32,656			36,432
Other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		-			1,651
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		707,454			695,966
Debt		34,997			34,904
Total liabilities		892,390			880,866

Commitments and contingencies (See note 20)

Stockholders' Equity:
Voting Non-Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 27,413,098 shares issued and outstanding		27			27
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 2,054,674 and 2,040,052 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, including 315,538 and 404,971 unvested or restricted share awards, respectively		21			20
Additional paid-in capital		77,447			76,704
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(986	)		(1,007	)
Accumulated deficit		(34,505	)		(34,016	)
Total stockholders' equity		42,004			41,728
Non-controlling interest		43,656			48,555
Total equity		85,660			90,283
Total liabilities and equity	$	978,050		$	971,149

(

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COHEN & COMPANY INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in Thousands, except share or per share information)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Revenues
Net trading	$	9,211		$	9,848
Asset management		2,020			2,717
New issue and advisory		33,239			24,388
Principal transactions and other income (loss)		(15,730	)		(18,389	)
Total revenues		28,740			18,564

Operating expenses
Compensation and benefits		21,666			14,839
Business development, occupancy, equipment		1,829			1,441
Subscriptions, clearing, and execution		2,174			2,086
Professional fee and other operating		2,792			3,449
Depreciation and amortization		172			124
Total operating expenses		28,633			21,939

Operating income (loss)		107			(3,375	)

Non-operating income (expense)
Interest expense, net		(1,448	)		(1,666	)
Income (loss) from equity method affiliates		2,418			29,045
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)		1,077			24,004
Income tax expense (benefit)		139			498
Net income (loss)		938			23,506
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the non-convertible non-controlling interest of the Operating LLC		(173	)		16,270
Enterprise net income (loss)		1,111			7,236
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest of Cohen & Company Inc.		782			5,213
Net income (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	329		$	2,023
Income (loss) per share data (see note 19)
Income (loss) per common share-basic:
Basic income (loss) per common share	$	0.19		$	1.28
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic		1,704,510			1,581,390
Income (loss) per common share-diluted:
Diluted income (loss) per common share	$	0.19		$	1.28
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted		5,808,294			5,645,086

Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)	$	938		$	23,506
Other comprehensive (loss) item:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $0		116			(51	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of $0		116			(51	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		1,054			23,455
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest		691			21,447
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	363		$	2,008

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COHEN & COMPANY INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Dollars in Thousands, except share or per share information)

(Unaudited)

	Cohen & Company Inc.
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity			Non-controlling Interest			Total Equity


December 31, 2024	$	27	$	20	$	76,704		$	(34,016	)	$	(1,007	)	$	41,728		$	48,555		$	90,283
Net income		-		-		-			329			-			329			609			938
Other comprehensive income		-		-		-			-			34			34			82			116
Acquisition / (surrender) of additional units of consolidated subsidiary, net		-		-		502			-			(13	)		489			(489	)		-
Equity-based compensation		-		1		343			-			-			344			814			1,158
Shares withheld for employee taxes		-		-		(102	)		-			-			(102	)		(238	)		(340	)
Dividends/distributions to convertible non-controlling interest		-		-		-			(818	)		-			(818	)		(1,796	)		(2,614	)
Redemption of convertible non-controlling interest units		-		-		-			-			-			-			(954	)		(954	)
Sale of Interest in Vellar GP		-		-		-			-			-			-			(1,691	)		(1,691	)
Non-convertible non-controlling interest distributions		-		-		-			-			-			-			(1,236	)		(1,236	)
March 31, 2025	$	27	$	21	$	77,447		$	(34,505	)	$	(986	)	$	42,004		$	43,656		$	85,660

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	Cohen & Company Inc.
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity			Non-controlling Interest			Total Equity


December 31, 2023	$	27	$	19	$	74,594		$	(32,014	)	$	(944	)	$	41,682		$	50,115		$	91,797
Net income		-		-		-			2,023			-			2,023			21,483			23,506
Other comprehensive (loss)		-		-		-			-			(15	)		(15	)		(36	)		(51	)
Acquisition / (surrender) of additional units of consolidated subsidiary, net		-		-		447			-			(10	)		437			(437	)		-
Equity-based compensation		-		-		325			-			-			325			823			1,148
Shares withheld for employee taxes		-		-		(52	)		-			-			(52	)		(133	)		(185	)
Dividends/distributions to convertible non-controlling interest		-		-		-			(647	)		-			(647	)		(1,586	)		(2,233	)
Redemption of convertible non-controlling interest units		-		-		-			-			-			-			(659	)		(659	)
March 31, 2024	$	27	$	19	$	75,314		$	(30,638	)	$	(969	)	$	43,753		$	69,570		$	113,323

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COHEN & COMPANY INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Operating activities
Net income	$	938		$	23,506
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Equity-based compensation		1,158			1,148
Loss (gain) on other investments, at fair value		16,219			28,924
Loss (gain) on other investments, sold not yet purchased		(802	)		(9,426	)
Loss (gain) on disposal of interest in Vellar GP		836			-
Noncash advisory fees received		(18,648	)		(8,577	)
(Income) loss from equity method affiliates		(2,418	)		(29,045	)
Depreciation and amortization		172			124
Amortization of discount on debt		93			(19	)
Deferred tax provision (benefit)		85			(59	)
Change in operating assets and liabilities, net:
Change in receivables from / payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies		10,752			(1,533	)
Change in receivables from / payables to related parties, net		(294	)		(226	)
(Increase) decrease in other receivables		500			(1,411	)
(Increase) decrease in investments-trading		(12,234	)		15,425
(Increase) decrease in receivables under resale agreements		(5,441	)		(284,030	)
(Increase) decrease in other assets		435			551
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities		(4,965	)		38
Increase (decrease) in accrued compensation		(470	)		(4,314	)
Increase (decrease) in trading securities sold, not yet purchased		(3,776	)		(8,636	)
Increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements to repurchase		11,488			282,697
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(6,372	)		5,137
Investing activities
Purchase of other investments, at fair value		(11,186	)		(25,146	)
Purchase of other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		-			(213	)
Reduction in cash from disposal of interest in Vellar GP		(433	)
Sales and returns of principal - other investments, at fair value		14,657			22,383
Sales and returns of principal - other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		-			214
Distribution from equity method affiliate		1,308			5
Purchase of furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements		(157	)		(99	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		4,189			(2,856	)
Financing activities
Cash used to net share settle equity awards		(340	)		(185	)
Cohen & Company Inc. dividends		(383	)		(245	)
Convertible non-controlling interest distributions		(1,110	)		(569	)
Redemption of convertible non-controlling units		(954	)		-
Non-convertible non-controlling interest distributions		(844	)		-
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(3,631	)		(999	)
Effect of exchange rate on cash		209			(103	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(5,605	)		1,179
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		19,590			10,650
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	13,985		$	11,829

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COHEN & COMPANY INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in Thousands, except share and per share information)

(Unaudited) 

1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Organizational History

Cohen Brothers, LLC (“Cohen Brothers”) was formed on October 7, 2004 by Cohen Bros. Financial, LLC (“CBF”). Cohen Brothers was established to acquire the net assets of CBF’s subsidiaries (the “Formation Transaction”): Cohen Bros. & Company Inc.; Cohen Frères SAS; Dekania Investors, LLC; Emporia Capital Management, LLC; and the majority interest in Cohen Bros. & Toroian Investment Management, Inc. The Formation Transaction was accomplished through a series of transactions occurring between March 4, 2005 and May 31, 2005.

From its formation until December 16, 2009, Cohen Brothers operated as a privately owned limited liability company. On December 16, 2009, Cohen Brothers completed its merger (the “AFN Merger”) with a subsidiary of Alesco Financial Inc. (“AFN”), a publicly traded real estate investment trust ("REIT").

As a result of the AFN Merger, AFN contributed substantially all of its assets into Cohen Brothers in exchange for newly issued units of membership interests directly from Cohen Brothers. In addition, AFN received additional Cohen Brothers membership interests directly from its members in exchange for AFN common stock. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), the AFN Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition, and Cohen Brothers was deemed to be the accounting acquirer. As a result, all of AFN’s assets and liabilities were required to be revalued at fair value as of the acquisition date. The remaining units of membership interests of Cohen Brothers that were not held by AFN were included as a component of non-controlling interest in the consolidated balance sheets.

Subsequent to the AFN Merger, AFN was renamed Cohen & Company Inc. In January 2011, it was renamed again as Institutional Financial Markets, Inc. (“IFMI”) and on September 1, 2017 it was renamed again as Cohen & Company Inc. Effective January 1, 2010, the Company ceased to qualify as a REIT.

The Company

The Company is a financial services company specializing in an expanding range of capital markets and asset management services. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had $2.3 billion in assets under management (“AUM”) of which $1.0 billion was in collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”). The remaining portion of AUM was from a diversified mix of Investment Vehicles (as defined herein).

In these financial statements, the “Company” refers to Cohen & Company Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Cohen & Company, LLC or the “Operating LLC” refers to the main operating subsidiary of the Company. “Cohen Brothers” refers to the pre-AFN Merger Cohen Brothers, LLC and its subsidiaries. “AFN” refers to the pre-merger Alesco Financial Inc. and its subsidiaries. When the term “Cohen & Company Inc.” is used, it is referring to the parent company itself. “JVB Holdings” refers to J.V.B. Financial Holdings, LP, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating LLC. “JVB” refers to J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC, a wholly owned broker-dealer subsidiary of JVB Holdings. "CCFESA" refers to Cohen & Company Financial (Europe) S.A., a consolidated subsidiary regulated by the Autorite de Controle Prudentiel et de Resolution ("ACPR") in France. "CCM," a division of JVB, refers to Cohen & Company Capital Markets, the Company's full-service boutique investment bank, which focuses on M&A, underwriting, capital markets and SPAC advisory services.

The Company’s business is organized into the following three business segments.

Capital Markets: The Company’s Capital Markets business segment consists primarily of fixed income sales, trading, underwriting, gestation repo financing, new issue placements in corporate and securitized products, and advisory services. The Company’s fixed income sales and trading group provides trade execution to corporate investors, institutional investors, mortgage originators, and other smaller broker-dealers. The Company specializes in a variety of products, including but not limited to: corporate bonds, asset backed securities (“ABS”), mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), municipal securities, to-be-announced securities (“TBAs”) and other forward agency MBS contracts, Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans, U.S. government bonds, U.S. government agency securities, brokered deposits and certificates of deposit (“CDs”) for small banks, and hybrid capital of financial institutions including whole loans and other structured financial instruments. The Company operates its capital markets activities primarily through its subsidiaries: JVB in the United States and CCFESA in Europe. A division of JVB, Cohen & Company Capital Markets ("CCM") is the Company's full-service boutique investment bank that provides innovative strategic and financial advice in M&A, capital markets, and SPAC advisory services. The Company's Capital Markets business segment also includes unrealized and realized gains and losses on its other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value that were acquired as part of its CCM business.

Asset Management: The Company’s Asset Management business segment manages assets within CDOs, managed accounts, joint ventures, and investment funds (collectively referred to as “Investment Vehicles”). A CDO is a form of secured borrowing. The borrowing is secured by different types of fixed income assets such as corporate or mortgage loans or bonds. The borrowing is in the form of a securitization, which means that the lenders are actually investing in notes backed by the assets. In the event of default, the lenders will have recourse only to the assets securing the loan. The Company’s Asset Management business segment includes its fee-based asset management operations, which include ongoing base and incentive management fees.

Principal Investing: The Company’s Principal Investing business segment is comprised of investments that the Company holds related to its SPAC franchise and other investments the Company has made for the purpose of earning an investment return rather than investments made to support the Company’s trading and other Capital Markets business segment activities. These investments are included in the Company’s other investments, at fair value; other investments sold, not yet purchased; and investments in equity method affiliates in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

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The Company generates its revenue by business segment primarily through the following activities.

Capital Markets

	●	Trading activities of the Company, which include execution and brokerage services, riskless trading activities as well as gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities and derivatives classified as trading;
	●	Revenue earned on the Company’s gestation repo financing program;
	●	New issue and advisory revenue comprised of (a) origination fees for newly created financial instruments originated by the Company, (b) revenue from advisory services, (c) underwriting, and (d) revenue associated with arranging and placing the issuance of newly created financial instruments; and
	●	Gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities classified as other investments, at fair value and other investments, sold not yet purchased, received or acquired as part of CCM's activities.

Asset Management

●

Asset management fees for the Company’s on-going asset management services provided to certain Investment Vehicles, which may include fees both senior and subordinate to the securities in the Investment Vehicle, and incentive management fees earned based on the performance of the various Investment Vehicles.

Principal Investing

	●	Gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities classified as other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased, which were not acquired as part of the CCM business; and
	●	Income and loss earned on equity method investments.

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The financial statements of the Company included herein were prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The information furnished includes all adjustments and accruals of a normal recurring nature, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim month periods. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year or any subsequent interim period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company’s management has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. There have been no subsequent events, except as already disclosed, that occurred during such period that would require disclosure in this Form 10-Q or would be required to be recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Capitalized terms used herein without definition have the meanings ascribed to them in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A. Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity. This ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models currently required. The ASU removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation in certain areas. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2020-06, effective January 1, 2024, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendments clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. Early adoption is permitted. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2022-03, effective January 1, 2024, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. These amendments allow reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. The ASU responds to stakeholder feedback that the proportional amortization method provides investors and other allocators of capital with a better understanding of the returns from investments that are made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-02, effective January 1, 2024, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations— Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. The ASU applies to the formation of entities that meet the definition of a joint venture (or a corporate joint venture) as defined in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Master Glossary. The amendments in the ASU require that a joint venture apply a new basis of accounting upon formation. As a result, a newly formed joint venture, upon formation, would initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-05, effective January 1, 2025, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU are designed to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments in this ASU address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-09, effective January 1, 2025, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards. The ASU provides an illustrative example intended to demonstrate how entities that account for profits interest and similar awards would determine whether a profits interest award should be accounted for as share-based payment arrangements in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2024-01, effective January 1, 2025, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements — Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. The ASU amends the Codification to remove references to various concepts statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2024-02, effective January 1, 2025, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-02, Liabilities (405): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 122, which amends an SEC paragraph noted in the Codification pursuant to the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 122 which removes the text of SAB Topic 5 FF, Accounting for Obligations to Safeguard Crypto-Assets an Entity Holds for its Platform Users. The ASU is effective immediately. The Company's adoption of the provisions of ASU 2024-02, effective January 1, 2025, did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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B. Recent Accounting Developments

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statements. The ASU is effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, which was clarified in ASU 2025-01. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt— Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion or extinguishment of convertible debt. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

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C. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments. These determinations were based on available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates and, therefore, these estimates may not necessarily be indicative of the amount the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Refer to note 8 for a discussion of the valuation hierarchy with respect to investments-trading; other investments, at fair value; other investments sold, not yet purchased; and derivatives held by the Company.

Cash and Cash equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents are carried at historical cost, which is assumed to approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurement of cash and cash equivalents is classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Investments-trading: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, market price quotations from third- party pricing services, or valuation models when quotations are not available.

Other investments, at fair value: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, or valuation models when quotations are not available. In the case of investments in alternative investment funds, fair value is generally based on the reported net asset value of the underlying fund.

Receivables under resale agreements: Receivables under resale agreements are carried at their contracted resale price, have short-term maturities, and are repriced frequently or bear market interest rates and, accordingly, these contracts are at amounts that approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurements of receivables under resale agreements are based on observations of actual market activity and are generally classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Trading securities sold, not yet purchased: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services, or valuation models when quotations are not available.

Other investments sold, not yet purchased: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, or valuation models when quotations are not available.

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: The liabilities for securities sold under agreements to repurchase are carried at their contracted repurchase price, have short-term maturities, and are repriced frequently with amounts normally due in one month or less, accordingly, these contracts are carried at amounts that approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurements of securities sold under agreements to repurchase are based on observations of actual market activity and are generally classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Debt: These amounts are carried at outstanding principal less unamortized discount and deferred financing costs (if applicable). However, a substantial portion of the Company's debt was assumed in the AFN Merger and recorded at fair value as of that date. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Company’s debt was estimated to be $42,910 and $44,352, respectively. The estimated fair value measurements of the debt are generally based on discounted cash flow models prepared by the Company’s management primarily using discount rates for similar instruments issued to companies with similar credit risks to the Company and are generally classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Derivatives: These amounts are carried at fair value. Derivatives may be included as a component of investments-trading; trading securities sold, not yet purchased; other investments, at fair value; and other investments, sold not yet purchased. The fair value is generally based on quoted market prices on an exchange that is deemed to be active for derivative instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts and Eurodollar futures. For derivative instruments, such as TBAs and other extended settlement trades, the fair value is generally based on market price quotations from third party pricing services.

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4. OTHER RECENT BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS OR EVENTS

Vellar Opportunities GP, LLC

On February 25, 2025, the Operating LLC entered into (i) a Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Vellar Purchase Agreement”) with Jason Capone and Solomon Cohen, who is the son of our executive chairman, Daniel G. Cohen; and (ii) a Transition Services Agreement (the “Vellar Transition Services Agreement” and, together with the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the “Vellar Agreements”) with Vellar Opportunities GP LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Vellar GP”).

Prior to entering into the Vellar Agreements, the Operating LLC was the managing member and owner of 33.4% of Vellar GP.

Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC sold all of its 33.4% interest in Vellar GP to each of Solomon Cohen and Jason Capone for an aggregate of $10. As of February 25, 2025 and as a result of the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Company no longer had any investment in Vellar GP. Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC resigned as the managing member of Vellar GP, effective February 25, 2025. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a loss on sale of $836, which is included as component of principal transactions and other income in our consolidated statement of operations.

Pursuant to the Vellar Transition Services Agreement, in exchange for the Operating LLC’s agreement to provide certain transitional services to Vellar GP, Vellar GP agreed to (i) pay to the Operating LLC certain defined revenue share amounts up to an aggregate of $4,234; and (ii) decrease the amount that the Operating LLC had previously agreed to pay to Vellar GP in connection with the funding of certain Vellar GP litigation expenses from $2,121 to $1,084.

Redemption of Redeemable Financial Instrument and Issuance of the 2024 Note

Effective September 1, 2024, the Company entered into the Redemption Agreement, which redeemed the JKD Investment Agreement in its entirety. As of September 1, 2024, the investment balance of the JKD Investment Agreement was $7,719. Pursuant to the Redemption Agreement, the Company (i) paid $2,573 of the investment balance in cash, and (ii) issued a senior promissory note (the “2024 Note”) in the aggregate principal amount of $5,146, representing the remaining balance payable under the JKD Investment Agreement. The 2024 Note bears interest at 12% and its principal is to be repaid as follows: (i) $2,573 of the principal amount will be due and payable on August 31, 2025, and (ii) $2,573 will be due and payable on August 31, 2026. The 2024 Note may, with at least 31 days’ prior written notice to the holder of the 2024 Note, be prepaid in whole or in part at any time following January 31, 2025, without penalty or premium. See notes 15.

Sale of Management Contracts

On March 13, 2025, the Company entered into a Master Transaction Agreement (the “MTA”) with an affiliate of Hildene Capital Management, LLC (“Hildene”), an SEC-registered investment adviser based in Stamford, Connecticut. Hildene has been investing in CDOs backed by trust preferred securities ("TruPS") since the 2007-08 financial crisis and has extensive experience with monitoring banks and insurance companies.

Pursuant to the MTA, the Company agreed to sell, assign, transfer, and convey to Hildene all of its rights and obligations in and under the Collateral Management Agreements and Collateral Administration Agreements (each a “CDO Agreement” and together, the “CDO Agreements”) for (i) Alesco Preferred Funding III, Ltd., (ii) Alesco Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., (iii) Alesco Preferred Funding V, Ltd., (iv) Alesco Preferred Funding VI, Ltd., and (v) Alesco Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd. (each an “Issuer,” and, collectively, the “Issuers”) and all books and records with respect to each Issuer (collectively with the CDO Agreements, the “Assigned Assets”).

The MTA contemplates multiple closings following the date of the MTA (each a “Closing”), with each Closing to occur following the satisfaction of the conditions to Closing for the assignment of each CDO Agreement pursuant to the MTA (each CDO Agreement assigned at any Closing, an “Assigned CDO Agreement” and collectively, the “Assigned CDO Agreements”).

Pursuant to the MTA, Hildene has agreed to assume the obligations of the Company under the Assigned CDO Agreements to the extent such liabilities, obligations, and commitments relate to the period from and after the Closing of such Assigned CDO Agreement (collectively, the “Assumed Liabilities”). The Company has agreed to retain its liabilities, obligations, and commitments arising under the Assigned CDO Agreements with respect to any period prior to the Closing of such Assigned CDO Agreement (the “Retained Liabilities”).

Pursuant to the MTA, the aggregate base purchase price for the Assigned Assets is $3,500 (the “Aggregate Base Purchase Price”). The Aggregate Base Purchase Price has been allocated among the Assigned Assets by CDO Agreement. Pursuant to the MTA, if the Company receives any management fees pursuant to a CDO Agreement during the period from March 1, 2025 through the date of the Closing relating to such CDO Agreement, then the Aggregate Base Purchase Price and allocated purchase price relating to such CDO Agreement will each be reduced, dollar for dollar, by the amount of such management fees so received by the Company. Through March 31, 2025, the Company has recognized $352 in asset management revenue that will ultimately reduce the $3,500 purchase price if all consents are obtained and all closings are effectuated.

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5. NET TRADING

Net trading consisted of the following in the periods presented.

NET TRADING

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Net realized gains (losses) - trading inventory	$	4,228		$	5,415
Net unrealized gains (losses) - trading inventory		625			966
Net gains and losses		4,853			6,381

Interest income- trading inventory		830			1,407
Interest income-reverse repos		9,541			7,879
Interest income		10,371			9,286

Interest expense-repos		(8,502	)		(7,095	)
Interest expense-margin payable		(651	)		(1,396	)
Interest expense		(9,153	)		(8,491	)

Other trading revenue		3,140			2,672

Net trading	$	9,211		$	9,848

Trading inventory includes investments classified as investments-trading as well as trading securities sold, not yet purchased. See note 7. For discussion of margin payable, see note 6. Other trading revenue includes revenue earned from our agency repo business (see note 10).

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6. RECEIVABLES FROM AND PAYABLES TO BROKERS, DEALERS, AND CLEARING AGENCIES

Amounts receivable from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies consisted of the following.

RECEIVABLES FROM BROKERS, DEALERS, AND CLEARING AGENCIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Deposits with clearing agencies	$	250	$	250
Unsettled regular way trades, net		1,814		2,263
Receivables from clearing agencies		41,305		43,137
Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies	$	43,369	$	45,650

Amounts payable to brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies consisted of the following.

PAYABLES TO BROKERS, DEALERS, AND CLEARING AGENCIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Margin payable	$	76,246	$	66,655
Payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies	$	76,246	$	66,655

Deposits with clearing agencies represent contractual amounts the Company is required to deposit with its clearing agents.

Securities transactions that settle in the regular way are recorded on the trade date, as if they had settled. The related amounts receivable and payable for unsettled securities transactions are recorded net in receivables from or payables to brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Receivables from clearing agencies are primarily comprised of cash received by the Company upon execution of short trades that is restricted from withdrawal by the clearing agent.

Margin payable represents amounts borrowed from Pershing, LLC to finance the Company’s trading portfolio. See note 5 for interest expense incurred on margin payable. All of the Company's securities included in investments-trading and a portion of the Company's securities included in other investments, at fair value serve as collateral for this margin loan. See note 7.

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7. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Investments—Trading

Investments-trading consisted of the following.

INVESTMENTS - TRADING

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	27,253		27,043
Derivatives		3,886		4,836
Equity securities		867		965
Foreign government bonds		-		88
Municipal bonds		-		19,914
RMBS		5		5
SBA loans		33,804		28,328
U.S. government agency MBS and CMOs		74,941		45,911
U.S. government agency debt securities		17,400		21,242
U.S. Treasury securities		2,410		-
Investments-trading	$	160,566	$	148,332

Substantially all of the Company's investments-trading other than SBA loans serve as collateral for the Company's margin loan payable. See note 6. The SBA loans serve as collateral for the Company's repurchase obligations. See note 10.

Trading Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased

Trading securities sold, not yet purchased consisted of the following.

TRADING SECURITIES SOLD, NOT YET PURCHASED

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	9,059	$	7,342
Derivatives		3,021		4,050
Equity securities		45		83
U.S. government agency debt securities		-		40
U.S. Treasury securities		20,531		24,917
Trading securities sold, not yet purchased	$	32,656	$	36,432

The Company manages its exposure to changes in interest rates for the interest rate sensitive securities it holds by entering into offsetting short positions for similar fixed rate securities. See note 5 for realized and unrealized gains recognized on investments-trading.

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Other Investments, at Fair Value

Other investments, at fair value consisted of the following.

OTHER INVESTMENTS, AT FAIR VALUE

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Equity securities	$	1,167	$	1,954
Equity derivatives		73		73
Restricted equity securities		11,165		10,632
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock		530		531
Notes receivable		8,586		11,250
Interests in SPVs		1,565		1,565
CREO JV		6,503		6,432
U.S. Insurance JV		2,548		2,825
Other investments, at fair value	$	32,137	$	35,262

As of March 31, 2025, $0 of equity securities represented long positions related to share forward arrangements ("SFAs") entered into by the Company. As of December 31, 2024, $470 of unrestricted equity securities represented long positions related to SFAs entered into by the Company. See note 9.

Notes receivable include convertible and non-convertible notes receivable from various counterparties in connection with the Company's advisory business and SFA transactions that may be converted into equity shares. These receivables are carried at fair value.

Interests in SPVs represents consideration the Company has received for services provided by CCM, rather than cash. The SPVs hold convertible notes receivable interests in the counterparties. The Company does not consolidate the SPVs and carries its interests in the SPVs at fair value. See note 8 for discussion of the determination of fair value.

A total of $611 and $1,721 of the amounts shown as other investments, at fair value above served as collateral for the Company's margin loan payable as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. See note 6.

Other Investments Sold, Not Yet Purchased, at Fair Value

Other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value consisted of the following.

OTHER INVESTMENTS SOLD, NOT YET PURCHASED, AT FAIR VALUE

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Equity securities	$	-	$	1,181
Share forward liabilities		-		470
Other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value	$	-	$	1,651

Share forward liabilities represent derivative positions related to SFAs entered into by the Company.

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8. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

Fair Value Option

The Company has elected to account for certain of its other financial assets at fair value under the fair value option provisions of FASB ASC 825. The primary reason for electing the fair value option was to reduce the burden of monitoring the differences between the cost and the fair value of the Company’s investments, previously classified as available for sale securities, including the assessment as to whether the declines are temporary in nature, and to further remove an element of management judgment.

Such financial assets accounted for at fair value include:

	●	securities that would otherwise qualify for available for sale treatment;
	●	investments in equity method affiliates that have the attributes in FASB ASC 946-10-15-2 (commonly referred to as investment companies) or that have fair values that are readily determinable; and
	●	investments in residential mortgage loans.

The changes in fair value (realized and unrealized gains and losses) of these instruments for which the Company has elected the fair value option are recorded in principal transactions and other income in the consolidated statements of operations. All of the investments for which the Company has elected the fair value option are included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company recognized net gains (losses) of ($16,219) and ($28,924), related to changes in fair value of investments that were included as a component of other investments, at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company recognized net gains (losses) of $802 and $9,426, related to changes in fair value of investments that were included as a component of other investments sold, not yet purchased during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with FASB ASC 820, the Company has categorized its financial instruments, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level valuation hierarchy. The valuation hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurement). The three levels of the valuation hierarchy under FASB ASC 820 are described below.

Level 1 Financial assets and liabilities with values that are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2 Financial assets and liabilities with values that are based on one or more of the following:

	1.	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
	2.	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets;
	3.	Pricing models with inputs that are derived, other than quoted prices, and observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; or
	4.	Pricing models with inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data through correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 Financial assets and liabilities with values that are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the valuation hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the valuation hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the level 3 category. As a result, the unrealized gains and losses for assets and liabilities within the level 3 category that may be presented in the tables below may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities) inputs.

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The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and indicate the valuation hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS ON A RECURRING BASIS
March 31, 2025

(Dollars in Thousands)

					Significant		Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Observable		Unobservable
			Active Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Assets	Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Investments-trading:
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	27,253	$	-	$	27,253	$	-
Derivatives		3,886		-		3,886		-
Equity securities		867		656		211		-
RMBS		5		-		5		-
SBA loans		33,804		-		33,804		-
U.S. government agency MBS and CMOs		74,941		-		74,941		-
U.S. government agency debt securities		17,400		-		17,400		-
U.S. Treasury securities		2,410		2,410		-		-
Total investments - trading	$	160,566	$	3,066	$	157,500	$	-

Other investments, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	1,167	$	1,167	$	-	$	-
Equity derivatives		73		-		73		-
Restricted equity securities		11,165		5,800		5,365		-
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock		530		-		530		-
Notes receivable		8,586		-		8,586		-
Interests in SPVs		1,565		-		1,565		-
		23,086	$	6,967	$	16,119	$	-
Investments measured at NAV (1)		9,051
Total other investments, at fair value	$	32,137

Liabilities
Trading securities sold, not yet purchased:
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	9,059	$	-	$	9,059	$	-
Derivatives		3,021		-		3,021		-
Equity securities		45		45		-		-
U.S. Treasury securities		20,531		20,531		-		-
Total trading securities sold, not yet purchased	$	32,656	$	20,576	$	12,080	$	-

(1)

As a practical expedient, the Company uses NAV (or its equivalent) to measure the fair value of its investments in the U.S. Insurance JV and the CREO JV. The U.S. Insurance JV invests in U.S. Dollar ("USD") denominated debt issued by small insurance and reinsurance companies. The CREO JV invests primarily in multi-family commercial real estate mortgage-backed loans. According to ASC 820, these investments are not categorized within the valuation hierarchy.

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS ON A RECURRING BASIS

December 31, 2024

(Dollars in Thousands)

					Significant		Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Observable		Unobservable
			Active Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Assets	Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Investments-trading:
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	27,043	$	-	$	27,043	$	-
Derivatives		4,836		-		4,836		-
Equity securities		965		352		613		-
Foreign Government Bond		88		-		88		-
Municipal bonds		19,914		-		19,914		-
RMBS		5		-		5		-
SBA loans		28,328		-		28,328		-
U.S. government agency MBS and CMOs		45,911		-		45,911		-
U.S. government agency debt securities		21,242		-		21,242		-
Total investments - trading	$	148,332	$	352	$	147,980	$	-

Other investments, at fair value:
Equity securities	$	1,954	$	1,954	$	-	$	-
Equity derivatives		73		-		73		-
Restricted equity securities		10,632		6,722		3,910		-
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock		531		-		531		-
Notes receivable		11,250		-		11,250		-
Interests in SPVs		1,565		-		1,565		-
		26,005	$	8,676	$	17,329	$	-
Investments measured at NAV (1)		9,257
Total other investments, at fair value	$	35,262

Liabilities
Trading securities sold, not yet purchased:
Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock	$	7,342	$	-	$	7,342	$	-
Derivatives		4,050		-		4,050		-
Equity securities		83		83		-		-
U.S. government agency debt securities		40		-		40		-
U.S. Treasury securities		24,917		24,917		-		-
Total trading securities sold, not yet purchased	$	36,432	$	25,000	$	11,432	$	-

Other investments, sold not yet purchased:
Equity securities	$	1,181	$	1,181	$	-	$	-
Share forward liabilities		470		-		470		-
Total other investments sold, not yet purchased	$	1,651	$	1,181	$	470	$	-

(1)

As a practical expedient, the Company uses NAV (or its equivalent) to measure the fair value of its investments in the U.S. Insurance JV and the CREO JV. The U.S. Insurance JV invests in USD denominated debt issued by small insurance and reinsurance companies. The CREO JV invests primarily in multi-family commercial real estate mortgage-backed loans. According to ASC 820, these investments are not categorized within the valuation hierarchy.

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The following provides a brief description of the types of financial instruments the Company holds, the methodology for estimating fair value, and the level within the valuation hierarchy of the estimate. The discussion that follows applies regardless of whether the instrument is included in investments-trading; other investments, at fair value; other investments sold, not yet purchased; or trading securities sold, not yet purchased.

Corporate Bonds and Redeemable Preferred Stock: The Company uses recently executed transactions or third-party quotations from independent pricing services to arrive at the fair value of its investments in corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock. These valuations are based on a market approach. The Company generally classifies the fair value of these bonds within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In instances where the fair values of securities are based on quoted prices in active markets (for example with redeemable preferred stock), the Company classifies the fair value of these securities within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Equity Securities: The fair value of equity securities that represent unrestricted investments in publicly traded companies (common or preferred shares, options, warrants, and other equity investments) is determined using the closing price of the security as of the reporting date. These are securities that are traded on a recognized liquid exchange and the Company classifies their fair value within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. The fair value of equity securities that represent investments in privately held companies is generally determined either (i) based on a valuation model or (ii) based on recently observed transactions in the same instrument or similar instrument that the Company holds. These valuations are generally classified within either level 2 or level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Value: From time to time, the Company invests in equity securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value that also do not qualify for equity method accounting or the practical expedient for investments in investment companies, which are measured at NAV. In those cases, the Company utilizes the measurement alternative of ASC 321-10-35-2. This alternative allows the Company to carry the investment at cost minus impairment. If the Company observes a market transaction for an identical or similar instrument, it will adjust the carrying value of the equity security. These securities are included as a component of other investments, at fair value. When measured at fair value using an orderly observable market transaction, it will generally be classified as level 1 in the valuation hierarchy. Otherwise, it will be classified as level 2 in the valuation hierarchy.

Restricted Equity Securities: Restricted equity securities are investments in publicly traded companies. However, they are restricted from re-sale until either (a) the share price trades above a certain threshold for a certain period of time or (b) a certain period of time elapses, or both. The Company determines the fair value by utilizing a model that starts with the publicly traded share price but then applies a discount based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The inputs to this model are observable so the Company generally classifies these securities within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. If the restriction is short and deemed immaterial, the Company will determine fair value to be equal to the publicly traded share price without discount and will classify the securities within level 1 of the hierarchy. The Company is not allowed to sell these shares during the restriction period and there is no certainty as to when these hurdles will be met or if they will be met at all.

Notes receivable: Notes receivable includes convertible and non-convertible notes. See note 9. The Company values these instruments using a model. The main input to these models is the risk-based cash flow discount rates. In the case where the receivable is convertible into counterparty equity, additional inputs include the counterparty’s share price, volatility, and the risk-free rate of return. The inputs to this model are observable so the Company classifies these securities within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Foreign Government Bonds: The fair value of foreign government bonds is estimated using valuations provided by third party pricing services and classifies the fair value within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Interests in SPVs: The Company values these instruments using a model. The model first determines the fair value of the SPV's financial instruments and then determines what portion of that fair value is allocable to the Company’s interest in the SPV. If appropriate, the Company determines the fair value of the financial instruments held by the SPV using a model, which may include a Monte Carlo simulation. The main inputs are the counterparty’s share price, volatility, risk-free rate of return, and risk-based cash flow discount rates. The inputs to this model are observable so the Company classifies these securities within level 2 of the hierarchy.

Municipal Bonds: Municipal bonds, which include obligations of U.S. states, municipalities, and political subdivisions, primarily include bonds or notes issued by U.S. municipalities. The Company generally values these securities using third party quotations such as market price quotations from third party pricing services. The Company generally classifies the fair value of these bonds within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The valuations are based on a market approach. In instances where the Company is unable to obtain reliable market price quotations from third party pricing services, the Company will use its own internal valuation models. In these cases, the Company will classify such securities as level 3 within the valuation hierarchy until it is able to obtain third party pricing.

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RMBS: The Company generally values these securities using third party quotations such as unadjusted broker-dealer quoted prices or market price quotations from third party pricing services. These valuations are based on a market approach. The Company generally classifies the fair value of these securities based on third party quotations within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

SBA Loans: The Company generally values these securities using third party quotations such as unadjusted broker-dealer quoted prices, internal valuation models using observable inputs, or market price quotations from third party pricing services. The Company generally classifies these investments within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

U.S. Government Agency MBS and CMOs: These are securities that are generally traded over the counter. The Company generally values these securities using third party quotations such as unadjusted broker-dealer quoted prices or market price quotations from third party pricing services. These valuations are based on a market approach. The Company classifies the fair value of these securities within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

U.S. Government Agency Debt Securities: Callable and non-callable U.S. government agency debt securities are measured primarily based on quoted market prices obtained from third party pricing services. Non-callable U.S. government agency debt securities are generally classified within level 1 and callable U.S. government agency debt securities are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

U.S. Treasury Securities: U.S. Treasury securities include U.S. Treasury bonds and notes, and the fair values of the U.S. Treasury securities are based on quoted prices or market activity in active markets. Valuation adjustments are not applied. The Company classifies the fair value of these securities within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Derivatives

TBAs and Other Forward Agency MBS Contracts

The Company generally values these securities using third party quotations such as unadjusted broker-dealer quoted prices or market price quotations from third party pricing services. TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are generally classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. If there is limited transaction activity or less transparency to observe market-based inputs to valuation models, TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. U.S. government agency MBS and CMOs include TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts. Unrealized gains on TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are included in investments-trading on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and unrealized losses on TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are included in trading securities sold, not yet purchased on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See note 9.

Other Extended Settlement Trades

When the Company buys or sells a financial instrument that will not be settled in the regular timeframe, the Company will account for that purchase or sale on the settlement date rather than the trade date. In those cases, the Company accounts for the transaction between trade date and settlement date as a derivative (as either a purchase commitment or sale commitment). The Company will record an unrealized gain or unrealized loss on the derivative for the difference between the fair value of the underlying financial instrument as of the reporting date and the agreed upon transaction price. The Company will determine the fair value of the financial instrument using the methodologies described above.

Equity Derivatives

The Company may enter into equity derivatives, which include listed options as well as other derivative transactions with an underlying equity instrument. Listed options are traded on a recognized liquid exchange and the Company classifies the fair value of these securities within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Other equity derivatives (where the underlying equity instrument is publicly traded but the derivative itself is not) are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. See note 9.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

Foreign currency forward contracts are exchange-traded derivatives, which transact on an exchange that is deemed to be active. The fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts is based on current quoted market prices. Valuation adjustments are not applied. These are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. See note 9.

Share forward liabilities

Share forward liabilities are included as a component of other investments sold, not yet purchased in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company considers these derivatives as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. See note 9.

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Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate NAV Per Share (or its Equivalent)

The following table presents additional information about investments in certain entities that calculate NAV per share (regardless of whether the “practical expedient” provisions of FASB ASC 820 have been applied), which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Fair Value March 31, 2025

Unfunded Commitments

Redemption Frequency

Redemption Notice Period

Other investments, at fair value

CREO JV (a)

6,503

10,118

N/A

U.S. Insurance JV (b)

2,548

N/A

9,051

Fair Value December 31, 2024

Unfunded Commitments

Redemption Frequency

Redemption Notice Period

Other investments, at fair value

CREO JV (a)

6,432

10,118

N/A

U.S. Insurance JV (b)

2,825

N/A

9,257

	N/A	Not Applicable
	(a)	The CREO JV invests primarily in multi-family commercial real estate mortgage-backed loans.
	(b)	The U.S. Insurance JV invests in USD denominated debt issued by small and medium size insurance and reinsurance companies.

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9. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides for optional hedge accounting. When a derivative is deemed to be a hedge and certain documentation and effectiveness testing requirements are met, reporting entities can record all or a portion of the change in the fair value of a designated hedge as an adjustment to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI") rather than as a gain or loss in the statements of operations. To date, the Company has not designated any derivatives as hedges under the provisions included in ASC 815.

All of the derivatives that the Company enters into contain master netting arrangements. If certain requirements are met, the offsetting provisions included in FASB ASC 210, Balance Sheet (“ASC 210”), allow (but do not require) the reporting entity to net the derivative asset and liability on the consolidated balance sheets. It is the Company’s policy to present the derivative assets and liabilities on a net basis if the conditions of ASC 210 are met. However, in general, the Company does not enter into offsetting derivatives with the same counterparties. Therefore, in all periods presented, no derivatives are presented on a net basis.

Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value. If the derivative was entered into as part of the Company’s broker-dealer operations, it will be included as a component of investments-trading or trading securities sold, not yet purchased. If it was entered into as a hedge for another financial instrument included in other investments, at fair value, then the derivative will be included as a component of other investments, at fair value.

The Company may, from time to time, enter into derivatives to manage its risk exposures arising from (i) fluctuations in foreign currency rates with respect to the Company’s investments in foreign currency denominated investments; (ii) the Company’s investments in interest sensitive investments; (iii) the Company's investment in equities; and (iv) the Company’s facilitation of mortgage-backed trading. Derivatives entered into by the Company, from time to time, may include (a) foreign currency forward contracts; (b) purchase and sale agreements of TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts; (c) other extended settlement trades; and (d) SFAs.

Derivatives involve varying degrees of off-balance sheet risk, whereby changes in the level or volatility of interest rates or market values of the underlying financial instruments may result in changes in the value of a particular financial instrument in excess of its carrying amount. Depending on the Company’s investment strategy, realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in principal transactions and other income or in net trading in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations on a trade date basis.

The Company may, from time to time, enter into the following derivative instruments.

Equity Derivatives

A significant portion of the Company’s equity holdings are carried at fair value. From time to time, the Company hedges a portion of this exposure by entering into equity derivatives such as puts and short call options. These derivative positions are held at fair value as a component of other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no options. From time to time, the Company may also enter into forward purchase commitments for equity securities.

In addition, the Company may engage in advisory transactions that result in a receivable that can be paid in cash or a variable number of equity instruments. In such instances, the Company would record the receivable as a component of other assets in its consolidated balance sheets and record the equity component as an embedded derivative. All equity derivatives are carried at fair value as a component of other investments, at fair value or other investments sold, not yet purchased in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had equity derivatives included in other investments, at fair value of $73 and $73, respectively.

The Company may hedge a portion of the exposure from these equity investments by entering into short trades. These short trades are not treated as derivatives and are carried as a component of other investments sold, not yet purchased in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See note 7.

TBAs and Other Forward Agency MBS Contracts

TBAs are forward contracts to purchase or sell MBS with collateral that remains “to be announced” until just prior to the trade settlement date. In addition to TBAs, the Company sometimes enters into forward purchases or sales of agency MBS where the underlying collateral has been identified. These transactions are referred to as other forward agency MBS contracts. TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are accounted for as derivatives by the Company under ASC 815. The settlement of these transactions is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In addition to TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts as part of the Company’s broker-dealer operations, the Company may, from time to time, enter into other securities or loan trades that do not settle within the normal securities settlement period. In those cases, the purchase or sale of the security or loan is not recorded until the settlement date. However, from the trade date until the settlement date, the Company’s interest in the security is accounted for as a derivative as either a forward purchase commitment or forward sale commitment. The Company will classify the related derivative either within investments-trading or other investments, at fair value, depending on where it intends to classify the investment once the trade settles.

The Company enters into TBAs and other forward agency MBS transactions for three main reasons.

	(i)	The Company trades U.S. government agency obligations. In connection with these activities, the Company may be required to maintain inventory in order to facilitate customer transactions. In order to mitigate exposure to market risk, the Company may enter into the purchase and sale of TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts.
	(ii)	The Company also enters into TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts in order to assist clients (generally small to mid-size mortgage loan originators) in hedging the interest rate risk associated with the mortgages owned by these clients.
	(iii)	Finally, the Company may enter into TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts on a speculative basis.

The Company carries TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts at fair value and includes them as a component of investments-trading or trading securities sold, not yet purchased in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At March 31, 2025, the Company had open TBAs and other forward MBS purchase agreements in the notional amount of $1,095,597 and open TBAs and other forward MBS sale agreements in the notional amount of $1,156,672. At December 31, 2024, the Company had open TBAs and other forward agency MBS purchase agreements in the notional amount of $852,450 and open TBAs and other forward agency MBS sale agreements in the notional amount of $883,900.

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Other Extended Settlement Trades

When the Company buys or sells a financial instrument that will not be settled in the regular timeframe, the Company will account for that purchase or sale on the settlement date rather than the trade date. In those cases, the Company accounts for the transaction between trade date and settlement date as either a forward purchase commitment or a forward sale commitment, which are both considered derivatives. The Company will record an unrealized gain or unrealized loss on the derivative for the difference between the fair value of the underlying financial instrument as of the reporting date and the agreed upon transaction price. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no open forward purchase or sales commitments.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

The Company invests in foreign currency denominated investments that expose it to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, and, therefore, the Company may, from time to time, hedge such exposure by using foreign currency forward contracts. The Company carries foreign currency forward contracts at fair value and includes them as a component of other investments, at fair value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding foreign currency forward contracts.

The following table presents the Company’s derivative financial instruments and the amount and location of the fair value (unrealized gain / (loss)) recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS-BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Under FASB ASC 815	Balance Sheet Classification	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
TBAs and other forward agency MBS	Investments-trading	$	3,886		$	4,836
TBAs and other forward agency MBS	Trading securities sold, not yet purchased		(3,021	)		(4,050	)
Equity derivatives	Other investments, at fair value		73			73
Share forward liabilities	Other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		-			(470	)
		$	938		$	389

The following tables present the Company’s derivative financial instruments, and the amount and location of the net gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS-STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS INFORMATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

		Three Months Ended March 31,
Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Under FASB ASC 815	Income Statement Classification	2025		2024
TBAs and other forward agency MBS	Revenue-net trading	$	432	$	1,354
Equity derivatives	Principal transactions and other income (loss)		-		(564	)
Share forward liabilities	Principal transactions and other income (loss)		-		7,550
		$	432	$	8,340

The share forward liabilities offset certain long positions included as a component of other investments, at fair value. The offsetting long positions had income / (loss) of $0 and ($8,963) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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10. COLLATERALIZED SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS

Gestation Repo

Gestation repo involves entering into repo and reverse repo transactions where the underlying collateral security represents a pool of newly issued mortgage loans. The borrowers (the reverse repo counterparties) are generally mortgage originators. The lenders (the repo counterparties) are a diverse group of counterparties comprised of banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions. The Company self-clears its gestation repo transactions.

Gestation trades can be structured in two ways:

On Balance Sheet: The Company executes a reverse repo with the borrower and a matching repo (with the same collateral and maturity date) with the lender. In this case, the Company is a principal to each trade and is borrowing from one counterparty and lending to another and earning net interest margin. These transactions are referred to by the Company as on balance sheet gestation repo trades.

Agency Repo: Similar to the on balance sheet repo, the Company first executes a reverse repo with the borrower and a matching repo (with the same collateral and maturity date) with the lender. However, in this case, all three parties (the borrower, the lender, and the Company) simultaneously enter into an assignment agreement. The effect of this assignment is to remove the Company as principal to the reverse repo and repo and have the lender and borrower directly face each other in a repo trade. The Company receives a fee for its role in arranging the financing. These transactions are referred to by the Company as agency gestation repo trades.

Other Repo Transactions

In addition to the Company’s gestation repo business, the Company may also enter into reverse repos to acquire securities to cover short positions or as an investment. Additionally, the Company may enter into repos to finance the Company’s securities positions held in inventory. These repo and reverse repo agreements are generally cleared on a bilateral or triparty basis; no clearing broker is involved.

Repo Information

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company held reverse repos of $673,700 and $668,259, respectively, and the fair value of collateral received under reverse repos was $677,008 and $673,684, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company held repos of $707,454 and $695,966, respectively, and the fair value of securities and cash pledged as collateral under repos was $713,522 and $700,202, respectively. These amounts include collateral for reverse repos that were re-pledged as collateral for repos.

Concentration

In the gestation repo business, the demand for borrowed funds is generated by the reverse repo counterparty and the supply of funds is provided by the repo counterparty.

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The gestation repo business has been and continues to be concentrated with respect to reverse repurchase counterparties. The Company conducts this business with a limited number of reverse repo counterparties. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s gestation reverse repos shown in the tables below represented balances from 7 and 7 counterparties, respectively. The Company also has a limited number of repo counterparties in the gestation repo business. However, this is primarily a function of the limited number of reverse repo agreement counterparties with whom the Company conducts this business rather than a reflection of a limited supply of funds. Therefore, the Company considers the gestation repo business to be concentrated on the demand side.

The total net revenue earned by the Company on its gestation repo business (net interest margin and fee revenue) was $4,179 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The total net revenue earned by the Company on its gestation repo business was $3,456 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Detail

ASC 210 provides the option to present reverse repo and repo on a net basis if certain netting conditions are met. The Company presents all repo and reverse repo transactions, as well as counterparty cash collateral (see note 13), on a gross basis even if the underlying netting conditions are met. The amounts in the table below are presented on a gross basis.

The following tables summarize the remaining contractual maturity of the gross obligations under repos accounted for as secured borrowings segregated by the underlying collateral pledged as of each date shown. All amounts as well as counterparty cash collateral (see note 13) are subject to master netting arrangements.

SECURED BORROWINGS

(Dollars in Thousands)

March 31, 2025

	Repurchase Agreements
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and		Up to		30 - 90		Greater than
Collateral Type:	Continuous		30 days		days		90 days		Total
MBS (gestation repo)	$	-	$	673,486	$	-	$	-	$	673,486
SBA loans		33,968		-		-		-		33,968
	$	33,968	$	673,486	$	-	$	-	$	707,454

	Reverse Repurchase Agreements
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and		Up to		30 - 90		Greater than
Collateral Type:	Continuous		30 days		days		90 days		Total
MBS (gestation repo)	$	-	$	673,700	$	-	$	-	$	673,700
	$	-	$	673,700	$	-	$	-	$	673,700

The weighted average interest rate of the repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2025 was 5.07%. The weighted average interest rate of the reverse repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2025 was 5.71%.

SECURED BORROWINGS

(Dollars in Thousands)

December 31, 2024

	Repurchase Agreements
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and		Up to		30 - 90		Greater than
Collateral Type:	Continuous		30 days		days		90 days		Total
MBS (gestation repo)	$	-	$	667,548	$	-	$	-	$	667,548
SBA loans		28,418		-		-		-	$	28,418
	$	28,418	$	667,548	$	-	$	-	$	695,966

	Reverse Repurchase Agreements
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and		Up to		30 - 90		Greater than
Collateral Type:	Continuous		30 days		days		90 days		Total
MBS (gestation repo)	$	-	$	668,259	$	-	$	-	$	668,259
	$	-	$	668,259	$	-	$	-	$	668,259

The weighted average interest rate of the repurchase agreements outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was 5.18%. The weighted average interest rate of the reverse repurchase agreements outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was 5.81%.

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11. INVESTMENTS IN EQUITY METHOD AFFILIATES

Equity method accounting requires that the Company record its investments in equity method affiliates on the consolidated balance sheets and recognize its share of the equity method affiliates’ net income as earnings each reporting period. The Company elected to use the cumulative earnings approach for the distributions it receives from its equity method investments. Under the cumulative earnings approach, any distributions received up to the amount of cumulative earnings are treated as return on investment and classified in operating activities within the statement of cash flows. Any excess distributions would be considered as return of investment and classified in investing activities.

The Company has certain equity method affiliates for which it has elected the fair value option. Those investees are excluded from the table below. Those investees are included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. All gains and losses (unrealized and realized) from securities classified as other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are recorded as a component of principal transactions and other income in the consolidated statement of operations. See notes 8 and 23.

The following table summarizes the activity and earnings in the Company’s investments that are accounted for under the equity method.

INVESTMENTS IN EQUITY METHOD AFFILIATES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Dutch Real Estate Entities		SPAC Sponsor Entities and Other			Total
January 1, 2025	$	5,105	$	18,325		$	23,430
Investments / advances		-		-			-
Distributions / repayments		-		(1,308	)		(1,308	)
Reclasses to (from)		-		(113	)		(113	)
Earnings / (loss) recognized		316		2,102			2,418
March 31, 2025	$	5,421	$	19,006		$	24,427

	Dutch Real Estate Entities			SPAC Sponsor Entities and Other			Total
January 1, 2024	$	5,864		$	8,377		$	14,241
Investments / advances		-			-			-
Distributions / repayments		-			(5	)		(5	)
Reclasses to (from)		-			-			-
Earnings / (loss) recognized		(116	)		29,161			29,045
March 31, 2024	$	5,748		$	37,533		$	43,281

Dutch Real Estate Entities include: (i) Amersfoort Office Investment I Cooperatief U. A. (“AOI”), a company based in the Netherlands that invests in real estate, and (ii) CK Capital Partners B.V. (“CK Capital”), a company based in the Netherlands that manages investments in real estate. See note 24. The amounts included as SPAC Sponsor Entities and Other represent the Company's investment in SPAC sponsor entities that have not yet completed a business combination or from SPAC sponsor entities that have completed business combinations but have not yet distributed shares to sponsor investors and other equity method investments. If these SPAC sponsor entities are unsuccessful in completing a business combination and the underlying SPAC liquidates, the Company will likely receive no distributions in kind or in cash related to these investments and the remaining balances will be recorded as a component of loss from equity method investments in the consolidated statement of operations.

The following tables show certain summary financial data of all the Company's equity method investees. These amounts include all equity method investees whether accounted for under the equity method or at fair value. All information is presented on a combined basis.

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Total Assets	$	557,826	$	620,512

Liabilities	$	272,095	$	317,160
Equity allocable to the controlling interest		285,606		303,227
Noncontrolling interest		125		125
Total Equity		285,731		303,352
Total Liabilities & Equity	$	557,826	$	620,512

	Three months ending
	March 31,		March 31,
	2025		2024

Net income/(loss)	$	3,089	$	37,684
Net income/(loss) attributable to the investee	$	3,089	$	37,684

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12. LEASES

The Company leases office space and certain computers and related equipment. From time to time, the Company subleases office space to other tenants. Under the requirements of ASC 842, the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception date of the contract. Then, the Company measures the lease liability using an incremental borrowing rate that was calculated for each operating lease based on the term of the lease, the U.S. Treasury term interest rate, and an estimated spread to borrow on a secured basis.

Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in business development, occupancy, and equipment expense.

As of March 31, 2025, all of the leases to which the Company was a party were operating leases. The weighted average remaining term of the leases was 9.2 years. The weighted average discount rate for the leases was 5.97%.

Maturities of operating lease liability payments consisted of the following.

FUTURE MATURITY OF LEASE LIABILITIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025
2025 - remaining	$	1,711
2026		2,461
2027		2,481
2028		2,494
2029		2,407
Thereafter		10,277
Total		21,831
Less imputed interest		(5,285	)
Lease obligation	$	16,546

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, total cash payments of $361 and $686, respectively, were recorded as a reduction in the operating lease obligation. No cash payments were made to acquire right of use assets.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, rent expense, net of sublease income of $23, was $654. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, rent expense, net of sublease income of $23, was $634.

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13. OTHER RECEIVABLES, OTHER ASSETS, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER LIABILITIES

Other receivables consisted of the following.

OTHER RECEIVABLES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
New issue fee and advisory fee receivable - gross	$	3,497		$	3,408
Allowance for credit losses		(2,725	)		(2,250	)
New issue fee and advisory fee receivable - net		772			1,158
Asset management fees receivable		2,327			2,183
Accrued interest and dividend receivable		1,153			1,595
Revenue share receivable		470			-
Agency repo income receivable		524			522
Miscellaneous other receivables		761			1,068
Other receivables	$	6,007		$	6,526

New issue and advisory fees receivable represents amounts owed to JVB from various counterparties for services rendered. New issue and advisory revenue is recognized when the Company’s performance obligations have been satisfied, and collectability is reasonably assured. However, in certain cases, collectability becomes doubtful at a later date. At each reporting period, the Company assesses the collectability of its new issue and advisory receivables. Each receivable is unique and does not share similar characteristics to be pooled so they are evaluated on an individual basis. The Company records an allowance when, in management’s judgement, one is necessary for credit losses. The provision for credit losses is included as a component of professional fees and other operating expenses in the statement of operations. It is the Company's policy to fully write off the receivable and related allowance when it has abandoned collection efforts. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit loss of $475 and fully wrote off $0 of receivables. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, no provision was recorded and no receivable was written off.

Asset management fees receivable is of a routine and short-term nature. These amounts are generally accrued monthly and paid on a monthly or quarterly basis.

Accrued interest and dividends receivable represents interest and dividends accrued on the Company’s investment securities included as a component of investments-trading or other investments, at fair value. Interest payable on securities sold, not yet purchased is included as a component of accounts payable and other liabilities in the table entitled accounts payable and other liabilities below.

Revenue share receivable represents the amount due to the Company for the Company’s share of a revenue arrangement generated from an entity in which the Company receives a share of the entity’s revenue.

Agency repo income receivable represents income receivable on gestation repo trades. See note 10.

Miscellaneous other receivables represent other receivables that are of a short-term nature.

Other assets consisted of the following.

OTHER ASSETS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Deferred costs	$	215	$	93
Prepaid expenses		2,074		2,305
Deposits		720		714
Furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements, net		1,960		1,975
Intangible assets		166		166
Other assets	$	5,135	$	5,253

Deferred costs are costs incurred pending reimbursement from a third party upon closing of a transaction. Prepaid expenses represent amounts paid for services that are being amortized over their expected period of use and benefit. They are all routine and short-term in nature. Deposits are amounts held by landlords or other parties that will be returned or offset upon satisfaction of a lease or other contractual arrangement. See note 16 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further discussion of the Company’s furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements. Intangible assets represent the carrying value of the JVB broker-dealer license.

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Accounts payable and other liabilities consisted of the following.

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER LIABILITIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Accounts payable	$	713	$	812
Accrued income tax		190		284
Accrued interest payable		620		651
Accrued interest on securities sold, not yet purchased		237		225
Payroll taxes payable		1,762		2,056
Cash collateral held from repo and or reverse repo counterparties		-		3,930
Accrued expense and other liabilities		3,669		2,955
Accounts payable and other liabilities	$	7,191	$	10,913

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14. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

As a general matter, a reporting entity must consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”) when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has both (a) the power to direct the matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (b) a significant variable interest in the VIE.

Consolidated VIEs

The Company determined it was the primary beneficiary of several VIEs and, therefore, has consolidated them. The following table provides certain information regarding the consolidated VIEs.

CARRYING VALUE OF CONSOLIDATED VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	22		$	59
Other receivables		-			19
Receivables from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies		-			2,154
Other investments, at fair value		544			5,680
Investment in equity method affiliates		17,672			15,881
Accounts payable and other liabilities		-			(4	)
Other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		-			(1,591	)
Non-controlling interest		(8,360	)		(11,460	)
Investment in consolidated VIEs	$	9,878		$	10,738

The maximum potential loss the Company could incur related to the consolidated VIEs is the investment in consolidated VIEs shown in the table above.

The Company’s Principal Investing Portfolio

Included in other investments, at fair value and investment in equity method affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets are investments in several VIEs. In each case, the Company determined it was not the primary beneficiary. The maximum potential financial statement loss the Company would incur if the VIEs were to default on all their obligations would be the loss of the carrying value of these investments as well as any future investments the Company were to make. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $10,118 and $10,118, respectively, of unfunded commitments to VIEs in which the Company had invested. Other than its investment in these entities, the Company did not provide financial support to these VIEs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and had no liabilities, contingent liabilities, or guarantees (implicit or explicit) related to these VIEs at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. See the table below.

For each investment management contract entered into by the Company, the Company assesses whether the entity being managed is a VIE and if the Company is the primary beneficiary. Certain of the Investment Vehicles managed by the Company are VIEs. Under the current guidance of ASU 2015-12, the Company has concluded that its asset management contracts are not variable interests. Currently, the Company has no other interests in the entities it manages that are considered variable interests and are considered significant. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs that it manages.

The Company’s Trading Portfolio

From time to time, the Company may acquire an interest in a VIE through the investments it makes as part of its trading operations, which are included as investments-trading or securities sold, not yet purchased in the consolidated balance sheets. Due to the high volume of trading activity in which the Company engages, the Company does not perform a formal assessment of each individual investment within its trading portfolio to determine if the investee is a VIE and if the Company is a primary beneficiary. Even if the Company were to obtain a variable interest in a VIE through its trading portfolio, the Company would not be deemed to be the primary beneficiary for two main reasons: (a) the Company does not usually obtain the power to direct activities that most significantly impact any investee’s financial performance and (b) a scope exception exists within the consolidation guidance for cases where the reporting entity is a broker-dealer and any control (either as the primary beneficiary of a VIE or through a controlling interest in a voting interest entity) was deemed to be temporary. In the unlikely case that the Company obtained the power to direct activities and obtained a significant variable interest in an investee in its trading portfolio that was a VIE, any such control would be deemed to be temporary due to the rapid turnover of the Company’s trading portfolio.

The following table presents the carrying amounts of the assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets related to the Company’s variable interests in identified VIEs with the exception of (i) the two trust VIEs that hold the Company’s junior subordinated notes (see note 15) and (ii) any security that represents an interest in a VIE that is included in investments-trading or securities sold, not yet purchased in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The table below shows the Company’s maximum exposure to loss associated with these identified nonconsolidated VIEs in which it holds variable interests at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

CARRYING VALUE OF VARIABLE INTERESTS IN NON-CONSOLIDATED VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Other investments, at fair value	$	10,616	$	10,822
Investments in equity method affiliates		752		2,446
Maximum exposure	$	11,368	$	13,268

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15. DEBT

The Company had the following debt outstanding.

DETAIL OF DEBT

(Dollars in Thousands)

	As of			As of			Interest
Description	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024			Rate Terms	Interest (2)	Maturity
Non-convertible debt:
12.00% senior note (the "2024 Note")	$	5,146		$	5,146		Fixed	12.00%	August 2026
12.00% senior note (the "2020 Note")		4,500			4,500		Fixed	12.00%	January 2026

Junior subordinated notes: (1)
Alesco Capital Trust I		28,125			28,125		Variable	8.55%	July 2037
Sunset Financial Statutory Trust I		20,000			20,000		Variable	8.71%	March 2035
Less unamortized discount		(22,774	)		(22,867	)
		25,351			25,258

Byline Credit Facility		-			-		Variable	NA	June 2025
Total	$	34,997		$	34,904

	(1)	The junior subordinated notes listed represent debt the Company owes to the two trusts noted above. The total par amount owed by the Company to the trusts is $49,614. However, the Company owns the common stock of the trusts in a total par amount of $1,489. The Company pays interest (and at maturity, principal) to the trusts on the entire $49,614 junior notes outstanding. However, the Company receives back from the trusts the pro rata share of interest and principal on the common stock held by the Company. These trusts are VIEs and the Company does not consolidate them even though the Company holds the common stock. The Company carries the common stock on its balance sheet at a value of $0. The junior subordinated notes are recorded at a discount to par. When factoring in the discount, the yield to maturity of the junior subordinated notes as of March 31, 2025 on a combined basis was 20.01% assuming the variable rate in effect on the last day of the reporting period remains in effect until maturity.
	(2)	Represents the interest rate in effect as of the last day of the reporting period.

The 2024 Note

On September 1, 2024, pursuant to the Redemption Agreement, the Operating LLC issued to JKD Investor the 2024 Note, which evidences the Operating LLC’s obligation to repay to the JKD Investor the original principal amount of $5,146. Pursuant to the 2024 Note, the unpaid principal amount and all accrued but unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable as follows: (i) $2,573 of the principal amount will be due and payable on August 31, 2025, and (ii) $2,573 will be due and payable on August 31, 2026.

The 2024 Note accrues interest on the unpaid principal amount from September 1, 2024 until maturity at a rate equal to 12% per year. Interest on the 2024 Note is payable in cash quarterly on each January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1, and commenced on October 1, 2024. Under the 2024 Note, upon the occurrence or existence of any “Event of Default” thereunder, the outstanding principal amount is (or in certain instances, at the option of the holder thereof, may be) immediately accelerated. Further, upon the occurrence of any “Event of Default” under the 2024 Note and for so long as such Event of Default continues, all principal, interest and other amounts payable under the 2024 Note will bear interest at a rate equal to 13% per year.

The 2024 Note could not be prepaid in whole or in part prior to January 31, 2025. The 2024 Note may, with at least 31 days’ prior written notice from the Operating LLC to the holder thereof, be prepaid in whole or in part at any time following January 31, 2025 without the prior written consent of the holder and without penalty or premium.

The 2024 Note and the payment of all principal, interest, and any other amounts payable thereunder are senior obligations of the Operating LLC and will be senior to any Indebtedness (as defined in the 2024 Note) of the Operating LLC outstanding as of and issued following September 1, 2024. Pursuant to the 2024 Note, following September 1, 2024, the Operating LLC may not incur any Indebtedness that is a senior obligation to the 2024 Note. See notes 4.

The 2020 Note

On January 5, 2024, the Operating LLC and JKD Investor entered into an amendment to the 2020 Note, pursuant to which the 2020 Note was amended to (a) extend (i) the maturity date thereof from January 31, 2024 to January 31, 2026, (ii) the date following which the 2020 Note may be redeemed by JKD Investor from January 31, 2023 to January 31, 2025, and (iii) the date following which the 2020 Note may be prepaid by the Operating LLC from January 31, 2023 to January 31, 2025; and (b) increase the interest rate payable under the 2020 Note from 10% per annum to 12% per annum effective as of January 31, 2024.

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Junior Subordinated Notes

The Company assumed $49,614 aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated notes outstanding at the time of the AFN Merger. The Company recorded the debt at fair value on the acquisition date. Any difference between the fair value of the junior subordinated notes on the AFN Merger date and the principal amount of debt is amortized into earnings over the estimated remaining life of the underlying debt as an adjustment to interest expense.

The junior subordinated notes are payable to two special purpose trusts:

Alesco Capital Trust I: $28,995 in aggregate principal amount issued in June 2007. The notes mature on July 30, 2037 and may be called by the Company at any time. While LIBOR was still being published, the notes accrued interest payable quarterly at a floating interest rate equal to 90-day LIBOR plus 400 basis points per annum. LIBOR ceased being published effective June 30, 2023. Subsequent to LIBOR no longer being published, the notes accrue interest at the 90-day standard overnight financing rate plus a tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% (“Term SOFR”) plus 400 basis points per annum. All principal is due at maturity. Alesco Capital Trust I simultaneously issued 870 shares of Alesco Capital Trust I’s common securities to the Company for a purchase price of $870, which constitutes all of the issued and outstanding common securities of Alesco Capital Trust I.

Sunset Financial Statutory Trust I (“Sunset Financial Trust”): $20,619 in aggregate principal amount issued in March 2005. The notes mature on March 30, 2035. While LIBOR was still being published, the notes accrued interest payable quarterly at a floating rate of interest of 90-day LIBOR plus 415 basis points. LIBOR ceased being published effective June 30, 2023. Subsequent to LIBOR no longer being published, the notes accrue interest at Term SOFR plus 415 basis points per annum. All principal is due at maturity. Sunset Financial Trust simultaneously issued 619 shares of Sunset Financial Trust’s common securities to the Company for a purchase price of $619, which constitutes all of the issued and outstanding common securities of Sunset Financial Trust.

Alesco Capital Trust I and Sunset Financial Trust (collectively, the “Trusts”) described above are VIEs pursuant to variable interest provisions included in ASC 810 because the holders of the equity investment at risk do not have adequate decision making ability over the Trusts’ activities. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of the Trusts as it does not have the power to direct the activities of the Trusts. The Trusts are not consolidated by the Company and, therefore, the Company’s consolidated financial statements include the junior subordinated notes issued to the Trusts as a liability, and the investment in the Trusts’ common securities as an asset. The common securities were deemed to have a fair value of $0 as of the AFN Merger date. These are accounted for as cost method investments; therefore, the Company does not adjust the value at each reporting period. Any income generated on the common securities is recorded as interest income, a component of interest expense, net, in the consolidated statement of operations.

The junior subordinated notes have several financial covenants. Since the AFN Merger, Cohen & Company Inc. has been in violation of one covenant of Alesco Capital Trust I. As a result of this violation, Cohen & Company Inc. is prohibited from issuing additional debt that is either subordinated to or pari passu with the Alesco Capital Trust I debt. This violation does not prohibit Cohen & Company Inc. from issuing senior debt or the Operating LLC from issuing debt of any kind. Cohen & Company Inc. is in compliance with all other covenants of the junior subordinated notes. The Company does not consider this violation to have a material adverse impact on its operations or on its ability to obtain financing in the future.

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Byline Credit Facility

On October 28, 2020, the Company entered into an unsecured line of credit with Byline Bank, as lender, and JVB, as borrower (the "Byline Credit Facility"). From October 28, 2020 to June 2024, the Company and Byline Bank have entered into several amendments that changed the terms such as: (i) interest rate; (ii) total line of credit; (iii) financial covenants; and (iv) maturity dates. During that period, the Company complied with all financial covenants and all payment terms of the Byline Credit Facility and there were no defaults or events of default thereunder during the period.

Effective as of December 31, 2024, the Byline Credit Facility consisted of a single $15,000 unsecured line of credit under which JVB is the borrower and which is guaranteed by the Company, the Operating LLC, JVB Holdings, JVB, and C&Co PrinceRidge Holdings, LP. On June 18, 2024, the Operating LLC and Byline Bank entered into the Second Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, pursuant to which both the maturity date and the final date upon which loans can be made under the Byline Credit Facility were extended from June 18, 2024 to June 18, 2025.

Loans under the Byline Credit Facility bear interest at a per annum rate equal to Term SOFR plus 6.0%, provided that in no event can the interest rate be less than 7.0%. The Company is required to pay on a quarterly basis an undrawn commitment fee at a per annum rate equal to 0.50% of the undrawn portion of Byline Bank’s $15,000 commitment under the Byline Credit Facility.

The Company is also required to pay on each anniversary a commitment fee at a per annum rate equal to 0.50% of the $15,000 commitment under the Byline Credit Facility. Loans under the Byline Credit Facility must be used by the Company for working capital purposes and general liquidity. The Company may request a reduction in Byline Bank’s $15,000 commitment in a minimum amount of $1,000 and multiples of $500 thereafter upon not less than five days’ prior notice to Byline Bank. The Company may draw on the facility until June 18, 2025. Loans (both principal and interest) made by Byline Bank under the amended and restated agreement are scheduled to mature and become immediately due and payable in full on June 18, 2025.

The Company is subject to the following financial covenants in the Byline Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all of the following financial covenants.

1. JVB's tangible net worth as defined must exceed $70,000;

2. JVB's excess net capital as defined in Rule 15c3-1 of the Exchange Act must exceed $40,000; and

3. The total amount drawn on the facility must not exceed 25% of JVB's tangible net worth as defined.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no amounts were outstanding under the Byline Credit Facility, and the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants thereunder.

Interest Expense, net

INTEREST EXPENSE

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Junior subordinated notes		1,144	$	1,161
2020/2024 Notes		286		127
Byline Credit Facility		18		19
Redeemable financial instrument - JKD Investor		-		359
	$	1,448	$	1,666

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16. EQUITY

Stockholders’ Equity

Common Equity: The following table reflects the activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 related to the number of shares of unrestricted Common Stock that the Company had issued.

	Common Stock
	Shares
December 31, 2024		1,635,261
Vesting of shares		138,586
Shares withheld for employee taxes and retired		(34,711	)
March 31, 2025		1,739,136

Series E Voting Non-Convertible Preferred Stock: Each share of the Company’s Series E Voting Non-Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”) has no economic rights but entitles the holders thereof to vote the Series E Preferred Stock on all matters presented to the Company’s stockholders. For every ten shares of Series E Preferred Stock, the holders are entitled to one vote on any such matter. Daniel G. Cohen, the Company’s chairman, is the sole holder of all 4,983,557 shares of Series E Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025. For a more detailed description of these shares see note 21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Series F Voting Non-Convertible Preferred Stock: On December 23, 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted a resolution that reclassified 25,000,000 authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company as a series of Preferred Stock designated as Series F Voting Non-Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated December 30, 2019, by and among the Company, the Operating LLC, Daniel G. Cohen, and the DGC Trust, the Company issued 12,549,273 Series F Preferred Stock to Daniel G. Cohen and 9,880,268 Series F Preferred Stock to the DGC Trust. The Series F Preferred Stock has substantially the same rights as the Series E Preferred Stock. The holders of the Series F Preferred Stock are not entitled to receive any dividends or distributions (whether in cash, stock, or property of the Company). The holders of Series F Preferred Stock and Common Stock are required to vote together as a single class on all matters with respect to which a vote of the stockholders of the Company is required or permitted. Each outstanding share of Series F Preferred Stock entitles the holder to one vote for every ten shares of Series F Preferred Stock on each matter submitted to the holders for their vote. As of March 31, 2025, there were 22,429,541 shares of Series F Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. For a more detailed description of these shares see note 21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Dividends

During each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company declared a cash dividend of $0.25 per share of Common Stock, which dividends were paid on April 9, 2025 and April 5, 2024, respectively. Pro rata distributions were made to the other members of the Operating LLC upon payment of dividends to the Company's stockholders.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Cohen & Company Inc. received and surrendered units of the Operating LLC. The following table displays the number of units received (net of surrenders) by Cohen & Company Inc.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025
Issuance as equity-based compensation		1,038,750
Total		1,038,750

The Company recognized a net increase in additional paid in capital of $502 and a net decrease in AOCI of $13 with an offsetting decrease in non-controlling interest of $489 in connection with the acquisition and surrender of additional units of the Operating LLC during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The following schedule presents the effects of changes in Cohen & Company Inc.’s ownership interest in the Operating LLC on the equity attributable to Cohen & Company Inc. for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	329	$	2,023
Transfers (to) from the non-controlling interest:
Increase / (decrease) in Cohen & Company Inc. paid in capital for the acquisition / (surrender) of additional units in consolidated subsidiary, net		502		447
Changes from net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc. and transfers (to) from the non-controlling interest	$	831	$	2,470

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Equity Distribution Agreement

On October 5, 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Equity Agreement”) with Northland Securities, Inc. (trade name Northland Capital Markets), as sales agent (the “Sales Agent”), relating to the issuance and sale from time to time by the Company (the “ATM Program”), through the Sales Agent, of shares of the Company's Common Stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000 (collectively the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares, if any, under the Equity Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at-the-market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act as agreed with the Sales Agent. In accordance with the applicable rules of the SEC, the Company is permitted to sell an aggregate of up to $4,712 in Shares under the Equity Agreement, which represents one-third of the value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates.

The Equity Agreement includes customary representations, warranties, and covenants by the Company and customary obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The Company has agreed to indemnify the Sales Agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments the Sales Agent may be required to make with respect to any of those liabilities. The Company will pay the Sales Agent a commission of 2.5% of the gross offering proceeds of the Shares sold through the Sales Agent pursuant to the Equity Agreement.

The offering of the Common Stock pursuant to the Equity Agreement will terminate upon the sale of all of the Shares pursuant to the Equity Agreement, unless sooner terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Equity Agreement.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no Shares were sold under the Equity Agreement.

Detail of Non-Controlling Interest

The Company has two major categories of non-controlling interest. Convertible non-controlling interest represents the portion of the Operating LLC not owned by the Company. The convertible non-controlling interest is exchangeable in certain circumstances into Common Stock. Non-convertible non-controlling interest represents the portion of various subsidiaries of the Operating LLC that are not owned by the Operating LLC. The non-convertible non-controlling interest is not exchangeable into Common Stock.

ROLLFORWARD OF NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Operating LLC			Other Consolidated Subsidiaries			Total
December 31, 2024	$	37,093		$	11,462		$	48,555
Non-controlling interest share of income (loss)		782			(173	)		609
Other comprehensive (loss)		82			-			82
Acquisition / (surrender) of additional units of consolidated subsidiary		(489	)		-			(489	)
Equity-based compensation		814			-			814
Shares withheld for employee taxes		(238	)		-			(238	)
Distributions to convertible non-controlling interest of Cohen & Company Inc.		(1,796	)		-			(1,796	)
Redemption of convertible non-controlling interest units		(954	)		-			(954	)
Sale of interest in Vellar GP		-			(1,691	)		(1,691	)
Non-convertible non-controlling interest distributions		-			(1,236	)		(1,236	)
March 31, 2025	$	35,294		$	8,362		$	43,656

The Operating LLC non-controlling interest is included as convertible non-controlling interest in the consolidated statement of operations. The other components of non-controlling interest are included as non-convertible non-controlling interest in the statement of operations. See note 21 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, for a discussion of the Company’s non-controlling interests.

Partial redemption of convertible non-controlling interests

On February 5, 2025, Daniel G. Cohen, the Company’s executive chairman, in accordance with the Operating LLC operating agreement, redeemed 460,679 LLC Units for which the Company paid to Mr. Cohen an aggregate of $457, or $0.991 per LLC Unit. The LLC Units were redeemed by Mr. Cohen in order to fund certain tax liabilities incurred by Mr. Cohen in connection with the vesting, on January 31, 2025 of 1,011,000 restricted LLC Units that had been previously granted to Mr. Cohen under the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan. On February 1, 2024, Daniel G. Cohen, in accordance with the Operating LLC operating agreement, redeemed 443,474 LLC Units for which the Company paid to Mr. Cohen an aggregate of $315, or $0.711 per LLC Unit. The LLC Units were redeemed by Mr. Cohen in order to fund certain tax liabilities incurred by Mr. Cohen in connection with the vesting, on January 31, 2024, of 940,669 restricted LLC Units that had been previously granted to Mr. Cohen under the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

On February 5, 2025, Lester Brafman, the Company’s chief executive officer, in accordance with the Operating LLC operating agreement, redeemed 502,053 LLC Units for which the Company paid to Mr. Brafman an aggregate of $498, or $0.991 per LLC Unit. The LLC Units were redeemed by Mr. Brafman in order to fund certain tax liabilities incurred by Mr. Brafman in connection with the vesting, on January 31, 2025, of 610,996 restricted LLC Units and 40,000 restricted shares of the Company’s Common Stock, all of which had been previously granted to Mr. Brafman under the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan. On February 1, 2024, Lester Brafman, in accordance with the Operating LLC operating agreement, redeemed 483,301 LLC Units for which the Company paid to Mr. Brafman an aggregate of $344, or $0.711 per LLC Unit. The LLC Units were redeemed by Mr. Brafman in order to fund certain tax liabilities incurred by Mr. Brafman in connection with the vesting, on January 31, 2024, of 540,633 restricted LLC Units and 40,000 restricted shares of the Company’s Common Stock, all of which had been previously granted to Mr. Brafman under the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

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17. INCOME TAXES

Cohen & Company Inc. is treated as a “C” corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. A U.S. C corporation is subject to a federal tax rate of 21%. The Company's effective tax rate is significantly different than this rate for the following reasons.

1. Cohen & Company Inc. consolidates the Operating LLC but only owns a minority economic interest in the Operating LLC. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, Cohen & Company Inc. owned 29.6% of the economic interests of the Operating LLC (on average) and was allocated the same percentage of income/(loss) generated by the Operating LLC. To the extent Cohen & Company Inc. incurs tax obligations on this, the related tax expense is recognized in these consolidated financial statements. The remaining 70.4% that is allocated to the non-controlling members of the Operating LLC is subject to taxation on such members' tax returns.

2. The Operating LLC itself consolidates certain pass-through entities. Therefore, the income/(loss) of these entities is included in the Company's consolidated results but no tax expense/(benefit) related to the unowned portion is included.

3 There are state, local, and foreign taxes to which the Operating LLC or its subsidiaries are subject to, which are included in the effective tax rate.

4. The Company also has valuation allowances applied against its carryforward NOL and NCL deferred tax assets as well as its tax over book basis in the Operating LLC. Valuation allowances are applied to deferred tax assets when management determines that the assets may not be fully realized. This determination requires significant judgement and is primarily based on management's expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income. ASC 740 indicates that all available evidence should be considered when assessing the need for and the appropriate level of a valuation allowance. All available evidence includes historical information supplemented by all currently available information about future periods.

The following table presents the components on the Company's consolidated provision for income tax for the periods presented.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024			Change
Current	$	54	$	557		$	503
Deferred		85		(59	)		(144	)
Total	$	139	$	498		$	359

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18. NET CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

JVB is subject to the net capital provision of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act, which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital, as defined therein. As of March 31, 2025, JVB's minimum required net capital was $250, and actual net capital was $45,775, which exceeded the minimum requirements by $45,525. CCFESA, a subsidiary of the Company, is regulated by the ACPR in France. CCFESA is subject to certain regulatory capital requirements in accordance with Articles L.533-2 et seq. of the French Financial and Monetary Code, implementing the new framework set out in the Investment Firm Regulation ("IFR") and the Investment Firm Directive ("IFD"). As of March 31, 2025, the total minimum required net liquid capital was $670 and actual net liquid capital in CCFESA was $1,863, which exceeded the minimum requirement by $1,193.

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19. EARNINGS / (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE

The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings / (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

EARNINGS / (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE

(Dollars in Thousands, except share or per share information)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	329	$	2,023
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest of Cohen & Company Inc. (1)		782		5,213
Add / (deduct): Adjustment (2)		2		(31	)
Net income / (loss) on a fully converted basis	$	1,113	$	7,205

Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic		1,704,510		1,581,390
Unrestricted LLC Units exchangeable into Cohen & Company Inc. shares (1)		4,061,322		4,051,423
Restricted units or shares		42,462		12,273
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted (3)		5,808,294		5,645,086

Net income / (loss) per common share - Basic	$	0.19	$	1.28

Net income / (loss) per common share - Diluted	$	0.19	$	1.28

(1)	The units of membership interests in the Operating LLC (“LLC Units”) not held by Cohen & Company Inc. (that is, those held by the non-controlling interest) may be redeemed and exchanged into shares of the Company on a ten-for-one basis. The LLC Units not held by Cohen & Company Inc. are redeemable, at the member’s option at any time, for (i) cash in an amount equal to the average of the per share closing prices of the Common Stock for the ten consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date the Company receives the member’s redemption notice, or (ii) at the Company’s option, one tenth of a share of the Common Stock, subject, in each case, to appropriate adjustment upon the occurrence of an issuance of additional shares of the Common Stock as a dividend or other distribution on the outstanding Common Stock, or a further subdivision or combination of the outstanding shares of the Common Stock. These LLC Units are not included in the computation of basic earnings per share. These LLC Units enter into the computation of diluted net income (loss) per common share when the effect is not anti-dilutive using the if-converted method.
(2)	An adjustment is included because the Company would have incurred a higher income tax expense or realized a higher income tax benefit, as applicable, if the LLC Units had been converted at the beginning of the period.
(3)	All potentially dilutive securities were included in the diluted per share calculations.

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20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal and Regulatory Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a party to various routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory inquiries arising out of the ordinary course of the Company’s business. Management believes that the results of these routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, or on the Company’s operations and cash flows. However, the Company cannot estimate the legal fees and expenses to be incurred in connection with these routine matters and, therefore, is unable to determine whether these future legal fees and expenses will have a material impact on the Company’s operations and cash flows. It is the Company’s policy to expense legal and other fees as incurred.

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21. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The Company operates within three business segments: Capital Markets, Asset Management, and Principal Investing. See note 1. The Company's chief executive officer is the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) and is responsible for allocating resources and assessing the performance of the business segments. The CODM relies on enterprise net income / (loss) to allocate resources because it provides insight into profitability for the entire enterprise including the convertible non-controlling interest but excluding non-convertible non-controlling interest. The CODM uses enterprise net income / (loss) in the annual budgeting and forecasting process. The CODM considers budget to actual variances on a monthly basis when making allocation decisions.

The Company’s business segment information was prepared in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the CODM and represents the information that is relied upon by management in its decision-making processes. Revenues and expenses directly associated with each business segment are included in determining net income / (loss) by segment.

The Company presents principal transactions gains and losses that relate to financial instruments that the Company received through CCM's activities as part of the Capital Markets segment with all other principal transactions gains and losses included in the Principal Investing segment. Prior to December 31, 2024, all principal transactions gains and losses were included in the Principal Investing segment. The Company restated all prior periods presented to be consistent. The CODM evaluates the performance of the Capital Markets segment including the gains and losses on the financial instruments received through CCM's activities.

Interest expense in the table below includes non-operating interest expense. Interest income and expense relating to operations is included in net trading revenue. See note 5. Indirect expenses (such as general and administrative expenses including executive and indirect overhead costs) not directly associated with specific business segments are not allocated to the business segments’ statements of operations. See (1) below.

Beginning in 2024 annual reporting, the Company adopted ASU 2023-07 retrospectively. The following table sets forth our segment information of revenue, expenses, and income (loss) from operations.

SEGMENT INFORMATION

Statement of Operations Information

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

	Capital			Asset			Principal			Segment			Unallocated
	Markets			Management			Investing			Total			(1)			Total
Net trading	$	9,211		$	-		$	-		$	9,211		$	-		$	9,211
Asset management		-			2,020			-			2,020			-			2,020
New issue and advisory		33,239			-			-			33,239			-			33,239
Principal transactions		(13,075	)		-			(2,330	)		(15,405	)		-			(15,405	)
Other income		-			438			(763	)		(325	)		-			(325	)
Total revenues		29,375			2,458			(3,093	)		28,740			-			28,740
Compensation		18,009			1,372			158			19,539			969			20,508
Stock based compensation		134			27			-			161			997			1,158
Business development		376			58			1			435			394			829
Occupancy and equipment		669			51			-			720			280			1,000
Subscriptions, clearing, and execution		2,009			86			26			2,121			53			2,174
Professional fee and other operating		1,244			372			183			1,799			993			2,792
Depreciation and amortization		-			2			-			2			170			172
Total operating expenses		22,441			1,968			368			24,777			3,856			28,633
Operating income (loss)		6,934			490			(3,461	)		3,963			(3,856	)		107
Interest income (expense)		(18	)		-			-			(18	)		(1,430	)		(1,448	)
Income (loss) from equity method affiliates		-			-			2,418			2,418			-			2,418
Income (loss) before income taxes		6,916			490			(1,043	)		6,363			(5,286	)		1,077
Income tax expense (benefit)		-			-			-			-			139			139
Net income (loss)		6,916			490			(1,043	)		6,363			(5,425	)		938
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the non-convertible non-controlling interest of the Operating LLC		-			-			(173	)		(173	)		-			(173	)
Enterprise net income (loss)		6,916			490			(870	)		6,536			(5,425	)		1,111
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest of Cohen & Company Inc.		-			-			-			-			782			782
Net income (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	6,916		$	490		$	(870	)	$	6,536		$	(6,207	)	$	329

Other statement of operations data
Cash compensation as a percentage of revenue		61.31	%		55.82	%		5.11	%		67.99	%		N/A			71.36	%
Operating income / (loss) as a percentage of revenue		23.61	%		19.93	%		111.90	%		13.79	%		N/A			0.37	%
Net income / (loss) as a percentage of revenue		23.54	%		19.93	%		33.72	%		22.14	%		N/A			3.26	%
Net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc. as a percentage of revenue		23.54	%		19.93	%		28.13	%		22.74	%		N/A			1.14	%

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SEGMENT INFORMATION

Statement of Operations Information

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

	Capital			Asset			Principal			Segment			Unallocated
	Markets			Management			Investing			Total			(1)			Total
Net trading	$	9,848		$	-		$	-		$	9,848		$	-		$	9,848
Asset management		-			2,717			-			2,717			-			2,717
New issue and advisory		24,388			-			-			24,388			-			24,388
Principal transactions		(11,522	)		-			(7,962	)		(19,484	)		-			(19,484	)
Other income		-			548			547			1,095			-			1,095
Total revenues		22,714			3,265			(7,415	)		18,564			-			18,564
Compensation		12,206			1,644			494			14,344			(653	)		13,691
Stock based compensation		140			36			-			176			972			1,148
Business development		301			66			13			380			76			456
Occupancy and equipment		682			53			-			735			250			985
Subscriptions, clearing, and execution		1,863			86			75			2,024			62			2,086
Professional fee and other operating		1,303			463			182			1,948			1,501			3,449
Depreciation and amortization		-			1			-			1			123			124
Total operating expenses		16,495			2,349			764			19,608			2,331			21,939
Operating income / (loss)		6,219			916			(8,179	)		(1,044	)		(2,331	)		(3,375	)
Interest (expense) income		(20	)		-			-			(20	)		(1,646	)		(1,666	)
Income (loss) from equity method affiliates		-			-			29,045			29,045			-			29,045
Income (loss) before income taxes		6,199			916			20,866			27,981			(3,977	)		24,004
Income tax expense (benefit)		-			-			-			-			498			498
Net income (loss)		6,199			916			20,866			27,981			(4,475	)		23,506
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the non-convertible non-controlling interest of the Operating LLC		-			-			16,270			16,270			-			16,270
Enterprise net income (loss)		6,199			916			4,596			11,711			(4,475	)		7,236
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest of Cohen & Company Inc.		-			-			-			-			5,213			5,213
Net income (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	6,199		$	916		$	4,596		$	11,711		$	(9,688	)	$	2,023

Other statement of operations data
Cash compensation as a percentage of revenue		53.74	%		50.35	%		6.66	%		77.27	%		N/A			73.75	%
Operating income / (loss) as a percentage of revenue		27.38	%		28.06	%		110.30	%		5.62	%		N/A			18.18	%
Net income / (loss) as a percentage of revenue		27.29	%		28.06	%		281.40	%		150.73	%		N/A			126.62	%
Net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc. as a percentage of revenue		27.29	%		28.06	%		61.98	%		63.08	%		N/A			10.90	%

(1)

Unallocated includes certain expenses incurred by indirect overhead and support departments (such as the executive, finance, legal, information technology, human resources, risk, compliance, and other similar overhead and support departments). Some of the items not allocated include: (1) operating expenses (such as cash compensation and benefits, equity-based compensation expense, professional fees, travel and entertainment, consulting fees, and rent) related to support departments excluding certain departments that directly support the Capital Markets business segment; (2) interest expense on debt; and (3) income taxes. Management does not consider these items necessary for an understanding of the operating results of these business segments and such amounts are excluded in business segment reporting to the CODM.

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BALANCE SHEET DATA

As of March 31, 2025

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Capital		Asset		Principal		Segment		Unallocated
	Markets		Management		Investing		Total		(1)		Total
Total Assets	$	904,073	$	5,671	$	36,858	$	946,602	$	31,448	$	978,050

Included within total assets:
Investments in equity method affiliates	$	-	$	-	$	24,427	$	24,427	$	-	$	24,427
Goodwill (2)	$	54	$	55	$	-	$	109	$	-	$	109
Intangible assets (2)	$	166	$	-	$	-	$	166	$	-	$	166

BALANCE SHEET DATA

December 31, 2024

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Capital		Asset		Principal		Segment		Unallocated
	Markets		Management		Investing		Total		(1)		Total
Total Assets	$	888,780	$	7,371	$	44,175	$	940,326	$	30,823	$	971,149

Included within total assets:
Investments in equity method affiliates	$	-	$	-	$	23,430	$	23,430	$	-	$	23,430
Goodwill (2)	$	54	$	55	$	-	$	109	$	-	$	109
Intangible assets (2)	$	166	$	-	$	-	$	166	$	-	$	166

(1)	Unallocated assets primarily include: (i) amounts due from related parties; (ii) furniture and equipment, net; and (iii) other assets that are not considered necessary for an understanding of business segment assets. Such amounts are excluded from the business segment reporting to the CODM.
(2)	Goodwill and intangible assets are allocated to the Capital Markets and Asset Management business segments as indicated in the tables above.

Geographic Information

The Company conducts its business activities through offices in the following locations: (1) United States and (2) Europe. Total revenues by geographic area are summarized as follows.

GEOGRAPHIC DATA

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Total Revenues:
United States	$	27,489	$	16,743
Europe		1,251		1,821
Total	$	28,740	$	18,564

Long-lived assets attributable to an individual country, other than the United States, are not material.

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22. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURE

Cash flows from investments (including derivatives) classified as investments-trading or trading securities sold, not yet purchased, are presented on a net basis as a component of cash flows from operations. Cash flows from investments (including derivatives) classified as other investments, at fair value or other investments sold, not yet purchased, are presented on a gross basis as a component of cash flows from investing.

Interest paid by the Company on its debt and redeemable financial instruments was $1,417 and $1,445 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company paid income taxes of $150 and $28 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company received no income tax refunds for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company had the following significant non-cash transactions that are not reflected on the statement of cash flows:

	●	The Company net received units of membership interest in the Operating LLC. The Company recognized a net increase in additional paid-in capital of $502, a net decrease in AOCI of $13, and a decrease in non-controlling interest of $489. See note 16.
	●	The Company recorded an accrual of $1,121 in accounts payable and other liabilities for dividends and distributions declared on March 10, 2025, which were paid after March 31, 2025.
	●	The Company recorded a decrease in equity method affiliates of $113 and increase in other investments, at fair value of $113 resulting from an in-kind distribution from equity method affiliates.
	●	The Company recorded a decrease of $505 in other investments, at fair value and a decrease of $505 in other investment sold, not yet purchased due to payment of shares to a former SPAC sponsor entity.
	●	The Company recorded a decrease of $392 in other investments, at fair value resulting from an in-kind distribution to the non-convertible controlling interest.
	●	The Company recorded a decrease in other receivables of $19, a decrease in due from broker of $1,120, and decrease of other investment, at fair value of $1,299, a decrease of other investments sold, not yet purchase, at fair value of $344, and a decrease of non-controlling interest of $1,691 resulting from the sale of the Company's interest in Vellar GP.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company had the following significant non-cash transactions that are not reflected on the statement of cash flows:

	●	The Company net received units of membership interest in the Operating LLC. The Company recognized a net increase in additional paid-in capital of $447, a net decrease in AOCI of $10, and a decrease in non-controlling interest of $437. See note 16.
	●	The Company recorded an accrual of $1,419 in accounts payable and other liabilities for dividends and distributions declared on March 6, 2024, which were paid after March 31, 2024.
	●	The Company recorded an increase of $437 in due to related party and an increase of $222 in payroll withholdings and a corresponding decrease of $659 in equity relating to the redemption of LLC units by employees. See note 16.

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23. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Certain terms in this footnote are defined in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company has identified the following related party transactions for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The transactions are listed by the related party and, unless otherwise noted in the text of the description, the amounts are disclosed in the tables at the end of this section.

A. JKD Investor

The JKD Investor is an entity owned by Jack J. DiMaio, the vice chairman of the board of directors and vice chairman of the Operating LLC’s board of managers, and his spouse. On October 3, 2016, the Operating LLC and JKD Investor entered into the JKD Investment Agreement. The interest expense incurred relating to the JKD Investment Agreement is disclosed in the table below. See note 4.

Effective September 1, 2024, JKD Investor and the Operating LLC entered into the Redemption Agreement, which terminated the JKD Investment Agreement in its entirety and resulted in the full redemption of the redeemable financial instrument. Pursuant to the Redemption Agreement, the Company issued to JKD Investor the 2024 Note in the principal amount of $5,146. The interest incurred on the 2024 Note is disclosed in the table below. See notes 4 and 15.

On January 31, 2020, JKD Investor purchased $2,250 of the 2020 Notes. On January 31, 2022, the Operating LLC and JKD Investor entered into the 2022 Note Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, on such date, (i) JKD Investor paid to the Operating LLC an additional $2,250 and (ii) in consideration for such funds, the Operating LLC issued to JKD Investor the 2020 Note in the aggregate principal amount of $4,500. See note 15. The Company incurred interest expense on this debt, which is disclosed in the table below.

B. Duane Morris, LLP (“Duane Morris”)

Duane Morris is an international law firm and serves as legal counsel to the Company. Duane Morris is considered a related party because a partner at Duane Morris is a member of the same household as a director of the Company. The expense incurred by the Company for services provided by Duane Morris is included within professional fees and operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and is disclosed in the table below.

C. Cohen Circle, LLC ("Cohen Circle")

The Company has a sublease agreement as sub-lessor for certain office space with Cohen Circle. The Company received payments under this sublease agreement, in which payments are recorded as a reduction in rent and utility expenses. This sublease agreement commenced on August 1, 2018 and has a term that automatically renews for one-year periods if not cancelled by either party upon 90 days’ notice prior to the end of the then-existing term. The income earned pursuant to this sublease agreement is included as a reduction in rent expense in the consolidated statements of income and is disclosed in the table below.

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D. Investment Vehicle and Other

CK Capital and AOI

CK Capital and AOI are related parties as they are equity method investments of the Company. In December 2019, the Company acquired a 45% interest in CK Capital. The Company purchased this interest for $18 (of which $17 was paid to an entity controlled by Daniel G. Cohen). In addition, in December 2019, the Company also acquired a 10% interest in AOI, a real estate holding company, for $1 from entities controlled by Daniel G. Cohen. Income earned or loss incurred by the Company on the equity method investments in CK Capital and AOI is included in the tables below. In accordance with the CK Capital shareholders agreement, the Company may receive fees for consulting services provided by the Company to CK Capital. Any fees earned for such consulting services are included in principal transactions and other income in the table below. See note 11.

U.S. Insurance JV

U.S. Insurance JV is considered a related party because it is an equity method investment of the Company. The Company has an investment in and a management contract with the U.S. Insurance JV. Income earned or loss incurred on the investment is included as part of principal transactions and other income in the table below. Revenue earned on the management contract is included as part of asset management and is shown in the table below. As of March 31, 2025, the Company owned 1.86% of the equity of the U.S. Insurance JV.

CREO JV

CREO JV is considered a related party because it is an equity method investment of the Company. The Company has an investment in and a management contract with CREO JV. Income earned or loss incurred on the investment is included as part of principal transactions and other income in the table below. As of March 31, 2025, the Company owned 7.5% of the equity of CREO JV.

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Vellar Opportunities GP, LLC

Prior to entering into the Vellar Agreements, the Operating LLC was the managing member and owner of 33.4% of Vellar GP.

Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC sold all of its 33.4% interest in Vellar GP to each of Solomon Cohen and Jason Capone for an aggregate of $10. As of February 25, 2025 and as a result of the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Company no longer had any investment in Vellar GP. Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC resigned as the managing member of Vellar GP, effective February 25, 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded net loss of $381 related to Vellar GP, which includes both the loss on sale and the results of operations for the 2025 period prior to the sale. This amount is not included in the table below.

Sponsor Entities of Other SPACs

In general, a SPAC is initially funded by a sponsor and that sponsor invests in and receives private placement and founders shares of the SPAC. The sponsor may be organized as a single legal entity or multiple entities under common control. In either case, the entity (or entities) is referred to in this section as the sponsor of the applicable SPAC. The Company had the following transaction with the SPAC sponsor below that was considered to be a related party that the Company did not consolidate.

FTAC Emerald Acquisition Corp. ("FTAC Emerald") is a SPAC. The sponsor of FTAC Emerald ("FTAC Emerald Sponsor") is a related party as it is an equity method investment of the Company. On December 20, 2021, the Operating LLC entered into a letter agreement with FTAC Emerald Sponsor whereby the Operating LLC would provide personnel to serve as the chief financial officer as well as other accounting and administrative services to FTAC Emerald Sponsor for a period not longer than 24 months. As consideration for these services, the Company received an allocation of 35,000 founders shares of FTAC Emerald stock to the Operating LLC and recorded an equity method investment of $40 for the valuation of these services. The revenue earned on this arrangement is disclosed in principal transactions and other income, other SPAC entities in the table below. In February 2025, FTAC Emerald merged with Fold Holdings, Inc. and the 35,000 founders shares were reduced to an allocation of 19,775 shares which are held at FTAC Emerald pending distribution to the Company.

Other

The Company invests in sponsor entities of SPACs, either directly or through its interest in the SPAC Series Funds, that are not otherwise affiliated with the Company but are considered related parties because they are accounted for under the equity method. As of March 31, 2025, the Company owned 2% of these entities in the aggregate. Income earned or loss incurred on the equity method investments is disclosed in other SPAC entities in the table below.

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The following tables display the routine transactions recognized in the consolidated statements of operations from the identified related parties that are described above.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024

Asset management
CREO JV	$	151		$	184
U.S. Insurance JV		245			317
	$	396		$	501
Principal transactions and other income
CREO JV	$	72		$	159
U.S. Insurance JV		61			77
Other SPAC Entities		-			5
	$	133		$	241
Income (loss) from equity method affiliates
Dutch Real Estate Entities	$	316		$	(116	)
Other SPAC Entities		2,102			29,161
	$	2,418		$	29,045

Operating expense (income)
Duane Morris	$	460		$	158
Cohen Circle		(26	)		(26	)
	$	434		$	132
Interest expense (income)
JKD Investor	$	286		$	486
	$	286		$	486

The following related party transactions are not included in the tables above.

E. Directors and Employees

On October 1, 2024, the Company assumed the final year obligation of a three-year corporate aircraft program arrangement from the Company's executive chairman, Daniel G. Cohen. The cost of the final year obligation is $1,208. The arrangement allows for an allotted number of hours of air travel on select aircraft. The Company intends to use the air travel for general business purposes. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $204 and $0, respectively, of amortization expense on this lease, which is record in business development, occupancy, equipment expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

From time to time, the Company purchases produce from Grand Cru Farm as a benefit to its employees. Grand Cru Farm is owned by Daniel G. Cohen. The Company purchased $11 and $0 from Grand Cru Farm during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company has entered into employment agreements with Daniel G. Cohen and Joseph W. Pooler, Jr., the Company's chief financial officer. The Company has entered into its standard indemnification agreement with each of its directors and executive officers.

The Company maintains a 401(k)-savings plan covering substantially all of its employees. The Company matches 50% of employee contributions for all participants not to exceed 3% of their eligible compensation. Contributions made on behalf of the Company were $140 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Contributions made on behalf of the Company were $141 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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24. DUE FROM / DUE TO RELATED PARTIES

Amounts due to related parties associated with redeemable financial instruments and outstanding debt are included as components of those balances in the consolidated balance sheets. In addition, interest or investment return owed on those balances are included as a component of accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Any investment made in an equity method affiliate for which the Company does not elect the fair value option is included as a component of investments in equity method affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets. Any investment made in an equity method affiliate for which the Company elected the fair value option is included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes amounts due from / to related parties as of each date shown. These amounts may result from normal operating advances, employee advances, or from timing differences between the transactions disclosed in note 23 and final settlement of those transactions in cash. All amounts are primarily non-interest bearing.

DUE FROM RELATED PARTIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
CREO JV	$	151	$	74
Employee & other		681		458
SPAC Fund - other receivable		158		127
U.S. Insurance JV		245		282
Due from related parties	$	1,235	$	941

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Cohen & Company Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”) should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On a regular basis, we evaluate these estimates, including fair value of financial instruments. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

All amounts in this disclosure are in thousands (except share, unit, per share, and per unit data) except where otherwise noted.

Overview

We are a financial services company specializing in an expanding range of capital markets and asset management services. We are organized into three business segments: Capital Markets, Asset Management, and Principal Investing.

	●	Capital Markets: Our Capital Markets business segment consists primarily of fixed income sales, trading, gestation repo financing, new issue placements in corporate and securitized products, underwriting, and advisory services. Our fixed income sales and trading group provides trade execution to corporate investors, institutional investors, mortgage originators, and other smaller broker-dealers. We specialize in a variety of products, including but not limited to: corporate bonds, ABS, MBS, RMBS, CBOs, CMOs, municipal securities, TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts, SBA loans, U.S. government bonds, U.S. government agency securities, brokered deposits and CDs for small banks, and hybrid capital of financial institutions including whole loans and other structured financial instruments. We carry out our capital markets activities primarily through our subsidiaries: JVB in the United States and CCFESA in Europe. A division of JVB, Cohen & Company Capital Markets ("CCM") is our full-service boutique investment bank that provides innovative strategic and financial advice in M&A, capital markets, and SPAC advisory services. Our Capital Markets business segment also includes unrealized and realized gains and losses on our other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value that were acquired as part of our CCM business.
	●	Asset Management: Our Asset Management business segment manages assets within CDOs, managed accounts, joint ventures, and investment funds (collectively, “Investment Vehicles”). A CDO is a form of secured borrowing. The borrowing is secured by different types of fixed income assets such as corporate or mortgage loans or bonds. The borrowing is in the form of a securitization, which means that the lenders are actually investing in notes backed by the assets. In the event of default, the lenders will have recourse only to the assets securing the loan. Our Asset Management business segment includes our fee-based asset management operations, which include on-going base and incentive management fees. As of March 31, 2025, we had approximately $2.27 billion in assets under management (“AUM”) of which 42% was in CDOs. A significant portion of our asset management revenue is earned from the management of CDOs. We have not completed a new securitization since 2008. As a result, our asset management revenue has declined from its historical highs as the assets of the CDOs decline due to maturities, repayments, auction call redemptions, liquidations, and defaults. Our ability to complete securitizations in the future will depend upon, among other things, our asset origination capacity and success, our ability to arrange warehouse financing to originate assets, our willingness and capacity to fund required amounts to obtain warehouse financing and securitized financings, and the demand in the markets for such securitizations. The remaining portion of our AUM is from a diversified mix of other Investment Vehicles that were more recently formed.
	●	Principal Investing: Our Principal Investing business segment is comprised of investments that we hold related to our SPAC franchise and other investments we have made for the purpose of earning an investment return rather than investments to support our trading and CCM activities. These investments are a component of our other investments, at fair value, other investments sold, not yet purchased, and investments in equity method affiliates in our consolidated balance sheets.

We generate our revenue by business segment primarily through the following activities.

Capital Markets:

	●	Our trading activities, which include execution and brokerage services, riskless trading activities as well as gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities and derivatives classified as trading;
	●	Revenue earned on our gestation repo program;
	●	New issue and advisory revenue comprised primarily of (a) origination fees for newly created financial instruments originated by us; (b) revenue from advisory services; (c) underwriting; and (d) revenue associated with origination, arranging, or placing newly created financial instruments; and
	●	Gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities classified as other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased, which were acquired in connection with our CCM business.

Asset Management:

	●	Asset management fees for our on-going asset management services provided to certain Investment Vehicles, which may include fees both senior and subordinate to the securities issued in the Investment Vehicle; and
	●	Incentive management fees earned based on the performance of Investment Vehicles.

Principal Investing:

	●	Gains and losses (unrealized and realized) and income and expense earned on securities classified as other investments, at fair value and other investments sold, not yet purchased, which were not acquired as part of our CCM business; and
	●	Income and loss earned on equity method investments.

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Business Environment

Our business in general and our Capital Markets and Principal Investing business segments in particular do not produce predictable earnings. Our results can vary dramatically from year to year and quarter to quarter. Our business is materially affected by economic conditions in the financial markets, political conditions, broad trends in business and finance, the housing and mortgage markets, changes in volume and price levels of securities transactions, and changes in interest rates, including overnight funding rates, all of which can affect our profitability and are unpredictable and beyond our control. These factors may affect the financial decisions made by investors and companies, including their level of participation in the financial markets and their willingness to participate in corporate transactions. Severe market fluctuations or weak economic conditions could reduce our trading volume and revenues, negatively affect our ability to generate new issue and advisory revenue, and adversely affect our profitability.

As a general rule, our trading business benefits from increased market volatility. Increased volatility usually results in increased activity from our clients and counterparties. However, periods of extreme volatility may at times result in clients reducing their trading volumes, which would negatively impact our results. Also, periods of extreme volatility may result in large fluctuations in securities valuations and we may incur losses on our holdings. Also, our mortgage group’s business benefits when mortgage volumes increase, and may suffer when mortgage volumes decrease. Among other things, mortgage volumes are significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. In addition, as a smaller firm, we are exposed to intense competition. Although we provide financing to our customers, larger firms have a much greater capability to provide their clients with financing, giving them a competitive advantage. We are much more reliant upon our employees’ relationships, networks, and abilities to identify and capitalize on market opportunities. Therefore, our business may be significantly impacted by the addition or loss of key personnel.

We try to address these challenges by (i) focusing our business on clients and asset classes that are underserved by the large firms, (ii) continuing to monitor our fixed costs to enhance operating leverage and limit our losses during periods of low volumes, and (iii) attempting to hire and retain entrepreneurial and effective traders, investment bankers, and salespeople. Our business environment is rapidly changing. New risks and uncertainties emerge continuously and it is not possible for us to predict all the risks we will face. This may negatively impact our operating performance.

A portion of our revenue is generated from net trading activity. We engage in proprietary trading for our own account, provide securities financing for our customers, and execute “riskless” trades with a customer order in hand resulting in limited market risk to us. The inventory of securities held for our own account, as well as held to facilitate customer trades, and our market making activities are sensitive to market movements.

A portion of our revenue is generated from new issue and advisory engagements. The fees charged and volume of these engagements are sensitive to the overall business environment. We provide origination services in Europe through our subsidiary CCFESA, and new issue and advisory services in the U.S. through our subsidiary JVB. A division of JVB, CCM is our full-service boutique investment bank, that provides innovative strategic and financial advice in M&A, capital markets, and SPAC advisory services. In some cases, CCM will receive financial instruments in lieu of cash for its advisory transactions. In these cases, we record revenue equal to the fair value of the instruments received. Subsequent to receipt, the instruments are carried at fair value as a component of other investments, at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. Any change in the fair value of these instruments subsequent to recording the new issue revenue will be recorded as principal transactions gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations. Currently, our primary source of new issue and advisory revenue is from investment banking and advisory services through CCM, as well as from originating assets for our U.S. and European insurance asset management business including our U.S. Insurance JV and for our a CREO JV.

A portion of our revenue is generated from management fees. Our ability to charge management fees and the amount of those fees is dependent upon the underlying investment performance and stability of the Investment Vehicles. If these types of investments do not provide attractive returns to investors, the demand for such instruments will likely fall, thereby reducing our opportunity to earn new management fees or maintain existing management fees. As of March 31, 2025, 42% of our existing AUM were in CDOs. The creation of CDOs has depended upon a vibrant securitization market. Since 2008, volumes within the securitization market have dropped significantly and have not fully recovered since that time. We have not completed a new securitization since 2008. The remaining portion of our AUM is from a diversified mix of other Investment Vehicles most of which were more recently formed. See recent events below for discussion of our recent sale of CDO asset management contracts.

A significant portion of our asset management revenue is earned from the management of CDOs. As a result, our asset management revenue has declined from its historical highs as the assets of the CDOs decline due to maturities, repayments, auction call redemptions, liquidations, and defaults. Our ability to complete securitizations in the future will depend upon, among other things, our asset origination capacity and success, our ability to arrange warehouse financing to originate assets, our willingness and capacity to fund required amounts to obtain warehouse financing and securitized financings, and the demand in the markets for such securitizations.

A portion of our revenues is generated from our principal investing activities. Therefore, our revenues are impacted by the overall market supply and demand of these investments as well as the individual performance of each investment. Our principal investments are included within other investments, at fair value; other investments sold, not yet purchased; and investments in equity method affiliates in our consolidated balance sheets. More recently, a significant component of our principal investment revenue has come from SPAC related equity investments, primarily in entities that have been the result of sponsored SPAC business combinations, , share forward arrangements ("SFAs"), CCM engagements or related party sponsored SPAC business combinations. Access to these investments is reliant on a robust SPAC market. Performance of the resulting principal investments can be materially impacted by overall performance of the equity markets. See notes 7 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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The SPAC Market

In 2018, we began sponsoring a series of SPACs. Each sponsored SPAC either completed or was seeking to complete a business combination with a company involved in the insurance market. In addition, we invest in other SPACs at various stages of their business life cycle. Beginning in 2019, these SPAC activities have become a significant portion of our Principal Investing business segment. In August 2018, we invested in and became the general partner of a newly formed investment fund (the “SPAC Fund”), which was created for the purpose of investing in the equity interests of SPACs and SPAC sponsor entities including SPACs sponsored by us, our affiliates, and third parties. Effective April 1, 2023, all of the investors in the SPAC Fund, other than Vellar GP, redeemed all of their interests in the SPAC Fund.

As a complement to the SPAC Fund, we established and became manager of two newly formed umbrella limited liability companies (the “SPAC Series Funds”) that issued a separate series of interest for each investment portfolio, which typically consisted of investments in the sponsor entities of individual SPACs. Generally, when a SPAC acquires or merges with a privately held target company, the target company winds up owning a majority of the resulting outstanding equity of the SPAC so the transaction is accounted for as a reverse merger. Private companies utilize reverse mergers with SPACs as a method of going public as an alternative to a traditional IPO. All of our business activity related to SPACs is highly sensitive to the volume of activity in the SPAC market. Volumes could be negatively impacted if target companies no longer see SPACs as an attractive alternative thereby reducing the number of suitable potential business combination targets. Also, investor demand for SPACs would be negatively impacted if the stock of SPACs that successfully complete a business combination underperform the market. If volume of SPAC activity declines, our results of operations will likely be significantly negatively impacted.

Our CCM business is also heavily concentrated in the SPAC Market with most of its clients being SPACs or former SPACs. In addition to earning new issue and advisory revenue in these engagements, we sometimes receive financial instruments as part of our compensation and this increases our investment in SPACs and former SPACs.

Equity prices of SPACs and post business combination SPACs declined significantly during 2024 and have remained volatile since. We are exposed to public equity prices of SPACs and post business combination SPACs both through our other investments, at fair value and investments in equity method affiliates. As a result, we recorded significant principal transaction losses and equity method losses during 2024 and the first three months of 2025 in certain SPAC related investments. Continued declines in the equity prices of these companies will result in further losses for us.

Margin Pressures in Fixed Income Brokerage Business

Performance in the financial services industry in which we operate is highly correlated to the overall strength of the economy and financial market activity. Overall market conditions are a product of many factors beyond our control and can be unpredictable. These factors may affect the financial decisions made by investors, including their level of participation in the financial markets. In turn, these decisions may affect our business results. With respect to financial market activity, our profitability is sensitive to a variety of factors including the volatility of the equity and fixed income markets, the level and shape of the various yield curves, and the volume and value of trading in securities.

Margins and volumes in certain products and markets within the fixed income brokerage business continue to decrease materially as competition has increased and general market activity has declined. Further, we continue to expect that competition will increase over time, resulting in continued margin pressure.

Our response to this margin compression has included: (i) building a diversified fixed income trading platform, (ii) acquiring or building out new product lines and expanding existing product lines, (iii) building a hedging execution and funding operation to service mortgage originators, (iv) building out CCM, and (v) monitoring our fixed costs. Our cost management initiatives are ongoing. However, there can be no certainty that these efforts will be sufficient. If insufficient, we will likely see a decline in profitability.

U.S. Housing Market

In recent years, our mortgage group has grown in significance to our Capital Markets segment and our company overall. The mortgage group primarily earns revenue by providing hedging execution, securities financing, and trade execution services to mortgage originators and other investors in mortgage-backed securities. Therefore, this group’s revenue is highly dependent on the volume of mortgage originations in the U.S. Origination activity is highly sensitive to interest rates, the U.S. job market, housing starts, sale activity of existing housing stock, as well as the general health of the U.S. economy. In addition, any new regulation that impacts U.S. government agency mortgage-backed security issuance activity, residential mortgage underwriting standards, or otherwise impacts mortgage originators will impact our business. We have no control over these external factors and there is no effective way for us to hedge against these risks. Our mortgage group’s volumes and profitability will be highly impacted by these external factors.

Interest Rates and Inflation

During 2022 and 2023, the U.S. Federal Reserve began a process of raising the federal funds rate and quantitative tightening to address rising inflation. Recently, the US Federal Reserve reduced interest rates for the first time in several years. It is unclear as to whether or how quickly interest rates will continue to decline. However, for most of the periods presented herein, rates were rising or elevated versus historical lows, which negatively impacted our business in several ways:

1.	Rising rates reduce the fair value of the fixed income securities that we hold on our balance sheet.
2.	Rising rates create instability in the equity markets, which has reduced equity financing and business combination volumes and negatively impacted CCM.
3.	Rising rates reduce the volumes of new issue fixed income instruments, which has negatively impacted our CREO JV.
4.	Rising rates significantly reduce mortgage activity. Our mortgage group's profitability is mainly impacted by the volume of mortgage activity in the U.S. (both mortgages for new home purchases as well as refinancing). Furthermore, our mortgage group engages in repo lending to mortgage originators. Reduced mortgage volumes impose financial pressures on mortgage originators and may increase the risk that originators default on their repo obligations to us. See note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
5.	Rising rates may ultimately push the U.S. into recession, which may further reduce overall transaction volumes in the financial markets negatively impacting our business generally.

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Recent Events

Redemption of Redeemable Financial Instrument and Issuance of the 2024 Note

Effective September 1, 2024, we entered into the Redemption Agreement, which redeemed the JKD Investment Agreement in its entirety. As of September 1, 2024, the investment balance of the JKD Investment Agreement was $7,719. Pursuant to the Redemption Agreement, we (i) paid $2,573 of the investment balance in cash, and (ii) issued a senior promissory note (the “2024 Note”) in the aggregate principal amount of $5,146, representing the remaining balance payable under the JKD Investment Agreement. The 2024 Note bears interest at 12% and its principal is to be repaid as follows: (i) $2,573 of the principal amount will be due and payable on August 31, 2025, and (ii) $2,573 will be due and payable on August 31, 2026. The 2024 Note may, with at least 31 days’ prior written notice to the holder of the 2024 Note, be prepaid in whole or in part at any time following January 31, 2025, without penalty or premium. See notes 4 and 15 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information relating to the Redemption Agreement and 2024 Note.

Sale of our interest in Vellar GP

On February 25, 2025, the Operating LLC entered into (i) a Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Vellar Purchase Agreement”) with Jason Capone and Solomon Cohen, who is the son of our executive chairman, Daniel G. Cohen; and (ii) a Transition Services Agreement (the “Vellar Transition Services Agreement” and, together with the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the “Vellar Agreements”) with Vellar GP.

Prior to entering into the Vellar Agreements, the Operating LLC was the managing member and owner of 33.4% of Vellar GP.

Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC sold all of its 33.4% interest in Vellar GP for an aggregate of $10. As of February 25, 2025 and as a result of the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Company no longer had any investment in Vellar GP. Pursuant to the Vellar Purchase Agreement, the Operating LLC resigned as the managing member of Vellar GP, effective February 25, 2025. In the first quarter of 2025, we recorded a loss on sale of $836, which is included as component of principal transactions and other income in our consolidated statement of operations.

Pursuant to the Vellar Transition Services Agreement, in exchange for the Operating LLC’s agreement to provide certain transitional services to Vellar GP, Vellar GP agreed to (i) pay to the Operating LLC certain defined net revenue share amounts up to an aggregate of $4,234; and (ii) decrease the amount that the Operating LLC had previously agreed to pay to Vellar GP in connection with the funding of certain Vellar GP litigation expenses from $2,121 to $1,084.

Sale of Management Contracts

On March 13, 2025, we entered into a Master Transaction Agreement (the “MTA”) with an affiliate of Hildene Capital Management, LLC (“Hildene”), an SEC-registered investment adviser based in Stamford, Connecticut. Hildene has been investing in CDOs backed by trust preferred securities ("TruPS") since the 2007-08 financial crisis, and has extensive experience with monitoring banks and insurance companies.

Pursuant to the MTA, we have agreed to sell, assign, transfer, and convey to Hildene all of our rights and obligations in and under the Collateral Management Agreements and Collateral Administration Agreements (each a “CDO Agreement” and together, the “CDO Agreements”) for (i) Alesco Preferred Funding III, Ltd., (ii) Alesco Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., (iii) Alesco Preferred Funding V, Ltd., (iv) Alesco Preferred Funding VI, Ltd., and (v) Alesco Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd. (each an “Issuer,” and, collectively, the “Issuers”) and all books and records with respect to each Issuer (collectively with the CDO Agreements, the “Assigned Assets”).

Pursuant to the MTA, Hildene has agreed to assume our obligations under the Assigned CDO Agreements to the extent such liabilities, obligations, and commitments relate to the period from and after the Closing of such Assigned CDO Agreement (collectively, the “Assumed Liabilities”). We agreed to retain our liabilities, obligations, and commitments arising under the Assigned CDO Agreements with respect to any period prior to the Closing of such Assigned CDO Agreement (the “Retained Liabilities”).

Pursuant to the MTA, the aggregate base purchase price for the Assigned Assets is $3,500 (the “Aggregate Base Purchase Price”). The Aggregate Base Purchase Price has been allocated among the Assigned Assets by CDO Agreement. Pursuant to the MTA, if we receive any management fees pursuant to a CDO Agreement during the period from March 1, 2025 through the date of the Closing relating to such CDO Agreement, then the Aggregate Base Purchase Price and allocated purchase price relating to such CDO Agreement will each be reduced, dollar for dollar, by the amount of such management fees so received by us. Through March 31, 2025, we have recognized $352 in asset management revenue that will ultimately reduce the $3,500 purchase price if all consents are obtained and all closings are effectuated.

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

The following table sets forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

COHEN & COMPANY INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Favorable / (Unfavorable)
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Revenues
Net trading	$	9,211		$	9,848		$	(637	)		(6	%)
Asset management		2,020			2,717			(697	)		(26	%)
New issue and advisory		33,239			24,388			8,851			36	%
Principal transactions and other income (loss)		(15,730	)		(18,389	)		2,659			14	%
Total revenues		28,740			18,564			10,176			55	%

Operating expenses
Compensation and benefits		21,666			14,839			(6,827	)		(46	%)
Business development, occupancy, equipment		1,829			1,441			(388	)		(27	%)
Subscriptions, clearing, and execution		2,174			2,086			(88	)		(4	%)
Professional fee and other operating		2,792			3,449			657			19	%
Depreciation and amortization		172			124			(48	)		(39	%)
Total operating expenses		28,633			21,939			(6,694	)		(31	%)

Operating income / (loss)		107			(3,375	)		3,482			103	%

Non-operating income / (expense)

Interest expense, net		(1,448	)		(1,666	)		218			13	%
Income / (loss) from equity method affiliates		2,418			29,045			(26,627	)		(92	%)
Income / (loss) before income taxes		1,077			24,004			(22,927	)		(96	%)
Income tax expense / (benefit)		139			498			359			72	%
Net income / (loss)		938			23,506			(22,568	)		(96	%)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the non-convertible non-controlling interest		(173	)		16,270			16,443			101	%
Enterprise net income / (loss)		1,111			7,236			(6,125	)		(85	%)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest		782			5,213			4,431			85	%
Net income / (loss) attributable to Cohen & Company Inc.	$	329		$	2,023			(1,694	)		(84	%)

Revenues

Revenues increased by $10,176, or 55%, to $28,740 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $18,564 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Each line item is discussed below in more detail.

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Net Trading

Net trading revenue decreased by $637, or 6%, to $9,211 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $9,848 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table shows the detail by trading group.

NET TRADING

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024		Change
Mortgage	$	949	$	1,314	$	(365	)
Gestation Repo		4,180		3,457		723
High Yield Corporates		394		2,285		(1,891	)
CMOs		434		203		231
SBAs		428		-		428
Structured Notes		1,313		-		1,313
Other		1,513		2,589		(1,076	)
Total	$	9,211	$	9,848	$	(637	)

Our net trading revenue includes unrealized gains on our trading investments as of the applicable measurement date that may never be realized due to changes in market or other conditions not under our control. This may adversely affect the ultimate value realized from these investments. In addition, our net trading revenue also includes realized gains on certain proprietary trading positions. Our ability to derive trading gains from such trading positions is subject to overall market conditions. Due to volatility and uncertainty in the capital markets, the net trading revenue recognized may not be indicative of future results. Furthermore, from time to time, some of the assets included in the investments-trading line of our consolidated balance sheets represent level 3 valuations within the FASB valuation hierarchy. Level 3 assets are carried at fair value based on estimates derived using internal valuation models and other estimates. See notes 7, 8, and 9 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The fair value estimates made by us may not be indicative of the final sale price at which these assets may be sold. We consider our gestation repo business to be subject to significant concentration risk. See note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All net trading revenue is included in our Capital Markets segment. See note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Asset Management

Our AUM equals the sum of the NAV or gross assets of the Investment Vehicles we manage based on whichever measurement serves as the basis for the calculation of our management fees.

Our calculation of AUM may differ from the calculations used by other asset managers and, as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. This definition of AUM is not necessarily identical to the definitions of AUM that may be used in our management agreements.

	As of March 31,				As of December 31,
	2025		2024		2024		2023
Company-sponsored CDOs	$	953,363	$	983,361	$	965,887	$	995,191
Other Investment Vehicles (1)		1,322,369		1,329,471		1,339,310		1,362,484
Assets under management (2)	$	2,275,732	$	2,312,832	$	2,305,197	$	2,357,675

(1) Other Investment Vehicles include any Investment Vehicle that is not a Company-sponsored CDO.

(2) In some cases, accounts we manage may employ leverage. Further, in some cases, our fees are based on gross assets and in other cases, our fees are based on net assets. Finally, in the case of the SPAC Series Funds there are no management fees earned. AUM included herein is calculated using either gross or net assets of each managed account or CDO based on whichever serves as the basis for our management fees. In the case where no management fees are earned, the net assets are included.

Asset management fees decreased by $697, or 26%, to $2,020 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $2,717 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as discussed in more detail below. The following table provides a more detailed comparison of the two periods:

ASSET MANAGEMENT

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024		Change
CDOs	$	385	$	396	$	(11	)
Other		1,635		2,321		(686	)
Total	$	2,020	$	2,717	$	(697	)

Asset management fees from CDOs remained relatively flat. Asset management fees from other decreased primarily due to the recognition in 2024 of deferred performance fees related to a certain PriDe Fund.

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New Issue and Advisory

New issue and advisory revenue increased by $8,851 to $33,239 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $24,388 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. All of the new issue and advisory revenue recognized in both periods resulted from CCM's activities.

Our revenue earned from new issue and advisory has been, and we expect will continue to be, volatile. We earn revenue from a limited number of engagements. Therefore, a small change in the number of engagements can result in large fluctuations in the revenue recognized. Further, even if the number of engagements remains consistent, the average revenue per engagement can fluctuate considerably. Finally, our revenue is generally earned when an underlying transaction closes (rather than on a monthly or quarterly basis). Therefore, the timing of underlying transactions increases the volatility of our revenue recognition. In addition, we often incur certain costs related to new issue engagements. These costs are included as a component of either subscriptions, clearing and execution, or professional fees and other. All new issue revenue is included in our Capital Markets segment. See note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

CCM, a division of JVB, is our full-service boutique investment bank, which focuses on M&A, underwriting, capital markets and SPAC advisory services. In addition, we sometimes generate new issue revenue by originating new assets for the U.S. Insurance JV, CREO JV, and our PriDe Funds in Europe.

In some cases, CCM will receive financial instruments in lieu of cash for its advisory transactions. In these cases, we record advisory revenue equal to the fair value of the instruments received. Subsequent to receipt, the instruments are carried at fair value as a component of other investments, at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. Any change in the fair value of these instruments subsequent to recording the new issue revenue will be recorded as principal transactions gain or loss in the consolidated statement of operations. Further, it should be noted that the financial instruments we receive in these cases are often either (i) common stock investments that are restricted for resale for some period of time; (ii) convertible or non-convertible debt investments that are not publicly traded; (iii) equity investments in special purpose entities that are not publicly traded; or (iv) unrestricted common stock investments in public companies but the companies do not have significant trading volume. Therefore, it may take us a significant period of time to liquidate these investments. We may suffer significant principal transactions loss prior to final liquidation of these financial instruments, which will impact the results of our Capital Markets segment.

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Principal Transactions and Other Income (Loss)

Principal transactions and other income (loss) increased by $2,659 to ($15,730) for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to ($18,389) for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table summarizes principal transactions and other income by category.

PRINCIPAL TRANSACTIONS & OTHER INCOME

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024			Change
Interests in public companies
Brand Engagement Network, Inc. (NASDAQ: BNAI)	$	(790	)	$	-		$	(790	)
Captivision Inc. (NASDAQ: CAPT)		1,123			506			617
CERo Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: CERO)		14			(289	)		303
Critical Metals Corp. (NASDAQ: CRML)		(289	)		200			(489	)
Next.e.GO N.V. (OTC: EGOXF)		-			(7,353	)		7,353
Fold Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: FLD)		(982	)		-			(982	)
Rezolve AI PLC (NASDAQ: RZLV)		(615	)		-			(615	)
Semilux International Ltd. (NASDAQ: SELX)		-			(2,406	)		2,406
Tevogen Bio Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: TVGN)		-			(1,875	)		1,875
USA Rare Earth, Inc. (NASDAQ: USAR)		(11,065	)		-			(11,065	)
Veea Inc. (NASDAQ: VEEA)		(511	)		-			(511	)
Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: ZCAR)		-			(1,438	)		1,438
Zapata Computing Holdings Inc. (OTC: ZPTA)		-			1,497			(1,497	)
Other		40			(364	)		404
Capital Markets principal transactions		(13,075	)		(11,522	)		(1,553	)
								-
Interests in public companies:
Critical Metals Corp. (NASDAQ: CRML)		(2,393	)		-			(2,393	)
Syntec Optics Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: OPTX)		(1	)		(261	)		260
Payoneer Global Inc. (NASDAQ: PAYO)		(751	)		(95	)		(656	)
Rezolve AI PLC (NASDAQ: RZLV)		(505	)		-			(505	)
Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: ZCAR)		-			(6,315	)		6,315
CREO JV		72			159			(87	)
U.S. Insurance JV		61			77			(16	)
SFAs		1,404			(1,573	)		2,977
Other		(217	)		46			(263	)
Principal Investing		(2,330	)		(7,962	)		5,632

Total principal transactions		(15,405	)		(19,484	)		4,079

IIFC revenue share		469			543			(74	)
Sale of Vellar GP		(836	)		-			(836	)
All other income		42			552			(510	)
Other income		(325	)		1,095			(1,420	)

Principal transactions and other income (loss)	$	(15,730	)	$	(18,389	)	$	2,659

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Principal Transactions

In the table above, our principal transactions are broken out into two groups:

1. Capital Markets Principal Transactions: In some cases, CCM acquires financial instruments or receives financial instruments in lieu of cash for its advisory transactions. We carry these instruments at fair value with changes in fair value included as a component of principal transactions and other income in our consolidated income statement. Gains and losses on these instruments are included in our Capital Markets segment as these instruments were acquired as part of CCM's activities. See note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

2. Principal Investing Principal Transactions: In other cases, we will acquire a financial instrument for the purposes of earning an investment return. We also carry these instruments at fair value with changes in fair value included as a component of principal transactions and other income in our consolidated income statement. However, gains and losses on these instruments are included in our Principal Investing segment as these investments were acquired to earn a return. Note that a particular instrument may be included in both categories if it was acquired as part of CCM's activities and separately acquired to earn an investment return.

Interests in Public Companies

These investments represent our direct and indirect investments in certain public companies. These investments may be in the form of unrestricted common stock, restricted common stock, equity derivatives, convertible notes and non-convertible notes receivable, as well as equity interest in SPVs that have investments in these public companies. The name and stock symbol of each public company in which we have a direct or indirect investment is listed in the table above. The amounts shown represent the change in the fair value of our investment during each time period noted in the table. Many of the interests in the public companies listed above were acquired as non-cash compensation related to new issue and advisory engagements. When we received these investments, we recorded new issue and advisory revenue for the fair value of those instruments at that time.

Other Principal Investments

The CREO JV invests in primarily multi-family commercial real estate mortgage-backed loans. We carry our investment in the CREO JV at its reported NAV.

The U.S. Insurance JV invests in insurance company debt. We carry our investment in the U.S. Insurance JV at its reported NAV.

We have engaged in several SFA transactions. In a typical SFA transaction, we acquire an interest in a publicly traded company and enter into an offsetting derivative with the same company. Both the interest in the public company and the offsetting derivative are carried at fair value. The amount shown in the table above represents the net change in fair value recorded during the periods presented. The interests we hold in SFA Counterparties are included as a component of other investments, at fair value. The derivatives are included as a component of other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value. Most our SFA transactions were undertaken in Vellar GP. We sold our interest in Vellar GP during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Other principal investments consist of realized and unrealized gains and losses from other investments reported at fair value.

Other Income (Loss)

Other income / (loss) is comprised of an ongoing revenue share arrangement as well as other miscellaneous operating income items. The revenue share arrangement noted in the table above entitles us to a percentage of revenue earned by IIFC. The IIFC revenue share arrangement expires at the earlier of (i) the dissolution of IIFC or (ii) when we have earned a cumulative $20,000 in revenue share payments. To date, we have earned $8,644 in connection with this revenue share arrangement.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased by $6,694, or 31%, to $28,633 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $21,939 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Each line item is discussed in more detail below.

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits increased by $6,827, or 46%, to $21,666 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $14,839 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024		Change
Cash compensation and benefits	$	20,508	$	13,691	$	6,817
Equity-based compensation		1,158		1,148		10
Total	$	21,666	$	14,839	$	6,827

Cash compensation and benefits in the table above was primarily comprised of salary, incentive compensation, severance, employer portion of payroll taxes, and benefits. The increase was primarily the result of increased incentive compensation. Our total headcount was 117 at March 31, 2025 and 116 at March 31, 2024. Equity-based compensation remained relatively unchanged.

Business Development, Occupancy, and Equipment

Business development, occupancy, and equipment increased by $388, or 27%, to $1,829 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1,441 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This increase was comprised of an increase in occupancy and equipment of $14, and an increase in business development of $374.

Subscriptions, Clearing, and Execution

Subscriptions, clearing, and execution increased by $88, or 4%, to $2,174 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $2,086 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was comprised of an increase in subscriptions and dues of $262, partially offset by a decrease in clearing and execution of $174.

Professional Fee and Other Operating Expenses

Professional fees and other operating expenses decreased by $657, or 19%, to $2,792 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $3,449 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was comprised of a decrease in professional fees of $701, partially offset by an increase in other operating expense of $44.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased by $48, or 39%, to $172 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $124 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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Non-Operating Income and Expense

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net decreased by $218 to $1,448 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $1,666 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

INTEREST EXPENSE

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024		Change
Junior subordinated notes	$	1,144	$	1,161	$	(17	)
2020/2024 Notes		286		127		159
Byline Credit Facility		18		19		(1	)
Redeemable Financial Instrument - JKD Investor		-		359		(359	)
	$	1,448	$	1,666	$	(218	)

See notes 15 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Income / (Loss) from Equity Method Affiliates

Income / (loss) from equity method affiliates decreased by $26,627 to $2,418 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $29,045 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. See note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024			Change
Dutch Real Estate Entities	$	316	$	(116	)	$	432
SPAC Sponsor Entities and Other		2,102		29,161			(27,059	)
Total	$	2,418	$	29,045		$	(26,627	)

SPAC sponsor entities includes both indirect and direct investments in SPAC sponsor entities. Several of these SPAC sponsor entities are invested in SPACs that have completed their business combinations. Those SPAC sponsor entities hold restricted and unrestricted equity interests in the public post-merger entities. We account for our investments in SPAC sponsor entities under the equity method of accounting. If the SPAC sponsor entity distributes SPAC shares to us, we account for those SPAC shares as a component of other investments, at fair value. The following table shows the equity method income or loss included in other SPAC sponsor entities above broken out by the ultimate public company investee. For several of the investments described below, we also had an investment in the same company accounted for at fair value as a component of other investments, at fair value during the periods presented. See discussion of principal transactions above.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024			Change
African Agriculture Holdings Inc. (OTC: AAGR)	$	-		$	(1,581	)	$	1,581
Brand Engagement Network, Inc. (NASDAQ: BNAI)		-			8,000			(8,000	)
Critical Metals Corp. (NASDAQ: CRML)		(367	)		5,548			(5,915	)
Next.e.GO N.V. (OTC: EGOXF)		-			(264	)		264
Fold Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: FLD)		2,364			(1	)		2,365
Murano Global Investments Plc (NASDAQ: MRNO)		217			16,736			(16,519	)
Rezolve AI PLC (NASDAQ: RZLV)		(109	)		(59	)		(50	)
Tevogen Bio Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: TVGN)		-			2,998			(2,998	)
Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: ZCAR)		-			(2,384	)		2,384
Other		(3	)		168			(171	)
Total	$	2,102		$	29,161		$	(27,059	)

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Income Tax Expense / (Benefit)

Income tax expense / (benefit) decreased by $359 to $139 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $498 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024			Change
Current	$	54	$	557		$	503
Deferred		85		(59	)		(144	)
Total	$	139	$	498		$	359

Our provision for income taxes fluctuates due to several factors mostly attributable to our legal structure, which are summarized as follows:

1. Cohen & Company Inc. consolidates the Operating LLC but only owns a minority economic interest in the Operating LLC. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, Cohen & Company Inc. owned 29.6% of the economic interests of the Operating LLC (on average) and was allocated the same percentage of income/(loss) generated by the Operating LLC. To the extent Cohen & Company Inc. incurs tax obligations on this amount, the related tax expense is recognized in our consolidated financial statements. The remaining 70.4% of income/(loss) generated by the Operating LLC was allocated to the non-controlling members of the Operating LLC and is subject to taxation on such members' individual tax returns.

2. The Operating LLC itself consolidates certain pass-through entities. Therefore, the income/(loss) of these entities is included in the Company's consolidated results, but no tax expense/(benefit) related to the unowned portions of these entities is included in the Company's consolidated results.

3. There are state, local, and foreign taxes to which the Operating LLC or its subsidiaries are subject to, which are included in the Company's effective tax rate.

4. We also have valuation allowances applied against our NOL and NCL carryforward deferred tax assets as well as our tax over book basis in the Operating LLC. Valuation allowances are applied to deferred tax assets when management determines that the assets may not be fully realized. This determination requires significant judgement and is primarily based on management's expectations regarding the generation of future taxable income. ASC 740 indicates that all available evidence should be considered when assessing the need for and the appropriate level of a valuation allowance. All available evidence includes historical information supplemented by all currently available information about future periods.

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Net Income / (Loss) Attributable to the Non-Convertible Non-Controlling Interest

Net income / (loss) attributable to the non-convertible non-controlling interest for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was comprised of the non-controlling interest related to member interests in consolidated subsidiaries of the Operating LLC other than interests held by us therein for the relevant periods. These interests are not convertible into Common Stock.

SUMMARY CALCULATION OF NON-CONVERTIBLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024			Change
Other SPAC Sponsor Investor	$	(1,037	)	$	17,034		$	18,071
Vellar GP		864			(764	)		(1,628	)
Total	$	(173	)	$	16,270		$	16,443

Other SPAC Sponsor Investor represents an entity that we consolidate, but do not wholly own, that invests in other SPAC sponsor entities. We sold our interest in Vellar GP during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Net Income / (Loss) Attributable to the Convertible Non-Controlling Interest

Net income / (loss) attributable to the convertible non-controlling interest for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was comprised of the non-controlling interest related to member interests in the Operating LLC other than interests held by us in the Operating LLC for the relevant periods. These interests are convertible into Common Stock. See note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

SUMMARY CALCULATION OF CONVERTIBLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

	Total Operating LLC			Cohen &
	Consolidated			Company Inc.			Consolidated
Net income / (loss) before tax	$	1,077		$	-		$	1,077
Income tax expense / (benefit)		140			(1	)		139
Net income / (loss) after tax		937			1			938
Other consolidated subsidiary non-controlling interest		(173	)
Net income / (loss) attributable to the Operating LLC		1,110
Average effective Operating LLC non-controlling interest % (1)		70.45	%
Operating LLC non-controlling interest	$	782

SUMMARY CALCULATION OF NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

	Total Operating LLC			Cohen &
	Consolidated			Company Inc.			Consolidated
Net income / (loss) before tax	$	24,004		$	-		$	24,004
Income tax expense / (benefit)		486			12			498
Net income / (loss) after tax		23,518			(12	)		23,506
Other consolidated subsidiary non-controlling interest		16,270
Net income / (loss) attributable to the Operating LLC		7,248
Average effective Operating LLC non-controlling interest % (1)		71.92	%
Operating LLC non-controlling interest	$	5,213

(1)

Non-controlling interest is recorded on a quarterly basis. Because earnings are recognized unevenly throughout the year and the non-controlling interest percentage may change during the period, the average effective non-controlling interest percentage may not equal the percentage at the end of any period or the simple average of the beginning and ending percentages.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements including ongoing commitments to repay debt borrowings, make interest payments on outstanding borrowings, fund investments, and support other general business purposes. In addition, our United States and European broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory requirements to maintain minimum levels of net capital. Historically, our primary sources of funds have been our operating activities and general corporate borrowings. In addition, our trading operations have generally been financed by the use of collateralized securities financing arrangements as well as margin loans.

Certain subsidiaries of the Operating LLC have restrictions on the withdrawal of capital and otherwise in making distributions and loans. JVB is subject to net capital restrictions imposed by the SEC and FINRA that require certain minimum levels of net capital to remain in this subsidiary. In addition, these restrictions could potentially impose notice requirements or limit our ability to withdraw capital above the required minimum amounts (excess capital) whether through a distribution or a loan. CCFESA is subject to the regulations of the ACPR, which imposes minimum capital requirements. See note 25 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources – Contractual Obligations below.

During the third quarter of 2010, our board of directors initiated a dividend of $0.50 per quarter, which was paid regularly through December 31, 2011. Beginning in 2012, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.20 per quarter, which was paid regularly through the first quarter of 2019. Each time a cash dividend was declared by our board of directors, a pro rata distribution was made to the other members of the Operating LLC upon payment of dividends to our stockholders.

On July 29, 2021, our board of directors reinstated our quarterly dividend declaring a cash dividend of $0.25 per share. We have paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 regularly since that date. In addition to our routine quarterly distribution, on March 8, 2022, our board of directors declared a special cash dividend of $0.75 per share. On May 1, 2025, the Company's board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share on its Common Stock. The dividends are payable on June 2, 2025 to stockholders of record as of May 16, 2025.

Excluding dividends paid on Common Stock, the pro rata distributions made to the convertible non-controlling interest, and non-cash items, we had no other financing transactions in excess of $1,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. See note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Cash Flows

We have seven primary uses for capital:

(1)	To fund the operations of our Capital Markets business segment. Our Capital Markets business segment utilizes capital (i) to fund securities inventory to facilitate client trading activities; (ii) for risk trading for our own account; (iii) to fund our collateralized securities lending activities; (iv) for temporary capital needs associated with underwriting activities; (v) to fund business expansion into existing or new product lines including additional capital dedicated to our mortgage group as well as our gestation repo business; and (vi) to fund any operating losses incurred.
(2)	To fund the expansion of our Asset Management business segment. We generally grow our AUM by sponsoring new Investment Vehicles. The creation of a new Investment Vehicle often requires us to invest a certain amount of our own capital to attract outside capital to manage. Also, these new Investment Vehicles often require warehouse and other third-party financing to fund the acquisition of investments. Finally, we generally will hire employees to manage new Investment Vehicles and will operate at a loss for a startup period.
(3)	To fund investments. We make principal investments (including sponsor and other investments in SPACs) to generate returns. We may need to raise additional debt or equity financing in order to ensure we have the capital necessary to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities.
(4)	To fund mergers or acquisitions. We may opportunistically use capital to acquire other asset managers, individual asset management contracts, or financial services firms. To the extent our liquidity sources are insufficient to fund our future merger or acquisition activities, we may need to raise additional funding through an equity or debt offering. No assurances can be given that additional financing will be available in the future, or that if available, such financing will be on favorable terms.
(5)	To fund potential dividends and distributions. We sometimes pay dividends. Each time a cash dividend was declared by our board of directors, a pro rata distribution was made to the other members of the Operating LLC upon payment of dividends to our stockholders.
(6)	To fund potential repurchases of Common Stock. We have opportunistically repurchased Common Stock in private transactions.
(7)	To pay off debt as it matures. We have indebtedness that must be repaid as it matures. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

If we are unable to raise sufficient capital on economically favorable terms, we may need to reduce the amount of capital invested for the uses described above, which may adversely impact earnings and our ability to pay dividends.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we maintained cash and cash equivalents of $ 13,985 and $ 19,590, respectively. We generated cash from or used cash for the activities described below.

SUMMARY CASH FLOW INFORMATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Cash flow from operating activities	$	(6,372	)	$	5,137
Cash flow from investing activities		4,189			(2,856	)
Cash flow from financing activities		(3,631	)		(999	)
Effect of exchange rate on cash		209			(103	)
Net cash flow		(5,605	)		1,179
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning		19,590			10,650
Cash and cash equivalents, ending	$	13,985		$	11,829

See the statement of cash flows in our consolidated financial statements. We believe our available cash and cash equivalents, as well as our investment in our trading portfolio and related borrowing capacity, will provide sufficient liquidity to meet the cash needs of our ongoing operations in the near term.

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

As of March 31, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents were $ 13,985, representing a decrease of $ 5,605 from December 31, 2024. The decrease was attributable to cash used in operating activities of $ 6,372, cash provided by investing activities of $ 4,189, cash used in financing activities of $ 3,631, and an increase in cash caused by the change in exchange rates of $ 209.

The cash used in operating activities of $ 6,372 was comprised of (a) net cash outflows of $ 4,794 related to working capital fluctuations; (b) net cash inflows of $ 789 from trading activities comprised of our investments-trading, trading securities sold, not yet purchased, receivables under resale agreements, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and receivables and payables from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies, as well as the changes in unrealized gains and losses on the investments-trading and trading securities sold, not yet purchased; and (c) net cash outflows from other earnings items of $ 2,367 (which represents net income or loss adjusted for the following non-cash operating items: other income / (expense), non-cash revenue, realized and unrealized gains and losses and accretion of income on other investments, income/(loss) from equity method affiliates, equity based compensation, depreciation and amortization, deferred taxes, and amortization of discount on debt).

The cash provided by investing activities of $ 4,189 was comprised of (a) $14,657 of sales and returns of principal from other investments, at fair value; (b) $1,308 of distributions received from equity method affiliates; partially offset by (c) $11,186 in cash used to purchase other investments, at fair value; (d) $433 in reduction in cash from the disposal of our interest in Vellar GP; and (e) $157 in cash used to purchase furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements.

The cash used in financing activities of $ 3,631 was comprised of (a) $340 in cash used to net settle equity awards; (b) $383 in dividends paid on Common Stock; (c) $1,110 in convertible non-controlling interest distributions; (d) $954 in redemption of convertible non-controlling interest units; and (e) $844 of non-convertible non-controlling interest distributions.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

As of March 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents were $ 11,829, representing an increase of $ 1,179 from December 31, 2023. The increase was attributable to cash provided by operating activities of $ 5,137, cash used in investing activities of $ 2,856, cash used in financing activities of $ 999, and a decrease in cash caused by the change in exchange rates of $ 103.

The cash provided by operating activities of $ 5,137 was comprised of (a) net cash outflows of $ 5,362 related to working capital fluctuations; (b) net cash inflows of $ 3,923 from trading activities comprised of our investments-trading, trading securities sold, not yet purchased, receivables under resale agreements, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and receivables and payables from brokers, dealers, and clearing agencies, as well as the changes in unrealized gains and losses on the investments-trading and trading securities sold, not yet purchased; and (c) net cash inflows from other earnings items of $ 6,576 (which represents net income or loss adjusted for the following non-cash operating items: other income / (expense), non-cash revenue, realized and unrealized gains and losses and accretion of income on other investments, income/(loss) from equity method affiliates, equity based compensation, depreciation and amortization, deferred taxes, and amortization of discount on debt).

The cash used in investing activities of $ 2,856 was comprised of (a) $214 of sales of other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value; (b) $22,383 of sales of other investments, at fair value; (c) $5 in distributions received from equity method affiliates; partially offset by (d) $25,146 of cash used to purchase other investments, at fair value; (e) $213 of cash used to purchase other investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value; and (f) $99 in cash used to purchase furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements.

The cash used in financing activities of $ 999 was comprised of (a) $185 in cash used to net settle equity awards; (b) $245 in cash used to pay dividends; and (c) $569 in convertible non-controlling interest distributions.

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Regulatory Capital Requirements

We have two subsidiaries that are licensed securities dealers: JVB in the United States and CCFESA in France. As a U.S. broker-dealer, JVB is subject to the Uniform Net Capital Rule in Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act. CCFESA is subject to the regulations of the ACPR. The amount of net assets that these subsidiaries may distribute is subject to restrictions under the applicable net capital rules. These subsidiaries have historically operated in excess of minimum net capital requirements. Our minimum capital requirements at March 31, 2025 were as follows.

MINIMUM NET CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	March 31, 2025
United States	$	250
Europe		670
Total	$	920

We operate with more than the minimum regulatory capital requirement in our licensed broker-dealers and at March 31, 2025, total net capital, or the equivalent as defined by the relevant statutory regulations, in our licensed broker-dealers totaled $46,717. See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition, our licensed broker-dealers are generally subject to capital withdrawal notification and restrictions.

Restrictions of Distributions of Capital from JVB

As of March 31, 2025, our total equity on a consolidated basis was $85,660 and the total equity of JVB was $78,120. Therefore, only $7,540 of equity existed outside of JVB. However, it should be noted that our non-convertible non-controlling interest represents equity that is included in our consolidated financial statements but is not available to the Operating LLC to fund operations outside of those specific consolidated but not wholly owned subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2025, our non-convertible non-controlling interest balance was $8,362. Therefore, we have an available equity deficit outside of JVB of $822 as of March 31, 2025.

From time to time, we may need to take distributions of income (and potentially returns of capital) from JVB to satisfy the cash needs as a result of the losses incurred outside of JVB or to satisfy other obligations that come due outside of JVB. However, we are subject to significant limitations on our ability to make distributions from JVB. These limitations include limitations imposed by FINRA under Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act (described immediately above) and limitations under our line of credit with Byline Bank (see note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q). Furthermore, counterparties to JVB have their own internal counterparty credit requirements. The specific requirements are not generally shared with us. However, if we take too much in capital distributions from JVB (beyond its net income), we may not be able to trade with certain counterparties, which may cause JVB’s operations to deteriorate.

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Securities Financing

We maintain repurchase agreements with various third-party institutions. There is no maximum limit as to the amount of securities that may be transferred pursuant to these agreements, and transactions are approved on a case-by-case basis. The repurchase agreements do not include substantive provisions other than those covenants and other customary provisions contained in standard master repurchase agreements. The repurchase agreements generally require us to transfer additional securities to the counterparty in the event the value of the securities then held by the counterparty in the margin account falls below specified levels and contain events of default in cases where we breach our obligations under the agreement. We receive margin calls from our repurchase agreement counterparties from time to time in the ordinary course of business. To date, we have maintained sufficient liquidity to meet margin calls, and we have always been able to satisfy a margin call, however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to satisfy requests from our counterparties to post additional collateral in the future. See note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

If there were an event of default under a repurchase agreement, the counterparty would have the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due from us to the counterparty payable immediately. Repurchase obligations are full recourse obligations to us. If we were to default under a repurchase obligation, the counterparty would have recourse to our other assets if the collateral was not sufficient to satisfy the obligation in full. Most of our repurchase agreements are entered into as part of our gestation repo business.

Our clearing brokers provide securities financing arrangements including margin arrangements and securities borrowing and lending arrangements. These arrangements generally require us to transfer additional securities or cash to the clearing broker in the event the value of the securities then held by the clearing broker in the margin account falls below specified levels and contain events of default in cases where we breach our obligations under such agreements.

An event of default under the clearing agreement would give our counterparty the option to terminate our clearing arrangement. Any amounts owed to the clearing broker would be immediately due and payable. These obligations are recourse to us. Furthermore, a termination of any of our clearing arrangements would result in a significant disruption to our business and would have a significant negative impact on our dealings and relationship with our customers.

The following table presents our period end balance, average monthly balance, and maximum balance at any month end during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 for receivables under resale agreements and securities sold under agreements to repurchase.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025		For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024
Receivables under resale agreements
Period end	$	673,700	$	668,259
Monthly average	$	670,197	$	566,987
Maximum month end	$	673,700	$	743,654
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
Period end	$	707,454	$	695,966
Monthly average	$	700,295	$	570,715
Maximum month end	$	707,454	$	742,120

Fluctuations in the balance of our repurchase agreements from period to period and intra-period are dependent on business activity in those periods. The fluctuations in the balances of our receivables under resale agreements over the periods presented were impacted by our clients' desires to execute on balance sheet collateralized financing arrangements.

Average balances and period end balances will fluctuate based on market and liquidity conditions and we consider such intra-period fluctuations as typical for the repurchase market. Month-end balances may be higher or lower than average period balances.

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Debt Financing

The following table summarizes our long-term indebtedness and other financing outstanding. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of the Company’s outstanding debt.

DETAIL OF DEBT

(Dollars in Thousands)

	As of			As of			Interest
Description	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024			Rate Terms	Interest (2)	Maturity
Non-convertible debt:
12.00% senior note (the "2024 Note")	$	5,146		$	5,146		Fixed	12.00%	August 2026
12.00% senior note (the "2020 Note")		4,500			4,500		Fixed	12.00%	January 2026

Junior subordinated notes: (1)
Alesco Capital Trust I		28,125			28,125		Variable	8.55%	July 2037
Sunset Financial Statutory Trust I		20,000			20,000		Variable	8.71%	March 2035
Less unamortized discount		(22,774	)		(22,867	)
		25,351			25,258

Byline Credit Facility		-			-		Variable	NA	June 2025
Total	$	34,997		$	34,904

(1)

The junior subordinated notes listed represent debt the Company owes to the two trusts noted above. The total par amount owed by the Company to the trusts is $49,614. However, the Company owns the common stock of the trusts in a total par amount of $1,489. The Company pays interest (and at maturity, principal) to the trusts on the entire $49,614 junior notes outstanding. However, the Company receives back from the trusts the pro rata share of interest and principal on the common stock held by the Company. These trusts are VIEs and the Company does not consolidate them even though the Company holds the common stock. The Company carries the common stock on its balance sheet at a value of $0. The junior subordinated notes are recorded at a discount to par. When factoring in the discount, the yield to maturity of the junior subordinated notes as of March 31, 2025 on a combined basis was 20.01% assuming the variable rate in effect on the last day of the reporting period remains in effect until maturity.

(2)

Represents the interest rate in effect as of the last day of the reporting period.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than as described in note 9 (derivative financial instruments) and note 14 (variable interest entities) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there were no material off balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2025.

Contractual Obligations

The table below summarizes our significant contractual obligations as of March 31, 2025 and the future periods in which such obligations are expected to be settled in cash. Our junior subordinated notes are assumed to be repaid on their respective maturity dates. Excluded from the table below are obligations that are short-term in nature, including trading liabilities (including derivatives) and repurchase agreements. In addition, amortization of discount on debt is excluded.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

March 31, 2025

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1 - 3 Years		3 - 5 Years		More than 5 Years
Operating lease arrangements	$	21,725	$	2,284	$	4,902	$	4,776	$	9,763
Maturity of 2024 Note (1)		5,146		2,573		2,573		-		-
Interest on 2024 Note (1)		720		514		206		-		-
Maturity of 2020 Note (1)		4,500		4,500		-		-		-
Interest on 2020 Note (1)		586		586		-		-		-
Maturities on junior subordinated notes		48,125		-		-		-		48,125
Interest on junior subordinated notes (2)		47,475		4,146		8,293		8,293		26,743
Other Operating Obligations (3)		1,410		1,143		251		16		-
	$	129,687	$	15,746	$	16,225	$	13,085	$	84,631

	(1)	The 2020 Notes mature on January 31, 2026. The 2024 Notes mature on August 31, 2026.
	(2)	The interest on the junior subordinated notes related to Alesco Capital Trust I is variable. The interest rate of 8.55% (based on the Term SOFR rate in effect as of March 31, 2025 plus 4.00%) was used to compute the contractual interest payment in each period noted. The interest on the junior subordinated notes related to Sunset Financial Statutory Trust I is variable. The interest rate of 8.71% (based on the Term SOFR rate in effect as of March 31, 2025 plus 4.15%) was used to compute the contractual interest payment in each period noted.
	(3)	Represents material operating contracts for various services.

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We believe that we will be able to continue to fund our current operations and meet our contractual obligations through a combination of existing cash resources and other sources of credit. Due to the uncertainties that exist in the economy, we cannot be certain that we will be able to replace existing financing or find sources of additional financing in the future.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following is a list of recent accounting pronouncements that we believe will have a continuing impact on our financial statements going forward.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statements. The ASU is effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, which was clarified in ASU 2025-01. We are currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt— Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion or extinguishment of convertible debt. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting policies are essential to understanding and interpreting the financial results reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements. Our industry is subject to a number of highly complex accounting rules and requirements, many of which place heavy burdens on management to make judgments relating to our business. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements are summarized in note 3 to our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Certain of those policies are considered to be particularly important to the presentation of our financial results because they require us to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current trends, and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates, and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no material changes to matters discussed under the heading “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

All amounts in this section are in thousands unless otherwise noted.

Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic loss arising from the adverse impact of market changes to the market value of our trading and investment positions. Market risk is inherent to both derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, and, accordingly, the scope of our market risk management procedures extends beyond derivatives to include all market risk sensitive financial instruments. For the purpose of analyzing the components of market risk, we have broken out our investment portfolio into three broad categories, plus debt, as described below.

Fixed Income Securities: We hold, from time to time, the following securities: U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency MBS, U.S. government agency debt securities, CMOs, non-government MBS, corporate bonds, non-redeemable and redeemable preferred stock, municipal bonds, SBA loans, certificates of deposits, residential mortgage loans, whole loans, and unconsolidated investments in the middle and senior tiers of securitization entities and TruPS. We attempt to mitigate our exposure to market risk by entering into economic hedging transactions, which may include TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts. The fixed income category can be broadly broken down into two subcategories: fixed rate and floating rate.

Floating rate securities are not in themselves particularly sensitive to interest rate risk. Because they generally accrue income at a variable rate, the movement in interest rates typically does not impact their fair value. Fluctuations in their current income due to variations in interest rates are generally not material to us. Floating rate fixed income securities are subject to other market risks such as default risk of the underlying issuer, changes in issuer’s credit spreads, prepayment rates, investor demand and supply of securities within a particular asset class or industry class of the ultimate obligor. The sensitivity to any individual market risk can be difficult to quantify.

The fair value of fixed rate securities is sensitive to changes in interest rates. However, fixed rate securities that have low credit ratings or represent junior interests in securitizations are not particularly interest rate sensitive. In general, when we acquire interest rate sensitive securities, we enter into an offsetting short position for a similar fixed rate security. Alternatively, we may enter into other interest rate hedging arrangements such as interest rate swaps or Eurodollar futures. We measure our net interest rate sensitivity by determining how the fair value of our net interest rate sensitive assets would change as a result of a 100 basis point (“bps”) adverse shift across the entire yield curve. Based on this analysis, as of March 31, 2025, we would incur a loss of $1,978 if the yield curve rises 100 bps across all maturities and a gain of $1,978 if the yield curve falls 100 bps across all maturities.

Equity Securities: We hold equity interests in both public and private entities. These investments are subject to equity price risk. Equity price risk results from changes in the level or volatility of underlying equity prices, which affect the value of equity securities or instruments that in turn derive their value from a particular stock. We also hold a significant amount of equity in public companies that recently completed a merger with a SPAC we sponsored or invested in. A significant portion of the equity we hold in these types of entities are subject to sale restrictions. We attempt to reduce the risk of loss inherent in our inventory of equity securities by closely monitoring those security positions or in some cases entering into derivatives trades to hedge this exposure. We also have had equity investments in entities where the investment is denominated in a foreign currency, or where the investment is denominated in U.S. Dollars but the investee primarily makes investments in foreign currencies. The fair values of these investments are subject to change as the spot foreign exchange rate between these currencies and the U.S. Dollar (our functional currency) fluctuates. We may, from time to time, enter into foreign exchange rate derivatives to hedge all or a portion of this risk. We measure our net equity price sensitivity and foreign currency sensitivity by determining how the net fair value of our equity price sensitive and foreign exchange sensitive assets would change as a result of a 10% adverse change in equity prices or foreign exchange rates. Based on this analysis, as of March 31, 2025, our equity price sensitivity was $1,323 and our foreign exchange currency sensitivity was $0.

Other Securities: These investments are primarily made up of residual interests in securitization entities. The fair value of these investments will fluctuate over time based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, liquidity of the investment type, the credit performance of the individual assets and issuers within the securitization entity, the asset class of the securitization entity and the relative supply of and demand for investments within that asset class, credit spreads in general, the transparency of valuation of the assets and liabilities of the securitization entity, and investors’ view of the accuracy of ratings prepared by the independent rating agencies. The sensitivity to any individual market risk cannot be quantified.

Debt: In addition to the risks noted above, we incur interest rate risk related to our debt obligations. We have debt that accrues interest at either variable rates or fixed rates. As of March 31, 2025, a 100 bps change in the appropriate variable base rate would result in a change in our annual cash paid for interest in the amount of $481. A 100 bps adverse change in the market yield to maturity would result in an increase in the fair value of the debt in the amount of $2,185 as of March 31, 2025.

Counterparty Risk and Settlement Risk

We are subject to counterparty risk primarily in two areas: (i) our collateralized securities transactions described in note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (ii) our TBA and other forward agency MBS activities described in note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. With respect to the gestation repo financing activities, our risk is that the counterparty does not fulfill its obligation to repurchase the underlying security when it is due. In this case, we would typically liquidate the underlying security, which may result in a loss if the security has declined in value in relation to the balance due from the counterparty under the reverse repurchase agreement.

With respect to our TBA and other forward agency MBS activities, our risk is that the counterparty does not settle the TBA trade on the scheduled settlement date. In this case, we would have to execute the trade, which may result in a loss based on market movement in the value of the underlying trade between its initial trade date and its settlement date (which in the case of TBAs can be as long as 90 days). If we were to incur a loss under either of these activities, we have recourse to the counterparty pursuant to the underlying agreements.

Finally, we have general settlement risk in all of our regular way fixed income and equity trading activities. If a counterparty fails to settle a trade, we may incur a loss in closing out the position and would be forced to try to recover this loss from the counterparty. If the counterparty has become insolvent or does not have sufficient liquid assets to reimburse us for the loss, we may not get reimbursed.

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How we manage these risks

Market Risk

We seek to manage our market risk by utilizing our underwriting and credit analysis processes that are performed in advance of acquiring any investment. In addition, we continually monitor our investments on a daily basis. We perform an in-depth monthly analysis on all our investments and our risk committee meets on a weekly basis to review specific issues within our portfolio and to make recommendations for dealing with these issues. In addition, our broker-dealer has an assigned chief risk officer that reviews the firm’s positions and trading activities on a daily basis.

Counterparty Risk and Settlement Risk

We seek to manage our counterparty risk primarily through two processes. First, we perform a credit assessment of each counterparty to ensure the counterparty has sufficient equity, liquidity, and profitability to support the level of trading or lending we plan to do with them. Second, we may require counterparties to post cash or other liquid collateral (“margin”) to support changes in the market value of the underlying securities or trades on an ongoing basis.

In the case of collateralized securities financing transactions, we will generally lend less than the market value of the underlying security initially. The difference between the amount lent and the value of the security is referred to as the haircut. We will seek to maintain this haircut while the loan is outstanding. If the value of the security declines, we will require the counterparty to post margin to offset this decline. If the counterparty fails to post margin, we will sell the underlying security. The haircut serves as a buffer against market movements to prevent or minimize a loss.

In the case of TBA and other forward agency MBS activities, we sometimes require counterparties to post margin with us when the market value of the underlying TBA trade declines. If the counterparty fails to post margin, we will close out the underlying trade. In the case of TBA and other forward agency MBS activities, we will sometimes obtain initial margin or a cash deposit from the counterparty, which serves a purpose similar to the haircut as an additional buffer against losses. However, some of our TBA and other forward agency MBS activities are done without initial margin or cash deposits.

Risks Related to our Gestation Repo Business

We have entered into repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements as part of our gestation repo business. In general, we will lend money to a counterparty after obtaining collateral securities from that counterparty pursuant to a reverse repurchase agreement. We will borrow money from another counterparty using those same collateral securities pursuant to a repurchase agreement. We seek to earn net interest income on these matched transactions.

In our gestation repo business, we will generally ensure that the maturity dates of our reverse repurchase agreements match the maturity dates of the matched repurchase agreements. Because our maturities are matched, we can pass along any changes in funding terms imposed upon us by our repurchase agreement counterparty to our reverse repurchase agreement counterparty. Therefore, we are not exposed to a great deal of interest rate or funding risk. The main risk we are exposed to is credit risk. We manage this risk by obtaining collateral in excess of the contractual repo balance and performing credit reviews of counterparties and updating them on a routine basis.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established and maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company (and its consolidated subsidiaries) required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, who certify our financial reports, and to other members of senior management and the Company’s board of directors. Under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2025. Based on that evaluation, the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at March 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Incorporated by reference to the headings titled “Commitments and Contingencies” in note 20 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should also carefully review and consider the risk factors contained in our other reports and periodic filings with the SEC, including without limitation the risk factors contained under the caption “Item 1A—Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The risk factors discussed in that Form 10-K do not identify all risks that we face because our business operations could also be affected by additional factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations. There have been no material changes in the significant factors that may affect our business and operations as described in “Item 1A—Risk Factors” of the Annual Report on 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Effective January 1, 2010, the Company ceased to qualify as a REIT and, therefore, is not required to make any dividends or other distributions to its stockholders. However, the Company’s board of directors has the power to decide to increase, reduce, or eliminate dividends in the future. The Company’s board of directors’ decision will depend on a variety of factors, including business, financial, and regulatory considerations as well as any limitations under Maryland law or imposed by any agreements governing indebtedness of the Company. There can be no assurances that such dividends will be maintained or increased and, if maintained or increased, will not subsequently be discontinued.

Certain subsidiaries of the Operating LLC have restrictions on the withdrawal of capital and otherwise in making distributions and loans. JVB is subject to net capital restrictions imposed by the SEC and FINRA that require certain minimum levels of net capital to remain in this subsidiary. In addition, these restrictions could potentially impose notice requirements or limit our ability to withdraw capital above the required minimum amounts (excess capital) whether through distribution or loan. CCFESA is regulated by the ACPR in France and must maintain certain minimum levels of capital. See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs
January 1 through January 31, 2025		-	$	-		-		34,704
February 1 through February 28, 2025		-	$	-		-		34,704
March 1 through March 31, 2025		-	$	-		-		34,704
Total		-				-

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None

Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

Our executive officers and directors may from time to time enter into plans or arrangements for the purchase or sale of our Common Stock that are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated by any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.		Description
10.1		Master Transaction Agreement, dated March 13, 2025, by and between Cohen and Company Financial Management, LLC and HCMC III, LLC.*

31.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.*

31.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.*

32.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.**

32.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.**

101		Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Three and Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.**

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*		Filed herewith.
**		Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Cohen & Company Inc.

	By:	/s/ LESTER R. BRAFMAN
		Lester R. Brafman
Date: May 2, 2025		Chief Executive Officer

	Cohen & Company Inc.

	By:	/s/ JOSEPH W. POOLER, JR.
		Joseph W. Pooler, Jr.
Date: May 2, 2025		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer